IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.4.7
ABSTRACT- Most of the Euphorbian plants secrete fluid which contain a proteolytic enzyme for defensive role against
insects, pests and hence eco physiological inheritance to sustain vegetation eventually in adverse environmental
conditions. Evaluation has been carried out on twenty five Euphorbian garden plants for their proteolytic activities using
casein as a substrate. Out of these, Euphorbia nerifolia, Euphorbia milli, Euphorbia tirucalli, Euphorbia lactea,
Synadenium granti, Jatropha curcas, Euphorbia nivulia, Euphorbia antiquoram, Pedilanthus tithymaloides, Euphorbia
viguieri, E. heterophylla and E. leucocephala are the good enzyme source. Moderate activity found in Jatropha
integerrima, Jatropha multifida, Jatropha podagrica, Euphorbia pulcherrima, and Dalechampia scandens. While
different tissues of Acalypha hispida, Acalypha wilkesiana, Breynia nivosa, Cicca acida, Codiaeum variegatum, Drypetes
roxburghii are devoid of proteolytic activity. This paper describes in detail about name of plants, habitat and presence of
proteolytic enzyme in them. Results show that the out of twenty five plants 50% plant tissue synthesize protease in
appreciable amount, while 10% are not able to produce it. However 40% plants demonstrate only detectable amount of
protease. A comparative account of proteolytic activity reveals some promising plants good source of enzyme. Some
plants produce combination of cysteine and serine proteases. A single plant i.e. Euphorbia nerifolia latex contains
cysteine, serine, metallo-protease and aspartic proteases. In turn, these proteases may be used in various industrial uses in
general and cheese production Key-words- Garden Euphorb iiann a p plaarnttisc,u Clayr.s t e ine and serine protease, E. leucocephala, Euphorbia viguieri
Biodegradation of Profenofos Pesticide by Efficient Bacillus Cereus and Klebs...ijsrd.com
The objective of this study to examine potential for the degradation Profenofos pesticide by the bacteria and finding the optimum conditions of bacteria. The growth of the pesticide degrading bacteria was assessed in Mineral salt broth containing 25mg of pesticide at different level temperature levels (25°C,30°C, 35°C & 40°C) and pH levels ( pH 5, pH 6, pH 7 & pH 8) .The maximum growth rate of bacteria was recorded at 35°C and pH 6. Among the tow bacteria the bacteria Bacillus cereus utilized the pesticides effectively and showed maximum growth. Profenofos pesticide was biological degradable.
Screening of antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of extracts from epidermis ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Optimization of l asparaginase production by aspergillus terreus mtcc 1782 us...eSAT Journals
Abstract Enzymes are the biocatalysts synthesized by living cells. They are Complex protein molecules that bring about chemical reactions concerned with life. They are protein in nature, colloidal and thermolabile in character, and specific in their action. L-asparaginase (L-asparagine amido hydrolase, E.C.3.5.1.1) is an extra cellular enzyme that has received considerable attention since it is used as an anticancer agent. The present work deals with production of extracellular L-asparaginase from Aspergillus terreus MTCC 1782 using Bajra seed flour under solid state fermentation Process parameters like Incubation time(96 h), Temperature (300 C), Moisture content (70% v/w), pH of the medium(8.0), Inoculum Age (5 days), Inoculum volume (1 ml), carbon source (1.5% w/v glucose), nitrogen source ( 2% w/v ammonium sulphate), and metal salts ( 0.1% w/v Magnesium sulphate) were optimized and giving an overall yield of 273.3 U/gds of maximum L-asparaginase activity after optimization. The observation made in this study hold great promise for scale up production of L-asparaginase from Aspergillus terreus MTCC 1782 using Bajra seed flour as substrate under solid state fermentation. Index terms: L-asparaginase, Aspergillus terreus, Bajra seed flour, Solid state fermentation, Optimization
Optimization of process parameters for l asparaginase production by aspergill...eSAT Journals
Abstract L-asparaginase (L-asparagine amido hydrolase, E.C.3.5.1.1) is an extra cellular enzyme that has received considerable attention since it is used as an anticancer agent. L-asparaginase belongs to an amidase group that hydrolyses the amide bond in L-asparagine to aspartic acid and ammonia. The clinical action of this enzyme as an anti-carcinogenic is attributed to the reduction of L-asparagine; tumour cells unable to synthesise this amino acid are selectively killed by L-asparagine deprivation. L-Asparaginase has its application in food industry also. It helps in reducing the content of acrylamide in baked food products by hydrolysing the L-asparagine. L-Asparaginase is majorly produced by microorganisms including bacteria, yeast and fungi. The potential of Aspergillus terreus MTCC 1782 using cauliflower stalk: corn ears (3.75: 1.25) as substrate under SSF is the purpose of the study. Solid state fermentation (SSF) is a very effective technique opposed to submerged fermentation in various aspects. Various fermentation parameters such as types of agro material, their ratios, carbon source, nitrogen source, inoculum level, moisture content, temperature, pH, fermentation time, metal salts, and L-asparagine concentration, which influence the rate of enzyme production under SSF, were optimized. The optimized production of L-asparaginase has been obtained at 35°C for 4 days with a pH of 9.0, along with 50% moisture content, and 20% inoculum volume as the optimized fermentation conditions. The optimization was done using a ‘one-factor-at-a-time’ approach. The highest yield was obtained with, sucrose (1%w/v), ammonium sulphate (1%w/v), NaCl (1%w/v), L-asparagine (1%w/w), added to the fermentation medium, as supplements. Use of cauliflower stalk along with corn ear as potential raw materials for enzyme production could be of great commercial significance. Keywords: L-asparaginase, chemotherapeutic agent, Aspergillus terreus, SSF, mixed substrate, optimization
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.4.7
ABSTRACT- Most of the Euphorbian plants secrete fluid which contain a proteolytic enzyme for defensive role against
insects, pests and hence eco physiological inheritance to sustain vegetation eventually in adverse environmental
conditions. Evaluation has been carried out on twenty five Euphorbian garden plants for their proteolytic activities using
casein as a substrate. Out of these, Euphorbia nerifolia, Euphorbia milli, Euphorbia tirucalli, Euphorbia lactea,
Synadenium granti, Jatropha curcas, Euphorbia nivulia, Euphorbia antiquoram, Pedilanthus tithymaloides, Euphorbia
viguieri, E. heterophylla and E. leucocephala are the good enzyme source. Moderate activity found in Jatropha
integerrima, Jatropha multifida, Jatropha podagrica, Euphorbia pulcherrima, and Dalechampia scandens. While
different tissues of Acalypha hispida, Acalypha wilkesiana, Breynia nivosa, Cicca acida, Codiaeum variegatum, Drypetes
roxburghii are devoid of proteolytic activity. This paper describes in detail about name of plants, habitat and presence of
proteolytic enzyme in them. Results show that the out of twenty five plants 50% plant tissue synthesize protease in
appreciable amount, while 10% are not able to produce it. However 40% plants demonstrate only detectable amount of
protease. A comparative account of proteolytic activity reveals some promising plants good source of enzyme. Some
plants produce combination of cysteine and serine proteases. A single plant i.e. Euphorbia nerifolia latex contains
cysteine, serine, metallo-protease and aspartic proteases. In turn, these proteases may be used in various industrial uses in
general and cheese production Key-words- Garden Euphorb iiann a p plaarnttisc,u Clayr.s t e ine and serine protease, E. leucocephala, Euphorbia viguieri
Biodegradation of Profenofos Pesticide by Efficient Bacillus Cereus and Klebs...ijsrd.com
The objective of this study to examine potential for the degradation Profenofos pesticide by the bacteria and finding the optimum conditions of bacteria. The growth of the pesticide degrading bacteria was assessed in Mineral salt broth containing 25mg of pesticide at different level temperature levels (25°C,30°C, 35°C & 40°C) and pH levels ( pH 5, pH 6, pH 7 & pH 8) .The maximum growth rate of bacteria was recorded at 35°C and pH 6. Among the tow bacteria the bacteria Bacillus cereus utilized the pesticides effectively and showed maximum growth. Profenofos pesticide was biological degradable.
