The Holocaust resulted in the genocide of approximately 11 million people, including 6 million Jews, between 1933 and 1945 under the Nazi regime in Germany. Jews faced escalating oppression through stripping of rights, segregation in ghettos, imprisonment in concentration camps involving slave labor and inhumane conditions, and extermination in death camps using gas chambers and crematoriums. By systematically isolating, persecuting and murdering Jews and other targeted groups, the Nazis pursued the "Final Solution" aiming to annihilate the Jewish population of Europe.

2. 11 million people were exterminated11 million people were exterminated

3. 6 million Jews6 million Jews
5 million people5 million people
1933 - 19451933 - 1945

4. They were shot,They were shot,
starved, gassed andstarved, gassed and
burned…burned…

5. Defining the HolocaustDefining the Holocaust
 HOLOCAUSTHOLOCAUST (Heb.,(Heb.,
sho'ah)sho'ah) which originally meantwhich originally meant
a sacrifice totally burned bya sacrifice totally burned by
firefire
 the annihilation of the Jewsthe annihilation of the Jews
and other groups of peopleand other groups of people
of Europe under the Naziof Europe under the Nazi
regime during World War IIregime during World War II
 GENOCIDEGENOCIDE: the: the
systematicsystematic
extermination of a nationalityextermination of a nationality
or groupor group

6. Cold Hard FactsCold Hard Facts
Casualties of the Holocaust:Casualties of the Holocaust:
 63% of Jewish population in Europe killed63% of Jewish population in Europe killed
 91% of Jewish population in Poland killed91% of Jewish population in Poland killed
 Auschwitz-Birkenau was liberated by Soviet troops onAuschwitz-Birkenau was liberated by Soviet troops on
Jan. 27, 1945. The Soviets found 836, 255 women’sJan. 27, 1945. The Soviets found 836, 255 women’s
dresses, 348, 000 men’s suits, 38, 000 pairs of men’sdresses, 348, 000 men’s suits, 38, 000 pairs of men’s
shoes and 14, 000 pounds of human hair. But onlyshoes and 14, 000 pounds of human hair. But only
7, 6507, 650 live prisonerslive prisoners

7. How did the Holocaust Happen?How did the Holocaust Happen?
 The Power of WordsThe Power of Words
 The Stages of IsolationThe Stages of Isolation
 The Bystander versusThe Bystander versus
the Collaboratorthe Collaborator
 Anti-SemitismAnti-Semitism

8. The Power of Words…The Power of Words…
 ““The great masses of the people will more easily fallThe great masses of the people will more easily fall
victims to a big lie than a small one”victims to a big lie than a small one”
 ““How fortunate for leaders that men do not think”How fortunate for leaders that men do not think”
 The victor will never be asked if he told the truth”The victor will never be asked if he told the truth”
 The personification of the devil as the symbol of all evilThe personification of the devil as the symbol of all evil
assumes the living shape of the Jew”assumes the living shape of the Jew”
 What do all these quotes have in common?What do all these quotes have in common?

9. All Quotes of Adolf Hitler…All Quotes of Adolf Hitler…

10. European Jewish Population in 1933European Jewish Population in 1933
waswas 9,508,3409,508,340

11. Estimated Jewish Survivors ofEstimated Jewish Survivors of
Holocaust:Holocaust: 3,546,2113,546,211

12. The Stages of IsolationThe Stages of Isolation
The Holocaust was a progression of actionsThe Holocaust was a progression of actions
leading to the annihilation of millions by:leading to the annihilation of millions by:
 1: Stripping of Rights1: Stripping of Rights
 2: Segregation2: Segregation
 3: Concentration3: Concentration
 4: Extermination4: Extermination

13. Stage 1: Stripping of RightsStage 1: Stripping of Rights
1935: Nuremberg Laws stated that all1935: Nuremberg Laws stated that all
JEWS were :JEWS were :
 stripped of Germanstripped of German
citizenshipcitizenship
 fired from jobs &fired from jobs &
businesses boycottedbusinesses boycotted
 banned from Germanbanned from German
schools and universitiesschools and universities
 Marriages between JewsMarriages between Jews
and Aryans forbiddenand Aryans forbidden

14. Stage 1: Stripping of RightsStage 1: Stripping of Rights
1935: Nuremberg Laws stated that all1935: Nuremberg Laws stated that all
JEWS were :JEWS were :
 Forced to carry ID cardsForced to carry ID cards
 Passports stamped with aPassports stamped with a
“J”“J”
 forced to wear the arm bandforced to wear the arm band
of the Yellow “Star ofof the Yellow “Star of
David”David”
 Jewish synagoguesJewish synagogues
destroyeddestroyed
 forced to pay reparationsforced to pay reparations
and a special income taxand a special income tax

