1) After Muhammad's death, Abu Bakr unified the Arab tribes under Islam and launched a series of military conquests, spreading Islam rapidly across the Middle East and North Africa.
2) The Arab armies were highly successful due to the exhaustion of the Byzantine and Persian empires from fighting each other, as well as the acceptance of Arab rule by some populations.
3) Islam continued spreading through conquest and conversion, reaching as far as Spain, Sicily, Central Asia, and parts of India and establishing prosperous Muslim rule, culture, and architecture in many regions.
صلاة الراعي
يا رب تكلم إلينا … أنر بصائرنا
افتح أذهاننا … أعطنا يا رب أنت كلاما من عندك
مرافقا كل كلمة بقوة و سلطان عمل الروح القدس فينا
لتثمر الكلمة فينا ما يجب و ما ينبغي
ما يمجدك و ما يسر قلبك
آمـــين
Dr. Amit Seth - Dermato Surgery Center offers a complete hair transplantation, hair loss treatment, plastic surgery, breast implant, skin treatment, face lift surgery and eyebrow hair transplantation in Delhi
Define and understand communication and the communication process
List and overcome the filters/barriers in a communication process
Practice active listening
Tips to improve verbal and non verbal communication
Correlation between corrosion inhibitive effect and quantum molecular structu...Al Baha University
Correlation between corrosion inhibitive effect and quantum molecular structure of Schiff bases for iron in acidic and alkaline media
Quantum chemical calculations using the density functional theory (DFT) have been applied to the five kinds of polydentate Schiff base compounds (PSCs), act as inhibitors for iron in aerated 2.0 M HNO3 and 2.0 M NaOH media. The structural parameters, such as the frontier molecular orbital energy HOMO (highest occupied molecular orbital), LUMO (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital), energy gap ΔE (ELUMO - EHOMO), the charge distribution, the absolute electronegativity (χ), the fraction of electrons transfer (ΔN) from inhibitors to iron, the dipole moment (μ), the global hardness (η) and the total energy (Etotal) were also calculated and correlated with their inhibition efficiencies (%IE). The inhibition effects of (PSCs) may be explained in terms of electronic properties. The results showed that the (%IE) of PSCs increased with the increase in EHOMO and decrease in ELUMO - EHOMO. The inhibitor molecules were first adsorbed on the iron surface and blocking the reaction sites available for corrosive attack; and the areas containing N and O atoms are most possible sites for bonding by donating electrons to the iron surface through interaction with π-electrons of the aromatic rings, and the azo methine group. Also, the adsorbed Schiff base molecules interact with iron ions in the corrosive media leading to neutral and cationic iron-Schiff base complexes. Adsorption process is spontaneous, exothermic and obeyed Temkin isotherm and regarded as physical as chemical mechanism. The polarization studied indicated that the inhibitors act as a mixed type inhibitor in HNO3; cause only inhibition of the cathode process in NaOH, and the magnitude of the displacement of the Tafel plot is proportional to its concentration. Models for the inhibition corrosion behaviour were developed based upon statistical analyses of the experimental data. Some thermodynamic and kinetic parameters (Kads, ΔGads) were estimated. Both experimental and quantum theoretical calculations are in excellent agreement. The inhibition efficiency increase in the order of: PSC_1 > PSC_2 > PSC_3 > PSC_4>PSC_5. Thus, DFT study gave further insight into the mechanism of inhibition action of PSCs. This research might provide a theoretical inhibition performance evaluation approach for homologous inhibitors.
Chapter 9 world of islam: Afro-Eurasian connections, Ways of the World bookS Sandoval
AP World History Book, Ways of the World, Second Edition by Robert W. Strayer, Summary of Chapter 11: The Worlds of Islam 600-1500. An age of Accelerating Connections. Study and Enjoy!
2. Muhammad´s death
For them he was a pious
man and a powerful leader ,
that had unified the Bedouin
tribes (this is something no
one else could have done)
Could his legacy survive
without him?
3. Abu Bakr and the Caliph´s
He was Muhammad’s first Caliph (successor),
he was determinate to continue with the
Prophet´s work. He said:
“If you worship Muhammad, Muhammad is dead.
If you worship God, God is alive”
He found a problem, some Arab tribal leaders’
faith depended on Muhammad´s command.
They now refuse to follow Abu and withdrew
their loyalty to Islam. He reunites them based
on their allegiance to Islam.
Once reunite the Arabs start a series of
remarkable military conquests.
4. From Victory to Victory
Inspired by the Prophet’s teachings, armies had been created
across the Byzantine and Persian empires. In a very and
surprising short time the Arab empire reached the Atlantic and
borders of India.
The first four caliphs make the Armies march from victory to
victory. They conquered great parts of the Byzantine empire
including Syria and Palestine, with Damascus and Jerusalem ;
then they demolished the Persian empire and went to Egypt.
From North Africa they went to Europe principally to Spain and
France, where they were defeated in the Battle of Tours. Later
on to Constantinople but it failed.
In the end, it spread to Asia and Africa.
6. Why they succeeded
The Arabs might have a reason
for such a great success at battle.
The Byzantine and Persian Empire
were really weak because of they
fighting each other, and take them
to exhaustion.
Many people from the Fertile
Crescent welcome the Arabs as
liberators from the Persian rule.
The most important is the
common faith that Muhammad
gave to this people.
7. Treatment of conquered people
The Muslims conquered a lot of people. This
brought a lot of changes to this areas in some of
the Muslim leaders put a especial tax into non-
Muslim population
Christian and Jews were allowed to practice their
own faiths. They play a very important role as
translators, doctors and officials.
Non-Muslims end up turning to Islam
(conversion).
In North Africa and Central Asia Islam was
immediately taken: their win in battle make these
people realize that God was on their favor. With
no religious hierarchy make emphasis that
everyone was the same important.
8. Muslims in Europe
The Muslims take control over
Spain, after the battle of Tours.
Christians fought to recover
Spain but they had no results
at all.
The Muslims that control Spain
preside over brilliant courts,
They invite Jewish and
Christians to study science and
philosophy in the city of
Cordova.
9. Muslims in Europe
They improve architechture:
They build sites like the Alhambra,
fortified the Granada Palace. They
gow lovely gardens, reflecting pools,
and marble columns.
This marks a high point in Muslim
rule in Spain.
They also take control of the island
of Sicily. This was brief because
knights from Normandy (France)
take control of it. Arabic culture
remains in there because they had
firm control of the island.
10. Ask Yourself
Describe:
How did Islam spread through Arab conquest?
Analyze:
What was the driving force of the Arab Conquest and how did it
work?
Why do you think the Battle of Tours was a decisive battle?
Recall:
What innovations were developed by the Muslims and in what
areas?
Explain:
What was the effect of the wars between the Byzantines and the
Persian?
11. Bibliography
Ellis, E. G., & Esler, A. (2009). World History. (P. Hall, Ed.)
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, US: Pearson Education
INC.
Images taken from Google.com