Screening of antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of extracts from epidermis ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Optimization of l asparaginase production by aspergillus terreus mtcc 1782 us...eSAT Journals
Abstract Enzymes are the biocatalysts synthesized by living cells. They are Complex protein molecules that bring about chemical reactions concerned with life. They are protein in nature, colloidal and thermolabile in character, and specific in their action. L-asparaginase (L-asparagine amido hydrolase, E.C.3.5.1.1) is an extra cellular enzyme that has received considerable attention since it is used as an anticancer agent. The present work deals with production of extracellular L-asparaginase from Aspergillus terreus MTCC 1782 using Bajra seed flour under solid state fermentation Process parameters like Incubation time(96 h), Temperature (300 C), Moisture content (70% v/w), pH of the medium(8.0), Inoculum Age (5 days), Inoculum volume (1 ml), carbon source (1.5% w/v glucose), nitrogen source ( 2% w/v ammonium sulphate), and metal salts ( 0.1% w/v Magnesium sulphate) were optimized and giving an overall yield of 273.3 U/gds of maximum L-asparaginase activity after optimization. The observation made in this study hold great promise for scale up production of L-asparaginase from Aspergillus terreus MTCC 1782 using Bajra seed flour as substrate under solid state fermentation. Index terms: L-asparaginase, Aspergillus terreus, Bajra seed flour, Solid state fermentation, Optimization
Optimization of process parameters for l asparaginase production by aspergill...eSAT Journals
Abstract L-asparaginase (L-asparagine amido hydrolase, E.C.3.5.1.1) is an extra cellular enzyme that has received considerable attention since it is used as an anticancer agent. L-asparaginase belongs to an amidase group that hydrolyses the amide bond in L-asparagine to aspartic acid and ammonia. The clinical action of this enzyme as an anti-carcinogenic is attributed to the reduction of L-asparagine; tumour cells unable to synthesise this amino acid are selectively killed by L-asparagine deprivation. L-Asparaginase has its application in food industry also. It helps in reducing the content of acrylamide in baked food products by hydrolysing the L-asparagine. L-Asparaginase is majorly produced by microorganisms including bacteria, yeast and fungi. The potential of Aspergillus terreus MTCC 1782 using cauliflower stalk: corn ears (3.75: 1.25) as substrate under SSF is the purpose of the study. Solid state fermentation (SSF) is a very effective technique opposed to submerged fermentation in various aspects. Various fermentation parameters such as types of agro material, their ratios, carbon source, nitrogen source, inoculum level, moisture content, temperature, pH, fermentation time, metal salts, and L-asparagine concentration, which influence the rate of enzyme production under SSF, were optimized. The optimized production of L-asparaginase has been obtained at 35°C for 4 days with a pH of 9.0, along with 50% moisture content, and 20% inoculum volume as the optimized fermentation conditions. The optimization was done using a ‘one-factor-at-a-time’ approach. The highest yield was obtained with, sucrose (1%w/v), ammonium sulphate (1%w/v), NaCl (1%w/v), L-asparagine (1%w/w), added to the fermentation medium, as supplements. Use of cauliflower stalk along with corn ear as potential raw materials for enzyme production could be of great commercial significance. Keywords: L-asparaginase, chemotherapeutic agent, Aspergillus terreus, SSF, mixed substrate, optimization
Background- Enterocins are antimicrobial peptides produced by Enterococcus species, which have inhibitory activity on closely
related genera. Streptococcus mutans has been implicated as a pivotal organism to initiate dental caries ensuing, serious
impairment to structure and functions of tooth beside the mental health of humans. Hence we investigated the possibility of using
enterocins in caries treatment and prophylaxis.
Methods- S. mutans was isolated from the saliva of 50 caries-prone humans. Enterococcus faecalis were isolated from the stool
samples of humans. The species identity of the isolated organisms was confirmed using conventional biochemical methods. The
inhibitory activity of enterocins on S. mutans isolates and their active concentrations was identified by spot-on-lawn assay.
Inhibitory activity of 3 enterocins on their target S. mutans isolates were further analyzed by time-kill assay and colony forming
units (CFU)/ml over 0, 4, 8 and 12 h time interval was determined.
Results- Enterocins produced by three E. faecalis isolates demonstrated inhibitory activity on more than 75% of S. mutans isolates.
Enterocins SF101, enterocin SF118 and enterocin PF98 showed 100% inhibition of their target S. mutans at 1:2, 1:4, and undiluted
concentrations. The viable count of enterocin treated S. mutans isolates declined to mean log10 CFU/ml of 4.92 after 12 h time
interval while the untreated control showed the increase to 9.11.
Conclusion- Enterocins exerts bactericidal activity against S. mutans, thus validating the possibility of enterocin to be used for
caries treatment and prophylaxis.
Meicinal plant materials carry a great number of bacteria and moulds from soil. The current practices of harvesting, handling and production of herbs often cause additional microbial contamination. The pathogenic bacteria normally seen in the plant materials are Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus (Indian Herbal Pharmacopoeia). The Indian Herbal Pharmacopoeia also specifies limit for E. coli, and Salmonella sp. for medicinal plant material (Trease and Evans, 1985). Before coming to the market, the herbal drug should be made free from any pathogens, bacteria, moulds or fungi. If heating is not involved in manufacturing process, herbs should be properly sterilized by ethylene oxide or gamma radiation. The WHO has also emphasized for the control of microbial contamination in plant materials and prescribed guidelines for testing total viable count, E. coli, and Salmonella sp. in the plant materials (Kokate, 1991). In the present study culture media were prepared as per the formula and procedure given in Indian Pharmacopoeia 1996 Vol-II. Total aerobic microbial count of the sample of leaf and root of Barleria prionitis were determined. Total Viable Count, Fungal Count and tests for specific microorganisms in sample of leaf and root of B. prionitis was determined. In the sample of leaf, E. coli, Salmonella, and Staphylococcus were found negative, but Pseudomonas was found positive. In the sample of root, E. coli and, Staphylococcus were negative, but Salmonella and Pseudomonas were found positive. The absence of Staphylococci could be ascribed to the absence of human and animal’s contamination. The present study and its findings would serve as an important source of information helpful in establishing the purity and efficacy of the plant.
