The document provides an overview of the origins and key beliefs of Islam: 1) Islam was founded in the 7th century AD by the prophet Muhammad, who received revelations from God (Allah) and preached monotheism, social justice, and other reforms that threatened the power structures and polytheism of Mecca at the time. 2) The five pillars of Islam - the shahadah (declaration of faith), salat (daily prayers), zakat (charity), sawm (fasting during Ramadan), and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) - outline the core religious duties of Muslims. 3) After Muhammad's death, a split emerged

1. Pre Class List 5 things that you know (or think you know) about the religion of Islam, Islamic culture and history.

2. Arab? Islam? Muslim? Islamic? Arab – someone who speaks Arabic Islam – the faith founded by Muhammad Muslim – someone who practices the religion of Islam Islamic – describing an object (ie. Islamic country, Islamic calendar, Islamic law)

3. The Arab World

4. Islam - religion started by Muhammad and his teachings/revelations from Allah Means “submission” –people must throw themselves upon the mercy of God (submit) in order to be saved “ Muslim” – people who practice the religion of Islam

5. Arabia Before Muhammad Bedouin tribes – nomadic animal herders Worshipped pagan gods Constantly at war (scarcity of water, resources) Mecca Popular because of the Kaaba (tribes worshipped pagan gods) Prosperous – Kaaba made it a center of trade

6. Muhammad born in Mecca 570 A.D. (Arabian Peninsula) “ revelation” from God in a cave preached MONOTHEISM (one God) and social justice

7. Why didn’t Arabs like Muhammad's message? Threatened their gods/way of life monotheism, non-violence Threatened their power and wealth Kaaba brought trade and prosperity Rich had to give to poor

9. 622-The Hijra Muhammad forced out of Mecca and went to Yathrib (Medina - city of the prophet) began the religion of Islam Year 1 on Muslim calendar

11. Prophet’s Mosque-Medina

12. 630 Muhammad returns to Mecca captures the city Died in 632

13. Kaaba Before Muhammad: “ black stone” worshipped, along with pagan gods After Muhammad: re-dedicated to one God (Allah) 1 st mosque (Muslim house of worship) Sight of the hajj

15. Why does Islam spread? Social justice message – non-violence, equality Strength of Muhammad’s forces New power in Arabia People converted to Islam

16. Muhammad’s Teachings Allah was the one and only God and all should submit and be thankful to Him All believers in Allah were equal under Him (SOCIAL JUSTICE) rich should share wealth with the poor Allah knows people’s destiny, but they should strive to live good lives

17. Christians and Jews “people of the book” required to treat them with tolerance

18. How have religions spread??

19. Faith Daily prayer Almsgiving Fast Pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj) Five Pillars of Islam

20. Testament of Faith There is ONE God, Allah, and Muhammad is his prophet

21. Daily Prayer Pray five times a day facing Mecca In Arabic

23. Almsgiving Charity to the poor and aged 2.5% of possessions

24. Fast during the month of Ramadan NO food – sunrise to sunset Refrain from violence, harsh language, gossip, etc.

25. Dates – used to break fasts by many Muslims (Kuwait)

26. Hajj “ pilgrimage” to Mecca All Muslims who are able must make the journey

28. The Black Stone, surrounded by its silver frame and the black cloth kiswah on the Kaaba in Mecca A 1315 image of Muhammad lifting the Black Stone into place, when the Kaaba was rebuilt in the early 600s. [27]

40. The Koran Sacred book Muhammad’s miracle God’s final message to his people Final authority for Muslims, on: religion, politics, law, economic, and social life Islamic Law – Sharia

41. Islam: After Muhammad's Death AD 632 – Muhammad dies Abu Bakr takes over as caliph (successor to the prophet; political leader of Islam) AD 661 – Ali, the 4th caliph (relative of Muhammad) is murdered Dispute over who will be the next successor erupts!!!

42. Sunnis/Shiites: SIMILARITIES Monotheistic (believe in one God = Allah) Muhammad = prophet Koran – unchanging EXACT word of God Hadith/Sunnah Sharia (Islamic law) Worship in mosques Mecca = holy city 5 Pillars = responsibilities as Muslims

43. Islam Splits SUNNISM Traditional Islam Any devout Muslim can be caliph Emphasis on Koran, Hadith and Sunnah Scholars interpret Koran Don’t recognize imams/ayatollahs No clergymen 85-90% SHIISM “ Ali’s Party” Caliph must be direct descendant of Muhammad Believe Muhammad chose first imam (Ali) Imam – leader – interprets Koran/Hadith Ayatollahs issue decrees on Islamic law 10-15%

44. Pre Class Which difference between Sunnis and Shiites do you believe is the most significant? Why?

46. Islam’s Zenith

47. Expansion of Islam Spread beliefs and gain riches Arab armies launched Jihad (holy war) To defend Islam “ Struggle within” 732 Arabs conquer empire from Indus river, to Atlantic Ocean Tolerance/ taxes on non-believers