The document discusses the problem of soil salinity in Iraq. It notes that 60-70% of land in central and southern Iraq is affected by salinity, which is the main limiting factor for agricultural production. The document outlines the types of salinity found in Iraq, potential reclamation costs, and previous and proposed strategies to address soil salinity, including leaching of soils, use of saline-tolerant crops, and national strategies around water resource management and soil treatment.
This presentation by Cristina Arias-Navarro (INRA) was given on the 26 of June 2019 as part of the SB50 side event – Enhancing NDC Ambition Through Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration. Country representatives and experts discussed the potential of soil organic carbon sequestration as a climate change mitigation option and gaps between countries’ current and potential commitments.
More info: https://ccafs.cgiar.org/ccafs-sb50-enhancing-ndc-ambition-through-soil-organic-carbon-sequestration
CIAT Soil Carbon Sequestration Research by Rolf Sommer, CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems.
Presentation made at Soil Carbon Sequestration: Supporting NDCs and donor action. A CGIAR-wide workshop held 12 Nov 2017 at ZEF Center for Development Research, University of Bonn. Workshop organized jointly by: CGIAR Research Programs on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS); Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) and Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (FTA)
Sustainable land management to mitigate and adapt to climate changeExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 1 Parallel session on Theme 2, Maintaining and/or increasing SOC stocks for climate change mitigation and adaptation and Land Degradation Neutrality, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Ms. Maria José Sanz Sanchez, from Basque Centre for Climate Change - Spain, in FAO Hq, Rome
This presentation by Cristina Arias-Navarro (INRA) was given on the 26 of June 2019 as part of the SB50 side event – Enhancing NDC Ambition Through Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration. Country representatives and experts discussed the potential of soil organic carbon sequestration as a climate change mitigation option and gaps between countries’ current and potential commitments.
More info: https://ccafs.cgiar.org/ccafs-sb50-enhancing-ndc-ambition-through-soil-organic-carbon-sequestration
CIAT Soil Carbon Sequestration Research by Rolf Sommer, CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems.
Presentation made at Soil Carbon Sequestration: Supporting NDCs and donor action. A CGIAR-wide workshop held 12 Nov 2017 at ZEF Center for Development Research, University of Bonn. Workshop organized jointly by: CGIAR Research Programs on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS); Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) and Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (FTA)
Sustainable land management to mitigate and adapt to climate changeExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 1 Parallel session on Theme 2, Maintaining and/or increasing SOC stocks for climate change mitigation and adaptation and Land Degradation Neutrality, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Ms. Maria José Sanz Sanchez, from Basque Centre for Climate Change - Spain, in FAO Hq, Rome
First meeting of the Editorial Board of the Soil Atlas of Asia, 12 - 15 March 2018, Quezon City, Philippines. The preparation of the Soil Atlas of Asia is sponsored by Joint Research Centre of the European Commission (JRC-EC).
Exploiting salt affected soils and poor quality waters for food security in I...ExternalEvents
Fifth Asian Soil Partnership workshop
26 February - 1 March 2019, New Delhi, India
Parbodh C. Sharma, ICAR - Central Soil Salinity Research Insititute, Karnal
Workshop on Operationalizing the Regional Collaborative Platform to Address ‘Water Consumption, Water Productivity and Drought Management’ in Agriculture, 27 - 29 October 2015, Cairo, Egypt
First meeting of the Editorial Board of the Soil Atlas of Asia, 12 - 15 March 2018, Quezon City, Philippines. The preparation of the Soil Atlas of Asia is sponsored by Joint Research Centre of the European Commission (JRC-EC).
Exploiting salt affected soils and poor quality waters for food security in I...ExternalEvents
Fifth Asian Soil Partnership workshop
26 February - 1 March 2019, New Delhi, India
Parbodh C. Sharma, ICAR - Central Soil Salinity Research Insititute, Karnal
Workshop on Operationalizing the Regional Collaborative Platform to Address ‘Water Consumption, Water Productivity and Drought Management’ in Agriculture, 27 - 29 October 2015, Cairo, Egypt
Management of salt affected soils for marginal agricultural systems ExternalEvents
Dr. Ahmed H. ELNAGGAR
Side event Biosaline agriculture as an approach for combating salinity in marginal agricultural systems organized by ICBA - the International Center for Biosaline Agriculture, in the framework on the Seventh Global Soil Partnership (GSP) Plenary Assembly at FAO HQ, Rome, Italy on 5 June 2019.