Indian medicinal plants have a traditional
background that they have potential to use as antimicrobial agents.
Pedalium murex showed broad spectrum antimicrobial activity
against three fungal strains Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus,
Candida albicans and five bacterial strains Escherichia coli,
Staphylococus epidermis, Klebseilla pneumonia,Citrobactor
diverses, Enterococus faecalis.The Ethanolic extracts were tested
against selected test bacteria and fungi through disc diffusion assay
where amoxicillin was used as standard. The results showed that
alcoholic extract possess good antimicrobial activity against selected
test bacteria and fungi. The present results therefore offer a
scientific basis for traditional use of the various extract of Pedalium
murex
In order to assessing whether algae can reduce the pollution concentration of the effluents by
absorbing the nutrients, it is found that effluents can effectively be treated by employing algal organisisms such
as Oscillatoria and Stigeoclonium species and these organisms are frequently found in the polluted waters and
they were recorded as pollution tolerant forms. In the laboratory procedures out of the several media tested
Modified CHU No. 10 medium was found to be quite suitable for both the test organisms. It was found that up to
87% and 85% of phosphate uptake was achieved by Oscillatoria and Stigeoclonium respectively with 13% and
16% increase of D.O. in the effluents by the tenth day. In case of organic matter Oscillatoria removed 73% and
Stigeoclonium 70% up to tenth day
Isolation, identification of antagonistic rhizobacterial strains obtained fro...Shazia Shahzaman
Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), are associated with roots, found in the rhizosphere and can directly or indirectly enhance the plant growth. In this study soil was collected from rhizosphere of chickpea fields of different areas of Rawalpindi division of Pakistan. PGPR were isolated, screened and characterized. Eight isolates of rhizobacteria (RHA, RPG, RFJ, RC, RTR, RT and RK) were isolated from Rawalpindi division and were characterized. The antagonistic activity of these PGPR isolates against root infecting fungi (Fusarium oxysporum and Verticillium spp.,) was done and production of indole acetic acid (IAA), siderophore and P-solubilization was evaluated. The isolates RHA, RPG, RFJ, RC, RRD and RT were found to be positive in producing siderophore, IAA and P-solubilization. Furthermore, most of the isolates showed antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum, and Verticillium spp. The rhizobacterial isolates RHA, RPG, RFJ, RC, RRD, RTR, RT and RK were used as bio-inoculants that might be beneficial for chickpea cultivation as the rhizobacterial isolates possessed the plant growth promoting characters i.e. siderophore, IAA production, phosphate solubilization. In in vitro tests, Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus spp. inhibited the mycelial growth of the fungal root pathogens. The isolates (RHA and RPG) also significantly increased (60-70%) seed germination, shoot length, root length of the chickpea. The incidence of fungi was reduced by the colonization of RHA and RPG which enhanced the seedling vigor index and seed germination. The observations revealed that isolates RHA and RPG is quite effective to reduce the fungal root infection in greenhouse, and also increases seed yields significantly. These rhizobacterial isolates appear to be efficient yield increasing as well as effective biocontrol agent against fungal root pathogen.
Invitro Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of the plant extracts of Elytrar...IJERA Editor
Antimicrobial activity of the aerial parts of the Elytraria acaulis a stem less perennial herb of Acantheceae family has been carried out in the present study. Extracts of the aerial parts of the plant (Stem & Leaves) were prepared in different organic solvents such as n-Hexane, Ethanol, Methanol and Ethyl acetate. All the extracts were analyzed for antimicrobial properties against various pathogenic bacterial infections (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella Species, and Salmonella Typhi). Amongst all the extracts, methanolic extract exhibited significant antimicrobial activity. The crude methanol extracts of leaves showed good inhibitory effects against pathogens. Hence further studies on this plant will enable elucidation of its therapeutic properties and medicinal applications.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
In Vitro Anti-MRSA (Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus) Activities o...iosrjce
The aim of this study was to determine the in vitro anti-MRSA activities of the partitions and
fractions of the crude aqueous leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata against clinical isolates of MRSA.
Partitioning of the extract with chloroform gave two partitions. The aqueous partition (AP) gave a higher yield
of 59.74% than the chloroform partition (CP) with 2.69%. However, the CP showed a higher anti-MRSA
activity. The mean values of zones of inhibition at concentrations of 3.13-25.0mg/ml for the AP and CP were
9.43±1.33mm and 16.61±0.93mm respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration was 12.5mg/ml for AP
and 3.13mg/ml for CP. Column chromatography of CP resulted to fractions with variety of colours. Thin layer
chromatography of these fractions gave ten fractions with the highest retention factor (Rf) value of 0.93 for
fraction F10 and the least Rf value of 0.43 for fraction F8. At a concentration of 2.0mg/ml, fractions F2 and F3
gave the highest zones of inhibition of 22.5±0.05mm and 22.5±2.50mm respectively while F5 had the least
activity of 8.0±8.0mm. This study suggests that C. odorata is a potential and promising plant that should be
exploited for the management of MRSA diseases
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Buckling analysis of line continuum with new matrices of stiffness and geometryeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Background- Enterocins are antimicrobial peptides produced by Enterococcus species, which have inhibitory activity on closely
related genera. Streptococcus mutans has been implicated as a pivotal organism to initiate dental caries ensuing, serious
impairment to structure and functions of tooth beside the mental health of humans. Hence we investigated the possibility of using
enterocins in caries treatment and prophylaxis.
Methods- S. mutans was isolated from the saliva of 50 caries-prone humans. Enterococcus faecalis were isolated from the stool
samples of humans. The species identity of the isolated organisms was confirmed using conventional biochemical methods. The
inhibitory activity of enterocins on S. mutans isolates and their active concentrations was identified by spot-on-lawn assay.
Inhibitory activity of 3 enterocins on their target S. mutans isolates were further analyzed by time-kill assay and colony forming
units (CFU)/ml over 0, 4, 8 and 12 h time interval was determined.
Results- Enterocins produced by three E. faecalis isolates demonstrated inhibitory activity on more than 75% of S. mutans isolates.
Enterocins SF101, enterocin SF118 and enterocin PF98 showed 100% inhibition of their target S. mutans at 1:2, 1:4, and undiluted
concentrations. The viable count of enterocin treated S. mutans isolates declined to mean log10 CFU/ml of 4.92 after 12 h time
interval while the untreated control showed the increase to 9.11.
Conclusion- Enterocins exerts bactericidal activity against S. mutans, thus validating the possibility of enterocin to be used for
caries treatment and prophylaxis.
