The Holocaust was the systematic persecution and murder of approximately six million Jews by the Nazi regime and its allies and collaborators. Between 1933-1945, Jews were segregated into ghettos, deported to concentration and extermination camps, and murdered en masse. In total, the Nazis established over 300 ghettos and camps across Europe where Jews and other victims lived in inhumane conditions before being transported to death camps to be killed in gas chambers or by other means. By 1945, around 90% of Europe's Jewish population had been killed under the Nazi "Final Solution" plan.

1. HOLOCAUST

2. “ Holocaust” from the Greek word holókauston olon ="completely" kauston ="burnt"

3. Map of Europe showing the total Jewish population of each country in 1939.

4. Joseph Stalin – 25 million killed a killer twice as big as Hitler Stalin’s Purges and Forced Famine [1932-1938] Stalin systematically killed approximately 25 million people from 1930-1958 Estimated Death Toll: 2,000,000 Jews 5-8 million Ukrainians 14-15 million Soviet peasants 10 million political dissidents The combined tragedy of the Soviet’s political genocide exceeds even the scope of the Nazi Holocaust. Today’s revolts in Chechnya, Georgia and other former republics of the U.S.S.R., have deep roots in the atrocities of the Stalin era.

6. Rise of the Nazi Party (1918-1933) Nazification (1933-1939) The Ghettos (1939-1941) The Camps (1941-1942) Resistance (1942-1944) Rescue and Liberation (1944-1945) Aftermath (1945-2007)

8. In total, the Nazis established 356 ghettos in Poland, the Soviet Union, the Baltic States, Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Hungary between 1939 and 1945. Jews were not allowed to leave the so-called "Jewish residential districts," under penalty of death.

9. All ghettos had the most appalling, inhuman living conditions . The smallest ghetto housed approximately 3,000 people. Warsaw, the largest ghetto, held 400,000 people . Lódz, the second largest, held about 160,000.

10. The Nazis undertook to liquidate the ghettos as they began full implementation of "The Final Solution to the Jewish Question" in 1942 . Massive deportations of Jews to concentration and death camps continued until the summer of 1944. By that time, almost all of the ghettos had been liquidated.

12. There were a)concentration camps, b)forced labor camps, c)extermination or d)death camps, e)transit camps, and f)prisoner-of-war camps . The living conditions of all camps were brutal.

13. Nazis used mobile killing squads called Einsatzgruppen. By the time Himmler ordered a halt to the shooting in the fall of 1942, they had murdered approximately 1,500,000 Jews. The death camps proved to be a better, faster, less personal method for killing

14. Wannsee Conference - January 1942 Reinhard Heydrich held a meeting of Nazi government officials Presented the Final Solution, the mass murder plot of 11 million Jews and 30 million Slavs

15. DEATH TOLLS Treblinka - 750,000 Jews Belzec - 550,000 Jews Sobibór - 200,000 Jews Chelmno - 150,000Jews Lublin/Majdanek - 50,000 Jews Auschwitz - 1 million Jews and 1 million non-Jews.

17. VICTIMS PERPETRATORS BYSTANDERS RESISTERS RESCUERS LIBERATORS SURVIVORS CHILDREN

19. JEWS Roma (Gypsies) Poles and other Slavs Political Dissidents & Clergy Physical and Mentally handicapped Jehovah’s Witnesses Homosexuals Others

20. JEWS Boycotts of Jewish businesses seemed logical Ghettos – Hitler used these to get Jewish people herded together so he could more easily transport them to the camps Camps – concentration and death camps where most died a tragic death

21. ROMA - GYPSIES Believed they were of an inferior race did not want them to “breed” with Germans and thus weaken the Aryan race treated them the same as Jews

22. JEHOVAH’S WITNESSES 20,000 in Germany in 1933 would not salute flag, Hitler or join the army 10,000 sent to concentration camps 2,500-5,000 died

24. Adolf Eichmann- SS LTC, Organized “Final Solution”, escaped after war however found and sentenced to death in 1961 Hans Frank – Nazi Governor of Poland , sent 85% of Jews to death camps, executed in 1946 Joseph Goebbels – Propaganda minister – headed the burning of Berlin and Kristallnacht, killed his family & himself NAZI LEADERS