Study of the Quality of Irrigation Water in South-East El-Kantara Canal, Nort...Medhat Elzahar
The study examines the irrigation water quality
for North Sinai Development Project (NSDP). The water
resources investigated are agriculture wastewater mixed with
Nile freshwater in a ratio of 1:1. This study focuses on the
quality of irrigation water used in the reclamation and
cultivation of 75,000 acres of the South-East EL-Kantra Canal
lies in the NSDP. Six monitoring locations along the canal path
were chosen for examination. Water samples were collected
every month during the period from Dec. 2007 to Nov. 2014.
The water parameters were set using the Egyptian irrigation
water standards, based on the local Decree 92/2013 for the
Executive Regulation of Law 48/1982, concerning the protection
of the Nile River and its waterways from pollution, as well as
the United States Environmental Agency, USEPA 2012
Guidelines for reclaimed water quality for irrigation. The
results of the study clearly demonstrate restrictions to irrigate
the uncooked vegetables and uncooked crops for human. The
need for increasing the mixed Nile freshwater portion or
pretreatment of the agriculture wastewater prior to mixing
with the Nile freshwater to satisfy Egyptian irrigation water
standards and USEPA 2012 as several water quality results,
such as BOD, DO, and fecal coliform, are unacceptable. As a
suggestion, we recommend using aerated lagoons, stabilization
ponds or wetlands to treat polluted agriculture wastewater
before adding to the Nile river water to satisfy Egyptian
irrigation water criteria.
Effects of Irrigation Practices on Some Soil Chemical Properties on OMI Irrig...IJERA Editor
Irrigation practices have been observed to impact scheme soil properties and other parameters negatively. These could be as a result of irrigation water quality, method of application and nature of scheme soil. This study was therefore conducted to study the effects of irrigation practices on the soils of Omi irrigation scheme Kogi state, Nigeria after 13years of operation. Soil samples were taken at depths 0 – 20 cm (A1), 20 – 80 cm (A2) and 80 – 120 cm (A3) from two operating lands (OL); OL 5 and OL 18 of the study area. The samples were analysed for chemical parameters (pH, CEC, ESP, Mg2+, Ca2+, OM, and OC). The soil pH which was in the neutral range (pH=6.65 to 7.00) at inception of scheme, has become slightly acidic (pH=6.53 to 6.60). Cation exchange capacity (CEC) levels have also increased from 10cmol+kg-1 to 35cmol+kg-1. While Organic matter (OM) and Organic carbon (OC) also have marked increase in their levels (baseline as 0.93 to 1.08; for year 2013 as 9.52 to 9.79). Generally, the analysis indicated a need for proper monitoring of the scheme soil to prevent further deterioration.
Item 6: International Center for Biosaline AgricultureExternalEvents
SOIL ATLAS OF ASIA
2ND EDITORIAL BOARD MEETING
RURAL DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION, NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES,
JEONJU, REPUBLIC OF KOREA | 29 APRIL – 3 MAY 2019
Aptitude of Ground waters for Irrigation in the South-East Coastal Region of ...inventionjournals
Development of agricultural areas pressures on the availability of water resources in the South-East coastal region of Côte d'Ivoire (from Abidjan to Aboisso) require farmers to use groundwater for irrigation food and industrial crops. The objective of this study is to assess the aptitude of groundwater for irrigation in this region by using methods that take into account the Sodium Adsorption Report (SAR) and the Permeability Index (PI). The different results show that the SAR values range from 0.03 to 9.90 with an average of 1.83 while the PIs range from 5.11 to 210.77 with an average of 91.40. The C1S1 and C2S1 classes, corresponding to the water suitable for irrigation, represent 95% of the water sampled. In general, therefore, the sampled waters quality is suitable for irrigation except the boreholes waters of Memni (No. 59) and Palmafrique (No. 64).
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Hydrochemical Characteristics and Shallow Groundwater Quality in Kirkuk Urban...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The assessment of hydrochemical characteristics and shallow groundwater quality was carried out in Kirkuk urban area, Iraq. Twenty two water samples were collected systematically at 20 locations for each of high and low water seasons in April and September (2014) and analysed for physical and chemical parameters. Hydrochmical data suggest that contamination of ground water is caused by infiltration of surface water polluted by domestic seepage pits and leakage from local agricultural area. Depending on hydrochemical facies, the type of water that predominates in the urban area is Ca-Mg-SO4 type during both wet and dry seasons. The study found that Kirkuk shallow groundwater is unsuitable for drinking water and industries purposes but some of water samples are suitable for construction and irrigation purposes.