Meicinal plant materials carry a great number of bacteria and moulds from soil. The current practices of harvesting, handling and production of herbs often cause additional microbial contamination. The pathogenic bacteria normally seen in the plant materials are Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus (Indian Herbal Pharmacopoeia). The Indian Herbal Pharmacopoeia also specifies limit for E. coli, and Salmonella sp. for medicinal plant material (Trease and Evans, 1985). Before coming to the market, the herbal drug should be made free from any pathogens, bacteria, moulds or fungi. If heating is not involved in manufacturing process, herbs should be properly sterilized by ethylene oxide or gamma radiation. The WHO has also emphasized for the control of microbial contamination in plant materials and prescribed guidelines for testing total viable count, E. coli, and Salmonella sp. in the plant materials (Kokate, 1991). In the present study culture media were prepared as per the formula and procedure given in Indian Pharmacopoeia 1996 Vol-II. Total aerobic microbial count of the sample of leaf and root of Barleria prionitis were determined. Total Viable Count, Fungal Count and tests for specific microorganisms in sample of leaf and root of B. prionitis was determined. In the sample of leaf, E. coli, Salmonella, and Staphylococcus were found negative, but Pseudomonas was found positive. In the sample of root, E. coli and, Staphylococcus were negative, but Salmonella and Pseudomonas were found positive. The absence of Staphylococci could be ascribed to the absence of human and animal’s contamination. The present study and its findings would serve as an important source of information helpful in establishing the purity and efficacy of the plant.
Indian medicinal plants have a traditional
background that they have potential to use as antimicrobial agents.
Pedalium murex showed broad spectrum antimicrobial activity
against three fungal strains Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus,
Candida albicans and five bacterial strains Escherichia coli,
Staphylococus epidermis, Klebseilla pneumonia,Citrobactor
diverses, Enterococus faecalis.The Ethanolic extracts were tested
against selected test bacteria and fungi through disc diffusion assay
where amoxicillin was used as standard. The results showed that
alcoholic extract possess good antimicrobial activity against selected
test bacteria and fungi. The present results therefore offer a
scientific basis for traditional use of the various extract of Pedalium
murex
In order to assessing whether algae can reduce the pollution concentration of the effluents by
absorbing the nutrients, it is found that effluents can effectively be treated by employing algal organisisms such
as Oscillatoria and Stigeoclonium species and these organisms are frequently found in the polluted waters and
they were recorded as pollution tolerant forms. In the laboratory procedures out of the several media tested
Modified CHU No. 10 medium was found to be quite suitable for both the test organisms. It was found that up to
87% and 85% of phosphate uptake was achieved by Oscillatoria and Stigeoclonium respectively with 13% and
16% increase of D.O. in the effluents by the tenth day. In case of organic matter Oscillatoria removed 73% and
Stigeoclonium 70% up to tenth day
Isolation, identification of antagonistic rhizobacterial strains obtained fro...Shazia Shahzaman
Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), are associated with roots, found in the rhizosphere and can directly or indirectly enhance the plant growth. In this study soil was collected from rhizosphere of chickpea fields of different areas of Rawalpindi division of Pakistan. PGPR were isolated, screened and characterized. Eight isolates of rhizobacteria (RHA, RPG, RFJ, RC, RTR, RT and RK) were isolated from Rawalpindi division and were characterized. The antagonistic activity of these PGPR isolates against root infecting fungi (Fusarium oxysporum and Verticillium spp.,) was done and production of indole acetic acid (IAA), siderophore and P-solubilization was evaluated. The isolates RHA, RPG, RFJ, RC, RRD and RT were found to be positive in producing siderophore, IAA and P-solubilization. Furthermore, most of the isolates showed antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum, and Verticillium spp. The rhizobacterial isolates RHA, RPG, RFJ, RC, RRD, RTR, RT and RK were used as bio-inoculants that might be beneficial for chickpea cultivation as the rhizobacterial isolates possessed the plant growth promoting characters i.e. siderophore, IAA production, phosphate solubilization. In in vitro tests, Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus spp. inhibited the mycelial growth of the fungal root pathogens. The isolates (RHA and RPG) also significantly increased (60-70%) seed germination, shoot length, root length of the chickpea. The incidence of fungi was reduced by the colonization of RHA and RPG which enhanced the seedling vigor index and seed germination. The observations revealed that isolates RHA and RPG is quite effective to reduce the fungal root infection in greenhouse, and also increases seed yields significantly. These rhizobacterial isolates appear to be efficient yield increasing as well as effective biocontrol agent against fungal root pathogen.
Invitro Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of the plant extracts of Elytrar...IJERA Editor
Antimicrobial activity of the aerial parts of the Elytraria acaulis a stem less perennial herb of Acantheceae family has been carried out in the present study. Extracts of the aerial parts of the plant (Stem & Leaves) were prepared in different organic solvents such as n-Hexane, Ethanol, Methanol and Ethyl acetate. All the extracts were analyzed for antimicrobial properties against various pathogenic bacterial infections (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella Species, and Salmonella Typhi). Amongst all the extracts, methanolic extract exhibited significant antimicrobial activity. The crude methanol extracts of leaves showed good inhibitory effects against pathogens. Hence further studies on this plant will enable elucidation of its therapeutic properties and medicinal applications.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
In Vitro Anti-MRSA (Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus) Activities o...iosrjce
The aim of this study was to determine the in vitro anti-MRSA activities of the partitions and
fractions of the crude aqueous leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata against clinical isolates of MRSA.