15. Schindler’s ListSchindler’s List
“Whoever saves one life, saves the world entire”“Whoever saves one life, saves the world entire”
•Oskar Schindler is a vain, glorious and greedy GermanOskar Schindler is a vain, glorious and greedy German
businessman who becomes unlikely humanitarian amidbusinessman who becomes unlikely humanitarian amid
the barbaric Nazi reign when he feels compelled to turnthe barbaric Nazi reign when he feels compelled to turn
his factory into a refuge for Jews. Based on the true storyhis factory into a refuge for Jews. Based on the true story
of Oskar Schindler who managed to save about 1100 Jewsof Oskar Schindler who managed to save about 1100 Jews
from being gassed at the Auschwitz concentration camp.from being gassed at the Auschwitz concentration camp.
A testament for the good in all of us.A testament for the good in all of us.
•Clip 1: Chapter 5 (entering ghetto)- 5 minClip 1: Chapter 5 (entering ghetto)- 5 min

16. Stage 2: SegregationStage 2: Segregation
GHETTOSGHETTOS
 Jews were forced to liveJews were forced to live
in designated areasin designated areas
called “ghettos” tocalled “ghettos” to
isolate them from theisolate them from the
rest of societyrest of society
 Nazis established 356Nazis established 356
ghettos in Poland, theghettos in Poland, the
Soviet Union,Soviet Union,
Czechoslovakia,Czechoslovakia,
Romania, and HungaryRomania, and Hungary
during WWIIduring WWII

17. Stage 2: SegregationStage 2: Segregation
GHETTOSGHETTOS
 Ghettos were filthy, withGhettos were filthy, with
poor sanitation andpoor sanitation and
extreme overcrowdingextreme overcrowding
 Disease was rampantDisease was rampant
and food was in suchand food was in such
short supply that manyshort supply that many
slowly starved to deathslowly starved to death
 Warsaw, the largestWarsaw, the largest
ghetto, held 500,000ghetto, held 500,000
people and was 3.5people and was 3.5
square miles in sizesquare miles in size

18. Nazi ghettosNazi ghettos were a preliminarywere a preliminary step in the annihilation of the Jews, as the ghettos becamestep in the annihilation of the Jews, as the ghettos became
transition areas, used as collection points for deportation to concentration & death campstransition areas, used as collection points for deportation to concentration & death camps

19. Schindler’s ListSchindler’s List
 Clip 2: Start at 45:00 min - 49:30 (train)Clip 2: Start at 45:00 min - 49:30 (train)
 Clip 3: Chapter 14 (Liquidation of Ghetto)- 17Clip 3: Chapter 14 (Liquidation of Ghetto)- 17
minmin

20. Stage 3: Concentration CampsStage 3: Concentration Camps
 essential to Nazi’s systematic oppression and eventual massessential to Nazi’s systematic oppression and eventual mass
murder of enemies of Nazi Germany (Jews, Communists,murder of enemies of Nazi Germany (Jews, Communists,
homosexuals, opponents)homosexuals, opponents)
 Slave labor “annihilation by work”Slave labor “annihilation by work”
 Prisoners faced undernourishment and starvationPrisoners faced undernourishment and starvation
 Prisoners transported in cattle freight carsPrisoners transported in cattle freight cars
 Camps were built on railroad lines for efficient transportationCamps were built on railroad lines for efficient transportation

22. Life in the CampsLife in the Camps
 possessionspossessions
werewere
confiscatedconfiscated
 heads wereheads were
shavedshaved
 arms tattooedarms tattooed
 PrisonPrison
uniformsuniforms
 Men, womenMen, women
and childrenand children
werewere
separatedseparated

23. Life in the CampsLife in the Camps
 Survival basedSurvival based
on tradeon trade
skills /skills /
physicalphysical
strengthstrength
 Unsanitary,Unsanitary,
disease riddendisease ridden
and liceand lice
infestedinfested
barracksbarracks
 inhumaneinhumane
medicalmedical
experimentsexperiments

26. Schindler’s ListSchindler’s List
Clip 4: Chapter 17 (concentrationClip 4: Chapter 17 (concentration
camps / factory)- 4 mincamps / factory)- 4 min

27. Stage 4: ExterminationStage 4: Extermination
 EinsatzgruppenEinsatzgruppen (mobile(mobile
killing units) had begankilling units) had began
killing operations aimedkilling operations aimed
at entire Jewishat entire Jewish
communities in the 1930scommunities in the 1930s
 DEATH FACTORIESDEATH FACTORIES::
Nazi exterminationNazi extermination
camps fulfilled thecamps fulfilled the
singular function of masssingular function of mass
murdermurder