Water Resources in Urban Setting: The Case of the City of JeddahAmro Elfeki
Presentation at the workshop on Soil, Water and Coastal Resources, 16-17 Oct., 2008, organized by KUAST (King Abdullal University of Science and Technology), held at Jeddah Hilton, Jeddah, KSA
the suitability of groundwater for domestic and irrigation purposesIJEAB
Shallow groundwater in Ikere-Ekiti was assessed for potability and irrigation employing chemical and bacterial analyses. Twenty two groundwater samples were collected and analyzed using Atomic absorption spectrometer for cations and ion chromatographic method for anions determinations (˚C), pH and electrical conductivity (EC) (µS/cm) were measured in the field using pH Testr meter. The bacteriological analysis was carried out using nutrient agar medium to obtain plate count of living bacteria. Results of the analysis revealed that all EC values were less than 1000µS/cm indicating fresh water. The pH with average values of 9.48, 7.82 and 7.44 in migmatite, granite and charnockitic terrains respectively exceeded the approved standard (6.5 – 8.5) for drinking water in two samples from migmatite, one sample from granitic terrain and none from the charnockites. Sodium was the dominant cation with average concentrations (mg/L) of 95.65, 38.33 and 6.61 in migmatite, granite and charnockite respectively while K+ ions in the same order of rock units have average concentrations (mg/L) of 60.49, 32.33 and 15.77. The average concentrations (mg/L) of Ca2+ ions in groundwater located on migmatite, granite and charnockitic terrains were 36.67, 24.63 and 10.98 respectively while those for Mg2+ were 9.94, 7.48 and 4.57. The order of cation abundance was Na+> K+ > Ca2+> Mg2+. In respect of the major anions, Cl- was dominant with average concentrations (mg/L) in charnockites (187.20) within approved standard of 250mg/L while the average values (mg/L) in migmatite (475.2) and granite (340.62) exceeded the standard value. Following the same sequence of rock units, HCO3- average concentrations (mg/L) were 34.6mg/L, 27.07mg/L and 25.7. Sulphate and nitrate were less dominant ions and the order of anions abundance in the groundwater was Cl- > HCO3-> SO42-> NO3-. Bacteria evaluation revealed that all sampled groundwater tested positive to bacteria with TBC values (CFU/100ml) ranging from 1.76X108 to 1.78X109 in migmatite, 5.3x105 to 8.9x108 in granite and 2.55x107 to 8.2x108 in charnockite. Gibb’s diagram revealed that chemical weathering of rock-forming minerals has contributed to solute source in the groundwater of the area. Water type on migmatite was mainly NaCl while granite and charnockite had NaCl and CaCl types revealing lithologic effects. Irrigation water quality assessment employing Sodium absorption ratio (SAR), Soluble sodium percent (SSP), Residual sodium bicarbonate (RSBC) and Permeability index (PI) revealed that the groundwater is suitable for irrigation purpose. Groundwater in the study area is low mineralized, chemically potable, suitable for irrigation but infected by bacteria pollutants. Differences in rock types affected the chemistry of the groundwater as reflected in their physico-chemical compositions, water facies and irrigation quality.
Global Soil Partnership efforts to promote soil governance from the global to...Soils FAO-GSP
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Spectroscopy Workshop
Implemented by the Australasian Soil & Plant Analysis Council, the Pacific Soil Partnership and the Pacific Soil Laboratory Network (ASPAC)
Virtual meeting - 10 December 2020
INFA launch meeting - Item 2: Introduction to the International Code of Condu...Soils FAO-GSP
Launch meeting of the International Network on Fertilizers Quality (INFA), 8 - 9 December 2020, virtual meeting
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The status of salt-affected soils in NENA with a focus on Iraq
1. The status of salt-affected soils in the
NENA region – Iraq: a case study
Kutaiba M. Hassan
Professor of Soil Science, Expert in Agriculture
ITPS expert
2. Contents
• General Introduction
• Iraq as a Case Study
• Problem of salinity in Iraq
• Types of salinity in Iraq
• What has to be done
• The urgent steps
• The previous achievements
• The proposed National Strategy for soil Salinity
• Treatments and Water Resources Protection
3. General introduction
• During the preparation of the “Concept Note” of the
International Network of Salt-Affected Soils (INSAS),
two tables were presented concerning the world
distribution of salt-affected areas.
• First by Massoud , F (1977) and the second by
UNEP(1992).
• Several comments were introduced to the concept
note , but no one has mentioned that the data
presented in the two tables are just a little bit
old……….Why……????