25. Herman Goring – Hitler’s successor , CIC Luftwaffe, President of Reichstag, sentenced to death, committed suicide Heinrich Himmler- Head of SS & Gestapo, in charge of concentration and death camps Joseph Mengele – Auschwitz physician, medical experiments , escaped to Argentina & Paraguay. He was hunted down by Israeli agents and his body was found in 1986 in Brazil. NAZI LEADERS

27. Most Germans were not soldiers Most Germans were not Jews Most Germans did not die Most Germans just watched Mr. Mulford The average German citizen watched the Jewish people and others go from being boycotted, to being herded into Ghetto’s and then shipped off to concentration camps. Only at the end did they understand the full impact, and then still some could not believe the Holocaust had actually happened.

28. Indifference is not so much a gesture of looking away--of choosing to be passive--as it is an active disinclination to feel. Indifference shuts down the humane, and does it deliberately, with all the strength deliberateness demands. Indifference is as determined--and as forcefully muscular--as any blow. Cynthia Ozick

29. First they came for the communists, and I did not speak out because I was not a communist. Then they came for the socialists, and I did not speak out because I was not a socialist. Then they came for the labor leaders, and I did not speak out because I was not a labor leader. Then they came for the Jews, and I did not speak out because I was not a Jew. Then they came for me, and there was no one left to speak out for me. The Reverend Martin Niemöller, a pastor in the German Confessing Church who spent seven years in a concentration camp.

31. Rescuers are those who, at great personal risk, actively helped members of persecuted groups, primarily Jews, during the Holocaust in defiance of Third Reich policy. They were ordinary people who became extraordinary people because they acted in accordance with their own belief systems while living in an immoral society. Thousands survived the Holocaust because of the daring of these rescuers. Although in total their number is statistically small, rescuers were all colossal people.

32. RESCUE STEPS First, a rescuer had to recognize that a person was endangered Next, rescuers had to decide whether or not to assume the responsibility of helping and risk the potential consequences Lastly they took action!

34. There are 350,000 survivors of the Holocaust alive today... There are 350,000 experts who just want to be useful with the remainder of their lives. Please listen to the words and the echoes and the ghosts. And please teach this in your schools. --Steven Spielberg, Academy Award acceptance speech

35. Inner Exile: Life in Hiding Life in hiding from the Nazis was a daily struggle. Those hidden lived in constant terror of being discovered. People in hiding were discovered frequently. The consequences of being found for hiders and those hiding them were grave, often resulting in brutal death at the hands of special police squads.

36. Exile: Flight in and through Europe Many survivors either sensed the danger awaiting them if they stayed in their hometowns across Europe, or were forced to leave their homes. For those who left, it often meant that they would see their friends and relatives for the last time. Life in exile was full of fear and uncertainty.

37. Death Factories and Forced Labor The chances of surviving the war in any of the Nazi death, concentration, or labor camps were slim to none. Those who did survive are the sole witnesses to the horrors put into action behind the barbed electric fences surrounding Nazi compounds. Their stories remind us of the atrocities humans are capable of when led to believe those who are different from them are sub-human or otherwise undesirable.

38. FACES OF THE HOLOCAUST

39. WALKING TO THE WARSAW GHETTO

40. WARSAW GHETTO

41. JEWS STAND IN LINE - WARSAW GHETTO

42. WARSAW GHETTO JEWISH POLICE

43. WARSAW GHETTO UPRISING CAPTIVES

44. CHILDREN HEADED TO DEATH CAMPS

45. CHILDREN HEADED TO DEATH CAMPS

46. LIBERATED JEWISH CHILDREN

47. CHILDREN STARVED TO DEATH

48. CHILDREN STARVED TO DEATH

49. DR. MENGELE’S CHILD EXPERIMENTS

50. EXECUTIONS

51. EXECUTIONS

52. EXECUTIONS

53. EXECUTIONS

54. EXECUTIONS