This document discusses referencing sources in academic work. It covers quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing sources as well as citations and references. The Harvard referencing system is introduced as a method for citing sources. Key aspects of referencing covered include only quoting short excerpts, paraphrasing by putting ideas in your own words while maintaining the original meaning, and summarizing by providing an overview and condensing the main points. Citations and a reference list acknowledging all sources are required.

1. Referencing
-Quoting,
Paraphrasing,
Summarising
-Citations and
References
-The Harvard
Referencing System
pjun1481(n.d.) Referencing [online]. Available from:
https://www.cartoonstock.com/directory/r/referencing.asp [ Accessed 2 October 2017].

2. Paraphrasing: Putting another person’s work/ideas into
your own words, keeping the meaning the same.
Paraphrasing is used for short sections of text.
Summarising: Is an overview of a longer section of text
(e.g. chapter of book) and condensing the main points
using your own words. A summary is shorter than the
original text.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F625VYqYLUM
Quoting: Taking someone else’s precise words. Always
put quotations in “quotation marks”. You should only
quote short sections of text.
Quoting, Paraphrasing and
Summarising
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pGQPYJUyWj4
NB – all of these need citations – we’ll come to them a bit later on!

3. Paraphrasing and Summarising
The original passage:
Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in
the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly
quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials
while taking notes. Lester, James D. (1976) Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed. pp. 46-47.
A legitimate paraphrase:
In research papers students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable
level. Since the problem usually originates during note taking, it is essential to minimize the material
recorded verbatim (Lester 1976).
An acceptable summary:
Students should take just a few notes in direct quotation from sources to help minimize the amount of
quoted material in a research paper (Lester 1976).
A plagiarized version:
Students often use too many direct quotations when they take notes, resulting in too many of them in the
final research paper. In fact, probably only about 10% of the final copy should consist of directly quoted
material. So it is important to limit the amount of source material copied while taking notes
Purdue University (n.d). Paraphrase: Write It in Your Own Words [online]. Available from: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/619/1

4. Paraphrasing
Why cycle?
It’s an excellent form of exercise.
Incorporating physical exercise, such as
cycling, into everyday life can be as
effective for weight loss as a
supervised exercise programme. Regular
exercise reduces the risk of heart
disease and obesity, and increases life
expectancy. High blood pressure,
osteoporosis, diabetes and depression
are also less frequent among people who
exercise regularly. Cycling to work,
school or the shops is a great way to
stay fit and in shape and feel good.
Your turn:
Have a go at paraphrasing
this paragraph. You need to
make sure that:
• You do not copy phrases
• You use mainly your own
words
• Your version has the same
meaning as the original
• You do not add an opinion
Brake (2015). Advice for cyclists [online]. Available from:
http://www.brake.org.uk/info-resources/info-
research/advice/21-facts-a-resources/resources/325-cycling
[Accessed: 20th July 2015]

5. Paraphrasing
Why cycle?
It’s an excellent form of exercise.
Incorporating physical exercise, such as
cycling, into everyday life can be as
effective for weight loss as a
supervised exercise programme. Regular
exercise reduces the risk of heart
disease and obesity, and increases life
expectancy. High blood pressure,
osteoporosis, diabetes and depression
are also less frequent among people who
exercise regularly. Cycling to work,
school or the shops is a great way to
stay fit and in shape and feel good.Brake (2015). Advice for cyclists [online]. Available from:
http://www.brake.org.uk/info-resources/info-
research/advice/21-facts-a-resources/resources/325-cycling
[Accessed: 20th July 2015]
Would anyone like to
read theirs out?
Listen carefully – do
you think it’s an
accurate and acceptable
paraphrase?

6. Summarising
Your turn:
Now try summarising the
paragraph you’ve been
given. You need to make
sure that:
• You do not copy phrases
• You use your own words
• You are only picking the
key / main information
Ereading worksheets. (n.d.) Summarizing Worksheets and Activities
[online] Available from: http://www.ereadingworksheets.com/free-
reading-worksheets/reading-comprehension-worksheets/summarizing-
worksheets-and-activities/ Date accessed: 13/05/2015

7. Reasons to
reference
• To acknowledge other
people’s ideas or work
• To show background
reading
• To have a record of
your sources
• To support your
argument
• To allow proper
evaluation
• To avoid losing marks
for plagiarism

8. Some definitions...
Reference List
Full bibliographic details of the
sources you have used (cited) in
your work. (alphabetical order)
Citation
When you acknowledge other
people’s work within your
assignment.
Bibliography
Full bibliographic details of
everything in your reference list
and the sources you have used to
give better understanding but not
used (cited) in your work
(alphabetical order)

9. Reference lists are created to allow readers to
locate original sources themselves.
Each citation in a reference list includes various
pieces of information including:
• Name of the author(s)
• Year published
• Title
• City published
• Publisher
• Pages used
Generally, Harvard Reference List citations follow
this format:
Last name, First Initial. (Year published). Title.
City: Publisher, Page(s).
Harvard Referencing

10. How should I reference?
- Direct Quotations
Direct quotations should be
placed in quotation marks, with
a citation:
Langford, B. (2006) Film Genre:
Hollywood and Beyond. Edinburgh:
Edinburgh University Press.
When discussing melodrama in films, it is
important to note how much influence critical
theory has had on the genre. ‘Indeed, no genre-
not even the endlessly debated film noir - has
been so extensively redefined through critical
intervention’ (Langford, 2006, p.29). It would
seem as though the genre has...
In the
main body
of the
text-
short
citation
In the
reference
list-
full
reference
This
example is
for a
printed
book.

11. How should I reference?
- Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing should mostly be
your own words, with a
citation:
Langford, B. (2006) Film Genre:
Hollywood and Beyond. Edinburgh:
Edinburgh University Press.
In the
main body
of the
text-
short
citation
In the
reference
list-
full
reference
Even though other film genres have been hotly
debated throughout the years, there are few areas
which have been as critically analysed as
melodrama. This scrutiny has even led to a
redefinition of the genre, something which cannot
be said of other areas, such as film noir
(Langford, 2006, p36). Melodrama can be said to
have...
This
example is
for a
printed
book.

12. Look back at the reference
information provided for your
bicycle paraphrasing and ninja
summarising. What should the
citations be for each?
How-to-draw-funny-cartoons (n.d) How to draw a bicycle [online]. Available from:
http://www.how-to-draw-funny-cartoons.com/cartoon-bicycle.html [Accessed 4 October
(Brake, 2015) (Ereading Worksheets, n.d.
Online resources don’t usually have page numbers – if these were from books
or journals, you would need to include the page number for the paraphrasing
(bicycle) text because you were repeating specific information. Summaries
tend to cover a wider range of information so you don’t need a page number.

13. The I&SS Harvard Referencing Guide
shows you how to write in-text
citations and full references for a
range of sources.
You can also access a digital copy
on the library website and moodle
page.

14. Your turn:
Return to the Information Skills moodle page.
Find the following activities and complete them:
If you have time, you might also like to try
‘referencing with Harvey the cat’ or the other
activities in this section.

15. Please leave us some feedback about this
session!
Go to: goo.gl/7GUge7
Or follow the ‘session feedback’ link from
any of our moodle pages.