4. Distribution of salt-affected areas
(million ha)
Continent Saline Soils Sodic Soil Total
South Asia
North and Central Asia
South East Asia
82.3
91.5
20.0
1.8
120.2
-
84.1
211.7
20.0
Total 315.8
World total 1030
The summary of the tables presented by Massoud (1977 )and
UNEP(1992) is:
6. Salinity in Iraq
• The problem of salinity in Iraq is the main limiting
factor for agricultural production.
• Al-Taie (1970) illustrated that about (60-70)% of
land in central and southern Iraq are affected by
salinity.
• FAO (1980) showed that the salinity of soil
increased by about 2-5 dsm ⁻¹ every year in most
of the sedimentary plain . The salinity of the soil in
most of it is higher than 15 dsm ⁻¹ in central and
southern Iraq.
7. Types of salinity in Iraq
• There are two types of soils affected by salinity in
Iraq depending on the quality of the salts:
• (1). Al- Shoura soils , the predominant salts are
Chlorides and Sulphates of sodium and magnesium
(NaCl , Na₂ SO₄ , Mg SO₄).
• (2). Al- Sabkha Soils, the predominant salts are
Chlorides and Sulphates of calcium and magnesium
(Ca Cl₂ , Mg Cl₂ , Mg SO₄ ).
8. What needs to be done?
• The total area required reclamation is about (10) million
Iraqi donums which is equal to about (4) million hectares .
• The cost of integrated reclamation for each donum = 2500
square meter is about ( 5 million ID = 4000$ ).The total
budget need will be about (5000 billion ID = 4000 billion$ ).
• If we start to reclaim (one million donum / year) , we need
(50 000) billion ID for (10 years ), one million donums /year-
as average.
• Now , several questions need to be answered :
One : Who is going to allocate this large amount of budget?
Two: Which institution will be able to spend (5000) billion
ID/year = 4000 billion$?
9. Three : Which entity can maintain the service of
thousands of kilometers of field drains later on?
Now , there are 84383 kilometers of field ,lateral and
main drains
• 138 drainage water pumping stations .
• 1008 pumps for drainage water .
Four : How are we going to save and use millions of
cubic meters of irrigation water for leaching and
reclaiming the (10 million donums) of salt-affected
soils?
The total amount is about (25) Billion cubic meters.
10. The urgent steps
• To stop the front line of the salinity in the salt-
affected areas.
• To maintain and keep the soil so far not affected by
salinity.
• Programing the priority of leaching and reclaiming
of the agricultural projects.
• Urgent use of all modern technologies for salinity
adaptations.
• Searching for salinity resistant varieties.
11. The previous achievements
• Leaching of salt-affected soils using drainage water
(1975-1977).
• The National Program for the Optimum Use of Water
Resources in Euphrates Basin (1998-2002).
• Salt Balance in saline soil after leaching , reclaiming and
cultivating (2000-2005) .Using and Testing SALTMED ,
SALINITY and SEASON programs.
• Iraqi Field Guide for Iraqi soils (2007), prepared with
the assistance of Dr. Rebbeca Burt – USDA , USA.
• The Iraqi /American Conference on Salinity in Iraq
(2009)- Coordinator Dr.Mike Gangwer ,Utah State
University.
12. The main topics of the
conference:
• Characteristics , diagnosis and distribution of salt-affected
soils in the lower Mesopotamia.
• Chemistry of the salt- affected soils in Iraq.
• Diagnosis and Management of salt –affected soils in Iraq .
• The American Vision on saline soils.
• Use of saline water in agriculture.
• Necessary steps for avoiding resalinization.
• The main five recommendations of the conference were:
• Show Priorities for use (invest ) the available irrigation water .
• Starting implementation of land reclamation for poor farmers first.
• Establishment a National Center for Salinity.
• Cooperation with Iraqi universities.
• Cooperation with the private sector.
13. The Australian Project for Management Salt –
affected Soils in the Middle and South of Iraq
(2011-2012):
With the contrition of the following institutions:
• Australian Center of Agricultural Research (ICIAR).
• International Center for Agricultural Research in the
Dry Areas (ICARDA).
• University of West Australian .
• International Center for Biosaline Agriculture
(ICBA).
• The International Water Management Institute (
IWMI).
14. The proposed national strategy for
national soil salinity treatment and
water resources protection
(1) Studying the quality (chemical , physical and
biological characteristics ) of water.
(2) Management saline soil using saline or semi-
saline water.
(3) Irrigation with saline water depending on the
growth stages of crops.
