The Holocaust systematically murdered around 6 million European Jews and 5-6 million others between 1933-1945. Nazi Germany passed laws stripping Jews of citizenship and rights, forcing them out of schools and jobs. They were made to wear yellow stars and were confined to ghettos. Over 130,000 Jews fled Germany by 1937, but few other countries accepted Jewish refugees. The 1942 Wannsee Conference formalized plans for genocide. Jews were deported to death camps and murdered in gas chambers or through forced labor, medical experiments, and starvation. Some Jews resisted in ghettos like Warsaw but most were eventually killed. Allied forces liberated camps in 1944-45 and held the Nuremberg trials for Nazi war criminals.