Partitioning of the extract with chloroform gave two partitions. The aqueous partition (AP) gave a higher yield
of 59.74% than the chloroform partition (CP) with 2.69%. However, the CP showed a higher anti-MRSA
activity. The mean values of zones of inhibition at concentrations of 3.13-25.0mg/ml for the AP and CP were
9.43±1.33mm and 16.61±0.93mm respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration was 12.5mg/ml for AP
and 3.13mg/ml for CP. Column chromatography of CP resulted to fractions with variety of colours. Thin layer
chromatography of these fractions gave ten fractions with the highest retention factor (Rf) value of 0.93 for
fraction F10 and the least Rf value of 0.43 for fraction F8. At a concentration of 2.0mg/ml, fractions F2 and F3
gave the highest zones of inhibition of 22.5±0.05mm and 22.5±2.50mm respectively while F5 had the least
activity of 8.0±8.0mm. This study suggests that C. odorata is a potential and promising plant that should be
exploited for the management of MRSA diseases
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Buckling analysis of line continuum with new matrices of stiffness and geometryeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Scheduling for interference mitigation using enhanced intercell interference ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Issues in optimizing the performance of wireless sensor networkseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A quantitative risk assessment approach in an integrated cold chain system en...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The effect of rotor disc clearance on the lift performance of contra rotating...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Comparative studies on flotation of kasolite using cationic and anionic surfa...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
“Remedies over the obstacles in implementing automation in indian infrastruct...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
“Isolation and Biochemical Characterization of Antibiotic Producing Microorga...IOSR Journals
The search for new antibiotics continues in a rather overlooked hunting ground. In the course of screening for new antibiotic-producing microorganisms, isolates showing antimicrobial activity were isolated from waste soil samples from various habitats in the Industrial Areas in Dheradun, Uttarakhand, India. Existing methods of screening for antibiotic producers together with some novel procedures were reviewed. Both modified agar-streak and agar-plug methods were used in the primary screens. The use of selective isolation media, with or without antibiotic incorporation and/or heat pretreatment, enhanced the development of certain actinomycete colonies on the isolation plates. Antibiotics have long been considered the “magic bullet” that would end infectious disease. Although they have improved the health of countless numbers of humans and animals, many antibiotics have also been losing their effectiveness since the beginning of the antibiotic era. Bacteria have adapted defenses against these antibiotics and continue to develop new resistances, even as we develop new antibiotics. In recent years, much attention has been given to the increase in antibiotic resistance. As more microbial species and strains become resistant, many diseases have become difficult to treat, a phenomenon frequently ascribed to both indiscriminate and inappropriate use of antibiotics in human medicine. However, the use of antibiotics and antimicrobials in raising food animals has also contributed significantly to the pool of antibiotic resistant organisms globally and antibiotic resistant bacteria are now found in large numbers in virtually every ecosystem on earth. Dual culture bioassays were used to screen seven selected Bacillus isolates for activity against four plant pathogenic fungi in vitro. All isolates were able to inhibit the pathogens to varying degrees. Two isolates, R29 and B81, were selected for further testing and characterization. Further bioassays were performed on five complex nutrient media which were adjusted to pH S.S and 7, and both incubated at 2SoC and 30°C" respectively. It was found that pH and media composition showed significant influences on the antifungal activities of the isolates tested, but that a SoC temperature difference in incubation temperature did not. Tryptone soy agar was found to give rise to the largest inhibition zones. Both isolates were tentatively identified using standard biochemical and morphological tests. Based on its phenotypic characteristics, R29 was identified as a strain of B. subtilis. B81 proved to be more difficult to assign to a specific group or species of Bacillus, though B. subtilis and B. licheniformis were considered to be the nearest candidates. Genomic DNA was extracted from both isolates and a portion of each of their 16s rDNA genes were amplified and sequenced for homology testing against the GeneBank database. Homology testing confirmed that both isolates were members of the genus Bacillus and most
Preservative potentials of crude bacteriocins produced by Lactobacillus tucce...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry (IOSR-JBB) covers studies of the chemical processes in living organisms, structure and function of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules, chemical properties of important biological molecules, like proteins, in particular the chemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, genetic code (DNA, RNA), protein synthesis, cell membrane transport, and signal transduction. IOSR-JBB is privileged to focus on a wide range of biotechnology as well as high quality articles on genetic engineering, cell and tissue culture technologies, genetics, microbiology, molecular biology, biochemistry, embryology, cell biology, chemical engineering, bioprocess engineering, information technology, biorobotics.
Screening of antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of extracts from epidermis ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Aim: The main objective of this work is to increase the utilization of by-products like mucus and skin from Tinfoil barb fish in order to isolate antibacterial protein against gram positive and gram negative microorganism. Materials and Methods: The fish epidermis and epidermal mucus samples were extracted with crude, ethanol and dichloromethane to identify potential antimicrobial agents including the ethanol and dichloromethane soluble compounds. Preliminary screening for antimicrobial activity of the extracts were tested against two Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus cereus (MTCC 1306)and Staphylococcus aureus(MTCC 3160) and two Gram-negative bacteria Shigellaboydii and E.coli(MTCC 1303) using standardized disc susceptibility test method recommended by the British Society of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy(BSAC). The activity was measured in terms of zone of inhibition in mm. Also Mouse fibroblast 3T3 L1 cell lines were used to measure cytotoxic activity. Minimum cell viability was shown by sample of 10 mg/ml concentration of the epidermal mucus. Result: The ethanol extract exhibited a bactericidal activity and inhibited the growth of Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigellaboydii and E.coli. The dichloromethane exhibited activity against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, E.coli and no activity against Shigellaboydii. The aqueous showed no bactericidal activity for any of the human pathogen tested. These results show the presence of antimicrobial agent and the role of fish byproducts like mucus and epidermis in antimicrobial protection. Conclusion: the present result suggested that the mucus and epidermal extract of Barbonymus schwanenfeldii (Tinfoil barb fish) may be a potent source of antimicrobial agent for human pathogen. Key words: Barbonymus schwanenfeldii, Tinfoil barb fish, antibacterial activity, epidermal mucus, epidermis.
ABSTRACT- Live microorganisms, have beneficial effects on their host’s health, are called as probiotics. There are various possible sources to isolate
these bacteria. In this studyp harmaceutical probiotic sachet is used as isolation source. The purpose of this study is to search the potentiality of
probiotic bacteria and investigate the probiotic properties of isolates.9 different samples of 3 brands of sachet were used for isolation of bacteria.
Isolates were examined according to their probiotic properties. The probiotic characteristics like pH and Bile tolerance, Antagonistic activity and
Antibiotic susceptibility of isolated bacteria Such as Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium bifidum was done. Bile
Tolerance and pH tolerance was determined with the help of the help of coefficient of growth inhibition if their coefficient of growth inhibition is less
than 0.5 the organism was considered as the pH and Bile tolerance. The Strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium
bifidum show best result at the pH Acidic to Neutral (5 to 7) and show a bile tolerance from 1-4 % bile. All the isolated bacteria show
the maximum inhibition against Staphyloccocus aureus and minimum against Salmonella typhi by Lactobacillus Strains but Bifidobacterium show
minimum against Escheria coli. Most isolates show resistance toward antibiotics. From this study it can be concluded that pharmaceutical probiotic
products used in the study were showing satisfactory quality and potential probiotic strain.
Key words- Probiotic, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Sachet
Anti-Microbial Activity of probiotic Lactobacilli and Optimization of Bacteri...ijsrd.com
The present study is about the anti-microbial activity of the bacteriocin producing lactobacilli and optimization of bacteriocin production. Bacteriocin was extracted by solvent extraction with chloroform and the antimicrobial activity was tested against 5 different pathogens by agar spotting method. Optimization of bacteriocin production was done for 4 different parameters such as pH, Temperature, Carbon source and Nitrogen source and the anti-microbial activity was tested against the following 5 different pathogens and the results were observed and diameter of the zone of inhibition was measured and tabulated. From the results of the study it was found that bacteriocin produced from lactobacilli has good antimicrobial activity.The present study is about the anti-microbial activity of the bacteriocin producing lactobacilli and optimization of bacteriocin production. Bacteriocin was extracted by solvent extraction with chloroform and the antimicrobial activity was tested against 5 different pathogens by agar spotting method. Optimization of bacteriocin production was done for 4 different parameters such as pH, Temperature, Carbon source and Nitrogen source and the anti-microbial activity was tested against the following 5 different pathogens and the results were observed and diameter of the zone of inhibition was measured and tabulated. From the results of the study it was found that bacteriocin produced from lactobacilli has good antimicrobial activity.
