The document discusses quality assurance and quality control procedures for laboratories. It defines key terms like quality management system, quality assurance, and quality control. It describes important QA/QC activities laboratories should implement including using standardized methods, quality control samples and charts, equipment maintenance, competent staff, corrective actions, reporting unambiguous results, proficiency testing, method validation, auditing, data management, and root cause analysis. Specific quality control procedures discussed include running blanks, in-house quality control samples, replicates, certified reference materials, inter-laboratory comparison programs, standard solutions, drift check standards, and recovery spikes. Acceptance criteria for some quality control checks are provided as examples.

1. QA/QC in the Lab
Rob De Hayr
Science Leader Chemistry Centre, Qld, Aus
Vice Chair GLOSOLAN
Co-Chair Pillar 5 Pacific Soil Partnership
Queensland Representative ASPAC Executive Committee

2. People
Environment
Processes
Systems
Equipment

3. The Quality Management System (QMS) is
the over arching system that a laboratory (or
other business) puts in place.
Quality Assurance (QA) is the planned and
systematic implementation of that QMS.
Quality Control (QC) procedures to ensure
the lab methods are performing as expected =
confidence in results
Laboratory QA/QC definitions

4. Standardised Methods
Quality Control Samples & Charts
Equipment Maintenance
Competent Staff
Corrective & Preventive Actions
Customer Complaint System
Unambiguous Reporting of Results
Quality
Quality Control

5. Inter-laboratory Proficiency Testing
Method Validation/Verification
Auditing
Data Management (LIMS)
Root Cause Analysis
Reference Materials
Equipment Calibrations & Checks
Quality Quality Control

6. Quality Control
• QC is applied to the specific tests performed by the
laboratory, on an ongoing basis.
• QC tools normally used in agricultural testing Laboratories
are:
• Run blanks
• In house QC samples
• Replicate analyses
• Certified Reference Materials (CRM’s)
• Inter laboratory Comparison Programmes ILCP’s)
• Sample Exchanges

7. Standard solutions
• Best made from purchased 1,000 ppm solutions
• If not pure chemicals properly dried (weighed
accurately)
• Marked with a ‘use by’ date
• New ones always compared with old (even if out-of-
date)

8. Blanks
• Always have method blanks (should go through the
entire process)
• Likely different to standard blank or zero standard
• Do two at least per run
• When the blank is significant (>2 X PQL) blank correction
may be necessary
• If same, use mean
• If different use low one

9. Duplicates & Repeats
• Duplicates selected from the same run and/or
• Repeats from a previous run
• Suggest at least 2 samples duplicated per 40 samples
• Essential if no control sample available
• Possible acceptance criteria:
• Same run (repeatability) – use 0.7 times Uncertainty estimate.
• Different run (reproducibility) – use 1.4 times Uncertainty

10. Duplicates & Repeats
Relationship between Reproducibility Value (R) and
Uncertainty (U)
• R can be defined as equal to 2√2 X reproducibility
standard deviation.
• U is calculated from 2 X the reproducibility
standard deviation,
• Therefore R = √2 X U = 1.4 X U.

11. Drift check standard
• Usually every 20 solutions/samples – depends on method
or instrument
• Suggest if drift exceeds 5% relative - recalibrate

12. Recovery spikes
• Depends on method
• Not often used in soil and plant analysis
• More useful for analyses near detection limit.

13. Reference Materials
• Certified Reference Material (can be very costly)
• Secondary Reference Material (can also be costly)
• In-house Reference Material
• Run with every batch of samples and chart
results

14. Reference Materials (CRMs, SRMs)
• May or may not be Certified.
(Certified means it is metrologically traceable
back to primary standards).
• Sourced from a certified external provider.
• Come with stated Consensus or Certified analyte
levels, usually with Uncertainty Limits.
• An excellent external check on the laboratory
performance (accuracy).

15. In-house QC samples
• Bulk samples usually prepared in-house
• From relatively uniform sampling area
• Thoroughly mixed
• Packed in manageable containers (e.g.500 mL)
• Establish Warning and Control Limits
• Run with every batch of samples.
• Monitoring long-term stability.

16. In-house QC samples (cont.)
• Normally, two different QC samples per batch.
• Replicated at least every 20 - 40 samples
• Results compared with acceptability criteria
• May also be at the end of the run to monitor any
drift

17. Some acceptance criteria for verification checks
Chemistry Centre, Qld, Australia
Check Acceptance Criteria
Instrument QC ICPOES
- two monthly repeatability check
- two monthly limit of quantitation
check
- fortnightly check of sensitivity
- %RSD < 5%
- <50% change from month to
month
- if >30% change in sensitivity
of any one analyte
investigate causes.
Ion chromatograph
- repeatability check
- monitoring of system pressure, total
conductivity & retention time
- %RSD < 5%
- Retention Time ± 1 min
Calibration of
Instrument
Most instruments R2 > 0.99
Old vs new
standards
Normal concentration
Ultra-trace concentrations
< 3% at mid-range (25%-70% of
calibration range)
< 10% at mid-range (25%-70% of
calibration range)
Blanks < 2 times PQL
Duplicates (of
full method)
Minimum frequency = 1 in 20 - Difference < uncertainty (same run)
- Difference < 1.4 times x uncertainty
(different runs)
Recovery Spikes %Recovery at ultra-trace concentrations
= [Spiked Conc–Sample Conc] x 100
Spiked Conc
100% ± 20%

18. Thanks for your
attention
• Guidelines for Quality Management in Soil
and Plant Laboratories. (FAO Soils Bulletin - 74)
• ISO 17025:2017 General requirements for the
competence of testing and calibration
laboratories