(4) Using leaching requirements with saline irrigation
water.
15. (5) Following successive crops with successive
seasons (dense cultivation).
(6) Adding calculated amounts of sulfur, gypsum
and sulfuric acid.
(7) Application of biological fertilizers.
(8) Application of some amending products
such as: Clean Salt , DriWater.
(9) Screening crop varieties tolerant to salinity.
16. (9) Screening crop varieties tolerant to
salinity.
(10) Introducing Tolerant Grain Crop Varieties
to salinity.
(11) Using Treated Waste Water for
agricultural purposes such as green belts and
/ or leaching salt-affected soils.
(12) Several trails for desalinizations of saline
water foragricultural purposes .
17. And now?
The major challenging goal for Iraq and other
regional countries is how to have a STRATEGIC
FRAMEWORK ON A SOLID PERMANENT BASE to
alleviate the effect of salt-affected soils efficiently
and economically.
19. •
•
• Refernces :
•
• Altaie , F (1970). Salt-affected and water logged soils of
Iraq. Report to seminar on methods of amelioration of
saline and water – logged soils. Baghdad ,Iraq.
• Hassan,K,M .et al (1978) . Leaching of salt-affected soil in
Iraq using drainage water under laboratory conditions.
Iraqi J. for Agr. Sci.
• Hassan ,K, M .et al. (1978). Leaching of salt-affected soil in
Iraq using drainage water under field conditions .
• FAO (1980) .
20. • UNEP (1992) .
• Hassan , K , M.et al. (1999). Reuse of drainage
water for leaching and reclaiming salt –affected
soils .The 4th Gulf Conference on Water . Al-
Bahrain State .
• Hassan , K , M. et al. (2000) Evaluation of saline
water for leaching heavy salt-affected soil in the
Middle of Iraq .
• The 2nd Sci . Conf. of the Association of Iraqi Water
Resources.
21. • Hassan , K.M. et .al. (2000).The importance of
irrigation water salinity and the leaching factor on
wheat yield and accumulation of salts in soils.
Proceeding of using medium saline in water Arab
Agriculture (ACSAD).
• Hassan , K.M. et al .(2001). Predication models for
water quantity of Euphrates water. A comprehensive
review. Iraq Award on Environment.
• Hassan ,K.M. et .al.(2002). Predication of soil salinity
and irrigation water volume required for salt balance
using SEASON program. The 7th Iraqi Tech Conf . /
Univ. of Technology.
22. • Hassan ,K.M. et .al.(2002) . Control on salinity reaction
in the reclaimed soils using simulation program for
salt balance (SALINUTY) . The 4th Sci.Conf . on Agr.
Research.
• Hassan ,K.M. et .al.(2005). Magnetic condition of
saline water characteristics for crop irrigation .
•
• 1.Sunflower crop .J. of Agr .Sci.
•
• Hassan ,K.M. et .al.(2005). Magnetic condition of
saline water characteristics for crops irrigation
23. •
• 2.Corn and Wheat crops.
• 14. Hassan ,K.M. et .al. (2006). Effect of using leaching
• requirement on Peanut growth and Yield in salt- affected soil.
• J. of Agr.Sci.
• 15. Hassan ,K.M. et .al. (2007). Influence of sprinkler Irrigation on
• soil moisture distribution in a silt clay soil . The 6th Sci. Conf .
• on Agr. Res.
• 16. Hassan ,K.M. et .al. (2007). Salt balance in soil irrigated with
• saline water and dense wheat crops. The 6th Sci .Conf . on
• Agr.Res.
• 17. Hassan ,K.M. et .al.(2009). Salt balance in soil irrigated with
• saline water under Corn crop condition . The 7th Sci .Conf. of
• Agr.Res.
24. • 18. Hassan ,K.M. et .al. (2010) . Salt balance in soil irrigated with
• saline water under green gram crop conditions .
• The Iraqi Agr.Res. J.
• 19. Hassan ,K.M. et .al. (2010). Perdition of movement and
• distribution of salts in soil irrigated with saline water using
• SALINITY program . The 4th . Sci . Conf. of Wasit Univ.Iraq.
• 20. Hassan ,K.M. (2011). The National Strategy for Soil
• Salinity Management and Water Resources Protection.
• Symposium on:
• Accelerating Aspects for Reclaiming Agr.
• Lands in Iraq . Prime Minister Agricultural Initiative.
•
• 21. Hassan ,K.M. (2016). Work Plans , Visions, Ideas and
• Experiments . Ministry of Agriculture . Baghdad , Iraq.
•
•