Isolation, characterization of aspergillus fumigatus and optimization of cult...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Isolation, characterization of aspergillus fumigatus and optimization of cult...eSAT Journals
Abstract The soil samples were collected from different depths of paddy and sugarcane fields. The samples were primarily screened for isolation of amylase producing fungi. Among the isolated fungi, amylase producing isolates were identified by growing on starch agar media. The isolate (15F) which form the maximum zone of clearance on starch agar media by iodine was identified and it was subcultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA). The isolate (15F) was morphologically characterized by performing cotton blue staining and scanning electron microscopic observations under required magnifications. Molecular characterization of isolate (15F) was performed by ITS/5.8S rRNA and β-tubulin gene sequence analysis and it was confirmed as Aspergillus fumigatus (MTCC Acc No 11399). Optimization of cultural conditions for maximum production of amylase was carried out by different cereal flours, incubation periods, temperatures, nitrogen sources and with different phosphate concentrations. Aspergillus fumigatus showed maximum amylase activity (230±0.7U/mg protein) when cultured in finger millet at 350C for 72hrs of incubation period. Keywords: Amylase, Aspergillus fumigatus, cereal flour, submerged fermentation
Degradation of Nevirapine and Trimethoprim from Aqueous Solutions using Selec...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Together with pharmaceutical residues, personal care products encompassing prescription drugs, fragrances, and cosmetics have been detected in groundwater and other aquatic environments, hence compromising the quality of water. Their classification as micropollutants is due to their antibacterial resistance potential, persistence, and ecotoxicity. Biodegradation has been identified as a potential mechanism in their removal. The focus of this study focus was bioaugmentation; (Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeroginosa) to enhance the degradation of Nevirapine and Trimethoprim in model aqueous solutions. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS) was used to determine the pharmaceuticals. The efficacy of the bacterial strains to degrade selected drugs was evaluated by making the two drugs the sole source of energy and carbon. From the experimental data, the highest percentage biodegradation was recorded; Pseudomonas aeroginosa (86 %) and Staphylococcus aureus (79 %) for TMP and NVP respectively.
Virulence Phenotype, Physicochemical Properties and Biofilm Formation of Pseu...IJERA Editor
Potable water piping has been demonstrated to serve as a reservoir for opportunistic pathogens bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In this report, we describe the characterization of P. aeruginosa strains isolated from water intended for human consumption by the presence of virulence factors. These strains expressed their suitability for adhesion and the formation of biofilms on polyethylene (PE). Also In this work, we were able to elucidate the factors intervening in adhesion and biofilm formation by showing the role of the substrate, the environment and bacteria. Strong correlation was observed between physicochemical properties especially the electron donor property and the surface percentage covered by cells. These results indicate that this property plays a crucial role in Pseudomonas aeruginosa adherence on the PE surface. In addition, if no relationship was found between the adhesion results and hydrophobicity, it means that this property was not involved in the adhesion process of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on the PE surface.
Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial studies of uapaca togoensis (pax) s...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Isolation, partial purification of proteins produced by lactobacillus bifermentans and its antibacterial properties
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 04 | Apr-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 528
ISOLATION, PARTIAL PURIFICATION OF PROTEINS PRODUCED BY
LACTOBACILLUS BIFERMENTANS AND ITS ANTIBACTERIAL
PROPERTIES
J.LAVANYA1
, S.SUBHASHINI2
1, 2
Assistant Professor, 2
Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM University,
lavanya.j@ktr.srmuniv.ac.in.
Abstract
The Antibacterial properties of many Lactic Acid Bacteria were exhaustively studied by many researchers, but little information is
known about Lactobacillus bifermentans. This study aims to comprehend the effect of Lactobacillus bifermentans on various Gram
Positive and Gram Negative bacteria like Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. Testing of antibacterial
activity of crude as well as partially purified bacterial sample by Size Exclusion Column Chromatography was performed using Disc
Diffusion method, the results of which were comprehended by the measurement of inhibition zones observed. Isolated protein showed
antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus and no effect was observed on Escherichia coli. The
inhibition zone diameters obtained were between 8 mm and 12 mm.
Keywords: Lactobacillus bifermentans, Bacteriocin, Size Exclusion Chromatography, Disc Diffusion method,
Antibacterial activity, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus.
--------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
The lactic acid bacteria (LAB) comprise a clad of Gram-
positive, low GC content, acid-tolerant(able to grow at pH 4.4)
generally non-sporulating and non-respiring rod or cocci.
Lactobacillus, also called Doderlein’s bacillus, is a genus of
Genus of Gram-positive facultative anaerobic or
microaerophilic rod shaped bacteria. (21). They are catalase
lacking organisms occur in naturally fermented food and drink
(23, 16).
They are a major part of the lactic acid bacteria group, named
as such because most of its members convert lactose and other
sugars to lactic acid. In humans they are present in the vagina
(9) and the gastrointestinal tract, where they make up a small
portion of the gut flora (19). They are usually benign, except
in the mouth where they have been associated with cavities
and tooth decay (dental caries). Many species are prominent in
decaying plant material. The production of lactic acid makes
its environment acidic,which inhibits the growth of some
harmful bacteria. Several members of the genus have had their
genome sequence (20).
Lactobacilli, produce special antimicrobial compounds such as
bacteriocins which are highly specific antibacterial proteins
(2)prevents food spoilage and provides additional protection
against Bacillus, ,S.aureus, Clostridial spores in canned foods.
Many mechanisms have been postulated by which Lactobacilli
could produce antimicrobial activity. In addition to their
competitive inhibition of the epithelial and mucosal adherence
of pathogens and inhibition of epithelial invasion by
pathogens, Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria show antimicrobial
activity by producing antimicrobial substances and/or
stimulating mucosal immunity.(26)
1.1 LACTOBACILLUS BIFERMENTANS:
Bifermentans means “doubly fermenting”. A subgroup called
L.coryneformis comprised of L.bifermentans and L.rennini.
L.bifermentans is found to causing small cracks by gas
formation in Edam and Gouda cheeses,has been isolated and
described by Pette and Van Beynum(1943).
The biological origin of Lactobacillus bifermentans was from
spoiled Blown Dutch cheeses (ie) Edam and Gouda cheese. It
is an obligate aerobic bacterium. It has the exotic ability to
carry out homolactic fermentation at high glucose
concentration and also the ability to ferment lactate at pH>4.0
to acetic acid, ethanol, traces of propionic acid, Co2 &H2.
Cells are non-motile, irregular rods with rounded or often
tapered ends (0.5-1.0 or 1.5-2.0µm) occurring singly, in pairs,
or irregular short chains, often forming clumps. It belongs to
biohazard group I. The G ˖C content (mol %) is 45 and the
lactic acid isomer is DL. The carbohydrates fermented by
more than 90% of the strains of L.bifermentans are Mannitol,
Sorbitol & Ribose.
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 04 | Apr-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 529
L.bifermentans was used to produce the intracellular enzymes
L-arabinose isomerises and D-xylose isomerise. The medium
used to grow L.bifermentans is MRS medium at 30℃ at pH
6.2-6.6.
The strain used for our study is MA: RS. It is thus far the only
species known to ferment lactic acid (anoxic degradation of
lactic acid to acetic acid) without requiring an external
electron acceptor and produce H2 gas to get rid of its excess of
reducing equivalents.
1.2 BACTERIOCINS:
Bacteriocins are proteins which show bactericidal activity
towards closely related species(27). There are 2 main reasons
for studying bacteriocins in lactobacilli. Firstly, bacteriocin
producing starter cultures may result in a more reliable
fermentation process preventing growth of spoilage bacteria.