28. Stage 4: ExterminationStage 4: Extermination
 EuthanasiaEuthanasia
program: Naziprogram: Nazi
policy to eliminatepolicy to eliminate
“life unworthy of“life unworthy of
life” (mentally orlife” (mentally or
physicallyphysically
challenged) tochallenged) to
promote Aryanpromote Aryan
“racial integrity”“racial integrity”

29. ““FINAL SOLUTION”FINAL SOLUTION” WannseeWannsee
ConferenceConference
(Berlin -1942 )(Berlin -1942 )
established theestablished the
“complete“complete
solution of thesolution of the
Jewish question”Jewish question”
 called for thecalled for the
complete andcomplete and
mass annihilationmass annihilation
and exterminationand extermination
of the Jews as wellof the Jews as well
as other groupsas other groups
 Zyklon B gasZyklon B gas
became the agentbecame the agent
in the massin the mass
exterminationextermination

30. Gas Chambers & CrematoriumsGas Chambers & Crematoriums
 Prisoners were sent toPrisoners were sent to
gas chambersgas chambers
disguised as showersdisguised as showers
 Zyklon B gas used toZyklon B gas used to
gas people in 3 – 15gas people in 3 – 15
minutesminutes
 Up to 8000 people wereUp to 8000 people were
gassed per day atgassed per day at
Auschwitz-Birkenau,Auschwitz-Birkenau,
the largest death campthe largest death camp
with 4 operating gaswith 4 operating gas
chamberschambers

31. Gas Chambers & CrematoriumsGas Chambers & Crematoriums
 Gold fillings fromGold fillings from
victims teeth werevictims teeth were
melted down tomelted down to
make gold bardsmake gold bards
 Prisoners movedPrisoners moved
dead bodies todead bodies to
massivemassive
crematoriumscrematoriums

34. Schindler’s ListSchindler’s List
Clip 5: Chapter 1: Burning (disc 2)- 3 minClip 5: Chapter 1: Burning (disc 2)- 3 min
Clip 6: Chapter 4: Showers - 17:44 (disc 2)- 4 minClip 6: Chapter 4: Showers - 17:44 (disc 2)- 4 min
Clip 7: Chapter 11: Liberation (7 min)Clip 7: Chapter 11: Liberation (7 min)

35. Nearing the End of the WarNearing the End of the War
 By 1945, the Nazis’By 1945, the Nazis’
began to destroybegan to destroy
crematoriums andcrematoriums and
camps as Alliedcamps as Allied
troops closed introops closed in
 Death MarchesDeath Marches
(Todesmarsche):(Todesmarsche):
Between 1944-1945,Between 1944-1945,
Nazis orderedNazis ordered
marches over longmarches over long
distances.distances.
Approximately 250Approximately 250
000 – 375 000000 – 375 000
prisoners perishedprisoners perished
in Death Marchesin Death Marches

36. Nearing the End of the WarNearing the End of the War
 On January 27,On January 27,
1945, the Soviet1945, the Soviet
army enteredarmy entered
AuschwitzAuschwitz
(largest camp)(largest camp)
and liberatedand liberated
more than 7,000more than 7,000
remainingremaining
prisoners, whoprisoners, who
were mostly illwere mostly ill
and dying.and dying.

39. Nazis confiscated property of prisoners inNazis confiscated property of prisoners in
storerooms nicknamed “Kanada” because thestorerooms nicknamed “Kanada” because the
sheer amount of loot stored there was associatedsheer amount of loot stored there was associated
with the riches of Canadawith the riches of Canada

40. Swastika: A Symbol of Good or Evil?Swastika: A Symbol of Good or Evil?
• the swastika is an ancient Indian
symbol (Sanskrit) that is over
3,000 years old meaning well
being, life and good luck,
prosperity
• the swastika is sacred religious
symbol for Hindus, Jains and
Buddhists
•Common symbol in ancient
civilizations (Mesopotamia, India,
China, Central and South America
(Maya)

41. Swastika: A Symbol of Good or Evil?Swastika: A Symbol of Good or Evil?
•In 1920, Adolf Hitler decided
that the Nazi Party needed its
own insignia and flag and
chose the swastika to represent
the mission of the struggle for
the victory of the Aryan man
•Because of the Nazis' flag, the
swastika soon became a
symbol of hate, anti-Semitism,
violence, death, and murder.

42. Holocaust ArtHolocaust Art

48. AftermathAftermath
 Yom ha-ShoahYom ha-Shoah::
Holocaust RemembranceHolocaust Remembrance
Day established in 1951Day established in 1951
 Nuremberg TrialsNuremberg Trials: 1945-: 1945-
1949 were trials for war1949 were trials for war
crimes of Nazi officialscrimes of Nazi officials
(24 Nazi leaders tried)(24 Nazi leaders tried)
 Displaced PersonsDisplaced Persons
 Anti-SemitismAnti-Semitism in thein the
world todayworld today