Secondly, the genetic determinants for bacteriocin production
and resistance to bacteriocins have great potential as genetic
markers in rDNA technology for application in the future
production of food additives or supplements from micro-
organisms. (3)
Plasmid encoded bacteriocins are commonly observed among
both Gram - negative (12, 4) &Gram-positive (28, 24, 5, 15).
Bacteriocin produced by strains of Lactobacillus has been
reported by(7,30,1,22,6,14,10,31,25)
2. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES:
2.1 BACTERIAL STRAINS AND MEDIA:
Lactobacillus bifermentans MA:R5 strain of MTCC No.3818
was obtained from Microbial Type Culture Collection and
Gene Bank, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh.
The medium used to culture Lactobacillus bifermentans is
MRS medium as it is growth specific and the optimum
temperature for growth is 300c. The indicator strains used to
check antibacterial property of L.bifermentans were
Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus.
2.2 ISOLATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVE
PROTEIN FROM MRS BROTH CULTURE:
Lactobacillus bifermentans MA: R5 MTCC 3818 was grown
on MRS medium for 48hrs at 300c. Colonies were transferred
into 20ml of MRS broth and incubated (aerobic conditions) at
300c for 48hrs. This culture was used to inoculate 2litres of
MRS broth. The bacterial cells were harvested by
centrifugation at 10,000xg for 15minutes at 40c. The
supernatant containing the extracellular protein was collected
and used further for checking the antibacterial effect on the
indicator strains.
2.3 ESTIMATION OF PROTEIN
CONCENTRATION BY LOWRY’S METHOD:
Five test tubes marked as A, B, C, D, E of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8
and 1.0 ml of BSA working standard was taken and made up
to 1.0 ml using distilled water. A test tube with 1.0 ml distilled
water serve as a blank and marked as F. 1.0ml of centrifuged
bacterial supernatant was taken in another test tube G. 4.5ml
of Reagent I (48ml of 2% sodium carbonate in 0.1N NaOH,
1ml of 1% NaK Tartarate in H2O, 1ml of copper sulphate
penta hydrate in H2O) and incubate for 10min. After
incubation 0.5ml of Reagent II (1 part Folin Phenol [2N]: 1
part water) was added to all the test tubes and incubated for 30
min. After 30min incubation absorbance was taken at 660nm
and the standard graph was plotted. From the standard graph,
the concentration of protein in the bacterial sample was
estimated.
3. TESTING THE ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECT OF
THE CRUDE BACTERIAL SAMPLE BY DISC
DIFFUSION METHOD:
8 test tubes were taken and marked as A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H.
Test tube A was filled with 10ml of E.coli liquid culture and
all the other 7 test tubes were filled with 9ml of distilled water.
1ml of E.coli culture was taken from test tube A and
transferred to test tube B. The test tube B was diluted by a
factor of 10^-1. Again 1ml of solution was taken from test
tube B and transferred to test tube C. Test tube C was diluted
by a factor of 10^-2. Similarly 1ml of solution was transferred
to next test tube and diluted till I obtained a dilution factor of
10^-7. Similar procedure was repeated for other two indicator
strains i.e. Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus.
Nutrient Agar medium was prepared and autoclaved. Three
autoclaved Petri plates with Nutrient Agar medium were
taken. The 1st Petri plate with nutrient agar medium was
swabbed evenly with 10^-7 fraction diluted Escherichia coli
culture, the 2nd one with 10^-7 fraction diluted Bacillus
subtilis and the 3rd one with 10^-7 fraction diluted
Staphylococcus aureus culture using sterilized L-Rod.
Autoclaved what man filter paper discs of 5mm were taken
and aliquots of 50, 75 and 100 µl (3 of each) of crude
bacterial sample were applied onto the discs and placed on
each Petri plate that were previously inoculated with the
indicator strains. The what man filter paper disc absorbed with
50µl of autoclaved distilled water was placed on 3 Petri plates
and was used as a negative control. Zone of Inhibition were
observed and measured after 24hrs incubation at 370c.
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4. PURIFICATION OF CRUDE BACTERIAL
SAMPLE BY SIZE EXCLUSION COLUMN (SEC)
CHROMATOGRAPHY:
The matrix (stationary phase) was prepared by soaking
15grams of Sephadex G50 powder in 0.05M TRIS-HCl buffer
of pH-7 with 0.1N NaCl for overnight. The bottom of the
column was plugged with Glass wool and the stop cock was
closed. The gel was poured into the column by avoiding air
bubbles and was packed 50cm high. To the other end of the
opening of column, separating funnel was attached with a
rubber tube. 500ml of wash buffer composed of 50mM Tris
buffer and 125mM NaCl was prepared and autoclaved. The
separating funnel was filled with the elution buffer. The
column was washed thrice with the 3 column volumes of
elution buffer. Using syringe, 1ml of Blue Dextran was added
at the top of the column and the stop cock was opened so that
the dye Blue Dextran moves through the column. The stop
cock of the separating funnel was also opened and the flow
rate was set at 1.5ml/3min. At a flow rate of 1.5ml/3min, the
volume eluted from the column was collected in a graduated
cylinder and the volume at which the dye starts to elute from
the column was noted. After all the Blue Dextran is past, again
the volume was recorded. After the standardization of column
with Blue Dextran, the column was again washed thrice with
the column volume of buffer. After washing, the bacterial
sample was filtered using 0.2µm filter and 1ml of sample was
applied at the top of the column. The flow rate was set at
1.5ml/3.30min and 67 fractions were collected in a 1.5ml
eppendorf tubes. The stop cock was closed after collecting 67
fractions and the absorbance at 280nm was recorded for all the
67 fractions.
5. TESTING THE ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECT OF
THE COLUMN PURIFIED SAMPLE BY DISC
DIFFUSION METHOD:
3 autoclaved petri plates with nutrient agar medium were
taken and inoculated with 10^-7 fraction diluted E.coli,
B.subtilis and S.aureus culture. After recording the absorbance
at 280nm for the collected fractions, the fraction which has
obtained the highest absorbance was selected to check the
antibacterial effect on indicator strains because it has the
highest concentration of protein in it. The discs were saturated
with 50, 75 and 100µl of the selected fraction and were placed
on the plates. The autoclaved distilled was used as a negative
control. The petri plates were incubated at 370c for 24hrs and
the zone of inhibition was measured and recorded after 24hrs
incubation.
6. RESULTS:
6.1 ESTIMATION OF PROTEIN
CONCENTRATION BY LOWRY’S METHOD:
On performing Lowry’s method, the following O.D values at
660nm were observed.
S.NO VOLUME
OF BSA
(ml)
O.D at
660nm
1 0.2 0.368
2 0.4 0.916
3 0.6 1.148
4 0.8 1.474
5 1.0 1.257
Blank - 0
Bacterial
Sample/ Test
(1 ml)
- 2.446
With the above O.D values, the standard graph was drawn
between concentration of BSA (mg/ml) and the O.D at 660nm
on X-axis and Y-axis respectively. The slope obtained from
the standard graph was 1.63.
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The Graph was drawn between the volume of sample (ml) and
the concentration of protein (mg/ml) present in the respective
volume of sample on X-axis and Y-axis respectively.
On plotting the graph, it was observed that the concentration
of protein in the sample increased as the volume of sample
increased.
The Concentration of protein present in the bacterial sample
was 1.5006 mg/ml
TESTING OF ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECTS OF
CRUDE PROTEIN
On testing the antibacterial effect of centrifuged
L.bifernmentans MA:R5 MTCC 3818 supernatant, the Zone of
Inhibition was observed after incubation for 24hrs at 370c for
Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. The Zone of
Inhibition was not seen for Escherichia coli.
50, 75 and 100µl are the volumes of bacteriocin containing
sample saturated on whatman filter paper discs. The negative
control used here is 50 µl of autoclaved distilled water.
ZONE OF INHIBITION FORMED ON Staphylococcus
aureus by
L.bifermentans
VOLUME OF
BACTERIOCIN
CONATAINING SAMPLE
(µl)
DIAMETER OF ZONE
OF INHIBITION OF
Staphylococcus aureus
(mm)
50 8.0
75 9.0
100 11.0
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ZONE OF INHIBITION FORMED ON Bacillus subtilis by
L.bifermentans
VOLUME OF
BACTERIOCIN
CONATAINING
SAMPLE (µl)
DIAMETER OF ZONE
OF INHIBITION OF
Bacillus subtilis
(mm)
50 9.0
75 10.0
100 11.0
PARTIAL PURIFICATION BY SIZE EXCLUSION
COLUMN (SEC) CHROMATOGRAPHY:
The Void Volume obtained for Blue Dextran was 23ml. On
running the column at a flow rate of 1.5ml/3.30min loaded
with 1ml of crude bacterial sample, 67 fractions were
collected among which highest amount of protein was present
in 35th fraction collected after 54ml was eluted.
SIZE EXCLUSION COLUMN CHROMATOGRAM
TESTING OF ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECT OF
SIZE EXCLUSION COLUMN (SEC)
CHROMATOGRAPHY PURIFIED BACTERIAL
SAMPLE:
The fraction No.34 and 35 which has an absorbance of 0.19
and 0.22 obtained on performing Size exclusion column
chromatography were tested for antibacterial activity against
Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. The Zone of
Inhibition was observed after incubation for 24hrs at 370c.
ZONE OF INHIBITION FORMED ON Staphylococcus
auereus WHEN TESTED
WITH FRACTION NO.34 WITH ABSORBANCE OF
0.199
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ZONE OF INHIBITION FORMED ON Staphylococcus
auereus WHEN TESTED
WITH FRACTION NO.35 WITH ABSORBANCE OF
0.22
50, 75 and 100µl are the volumes of bacteriocin containing
purified sample saturated on whatman filter paper discs. The
negative control used here is 50 µl of autoclaved distilled
water. No Zone of Inhibition was observed for Negative
control.
INDICATOR STRAIN: Staphylococcus aureus
FRACTION NO. : 34
ABSORBANCE : 0.19
INDICATOR STRAIN : Staphylococcus aureus
FRACTION NO. : 35
ABSORBANCE : 0.22
ZONE OF INHIBITION FORMED ON Bacillus subtilis
WHEN TESTED
WITH FRACTION NO.34 WITH ABSORBANCE OF
0.199
INDICATOR STRAIN : bacillus subtilis
FRACTION NO. : 34
ABSORBANCE : 0.199
VOLUME OF
BACTERIOCIN
CONTAINING PURIFIED
SAMPLE
(µl)
DIAMETER OF
ZONE OF
INHIBITION
(mm)
50 9.0
75 10.0
100 11.0
VOLUME OF
BACTERIOCIN
CONTAINING
PURIFIED
SAMPLE (µl)
DIAMETER OF
ZONE OF
INHIBITION (mm)
50 8.0
75 8.0
100 9.0
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VOLUME OF
BACTERIOCIN
CONTAINING
PURIFIED SAMPLE(µl)
DIAMETER OF ZONE
OF
INHIBITION (mm)
50 10.0
75 10.0
100 12.0
INDICATOR STRAIN : bacillus subtilis
FRACTION NO. : 35
ABSORBANCE : 0.22
VOLUME OF
BACTERIOCIN
CONTAINING
PURIFIED
SAMPLE(µl)
DIAMETER OF
ZONE OF
INHIBITION (mm)
50 9.0
75 11.0
100 13.0
DISCUSSION:
In the present study, bacteriocin, a protein that inhibits the
growth of bacteria produced by Lactobacillus bifernentans was
recovered, partially purified and tested for its antibacterial
effect against selected bacterial strains. The lowry’s method
was performed to determine the concentration of protein
present in the sample and the concentration was found to be
1.5mg/ml. The Size Exclusion Column chromatography was
standardized by running Blue Dextran and the void was found
out. With the void volume of Blue Dextran, the flow rate
required for running the sample was found out. In general,
bacteriocins found in lactobacilli have been characterized as
proteinaceous antagonists, displaying a narrow range of
inhibitory activity towards closely related species within
Lactobacillaceae (18). Results obtained by testing the crude
and partially purified L.bifermentans sample against selected
indicator strains suggest high antibacterial properties.The
bacteriocin described in this study inhibited Staphylococcus
aureus and Bacillus subtilis. Inhibitory activity was not shown
against Escherichia coli. Increased activity has been observed
upon purification of bacteriocin by Size Exclusion Column
chromatography.
Bacteriocins have been reported to be inhibitory against
several other bacteria (17,11). Nisin,the best known LAB
bacteriocin has been repeatedly shown to be safe and effective
for use in foods over the past 30 years.(8,13). Bacteriocin
production was strongly dependent on pH,nutrient sources and
temperature(29).
Ever since the era of Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch, there has
been scientific recognition of an essential need to control
detrimental microorganisms in our environment as well as in
food industry. As therapeutic antibiotics are prohibited for use
in foods, the utilization of antagonistic additives with
preservative or antimicrobial properties has since become a
trademark approach in food safety and preservation.
Bacteriocins are produced by bacteria and possess antibiotic
properties, but bacteriocins are normally not termed
antibiotics. Bacteriocins differ from most therapeutic
antibiotics in being proteinaceous and generally possessing a
narrow specificity of action against strains of the same or
closely related species (Tagg and others 1976). Because LAB
and their metabolites have been consumed in high quantities
by countless generations of people in cultured foods with no
adverse effects, the LAB continue as the preferred source for
food-use bacteriocins, either in the form of purified
compounds or growth extracts.
Our study revealed that Lactobacillus bifermentans showed
antibacterial activity against some common pathogenic and
food spoilage microorganisms by the production of
bacteriocins. Lactobacillus bifermentans is especially
important in fermentation industry. bifermentans means
“Doubly Fermenting”, therefore L.bifermentans finds an
exhaustive application in the field of fermentation and food
processing.
Since much information is not available on Lactobacillus
bifermentans till today, further research must be done by
researchers to explore its potential use as an antimicrobial
agent to prevent the proliferation of other pathogens and food-
spoilage microorganisms. Further research is required for
better understanding of interactions between various bacteria.
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