The document discusses the characterization and numerical optimization of chromium-free nickel alloy filler materials for dissimilar welding between stainless steel SS304. Eight alloys with compositions ranging from 40-43.5% Ni, 4-20% Mo, 0-16% Co, 10% Cu, 22-25% Fe, 0.5% Al, 1% Ti, and 0.001% C were analyzed. JMatPro software was used to simulate phases present at different temperatures. Welding simulations using ANSYS evaluated residual stresses in the welds. The alloy with 43.499% Ni, 0.5% Al, 14% Co, 6% Mo, 10% Cu, 23% Fe, 2% Mn, 1
Preparation and Investigation on Properties of Cryogenically Solidified Nano ...IJERA Editor
In the present work, AL-alloy containing 12% silicon (LM 13) matrix nano composites were fabricated in sand moulds by using copper end blocks of copper end chill thickness 10 &15 nm with cryogenic effect . The size of the reinforcement (NanoZro2) ranges from 50-80nm being added ranges from 3 to 15 wt % in steps of 3 wt % . Cryogenically solidified Nano Metal Matrix Composites were compressed by using hydraulic compression machine. Specimens were prepared according to ASTM standards and tested for their strength, hardness and fracture toughness. Micro structural studies of the fabricated Nano Composites indicate that there is uniform distributions of reinforcements in the matrix materials (LM 13). An increasing trend of hardness, UTS & fracture toughness has been observed. The best results have been obtained at 12 wt %. The results were further justified by comparing two copper end chill thickness 10 &15 mm. Finally the Volumetric Heat Capacity of the cryo-chill is identified as an important parameter which affects mechanical properties.
The document investigates the tribological properties of Ni-Cr and Al2O3 13TiO2 coatings deposited via detonation spraying on two types of grey cast iron (GI250 and GIHC). Pin-on-disc wear tests were performed on coated and uncoated samples under different loads. Results show coated samples experienced significantly lower weight loss than uncoated samples. Specifically, the Al2O3 13TiO2 coating on GI250 substrate showed the lowest cumulative weight loss. SEM analysis indicated the coatings were uniform and dense. In conclusion, detonation spraying was effective in depositing wear-resistant coatings on grey iron to reduce wear loss.
MICROSTRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION AND HOT EROSION BEHAVIOR OF CRC-NICR COATED ...IAEME Publication
Erosion behavior of the High Velocity Oxygen Fuel (HVOF) deposited CrC - NiCr coating on stainless steel was evaluated. Th e solid particle erosion stu dy was conducted using an air jet erosion test rig at a velocity 60m/sec and impingement angle 60 ° , 75 ° and 90 ° , on HVOF spray coated steel at 600 ° C. Microstructure, chemical composition, phases present in the coating on the steel substrate was studied by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X - Ray Diffraction method. The Hardness is gradually increasing with increasing content of Cr 3 C 2 particles in all three samples. The erosion mechanism of coatings was also discussed and erosion rate is maximum at impingement angle 75 °
Effect of Modified AA5356 Filler on Corrosion Behavior of AA6061 Alloy GTA WeldsIJMER
1) The document examines the effect of modified AA5356 filler and grain refiners on the corrosion behavior of AA6061 alloy gas tungsten arc welds.
2) Dynamic polarization testing showed that welds made with 0.5% scandium-modified AA5356 filler using pulsed current welding had the highest pitting corrosion resistance.
3) Optical microscopy revealed that additions of grain refiners like scandium, zirconium, and tibor to the AA5356 filler reduced pit size and density in the fusion zone, improving corrosion resistance compared to unmodified AA5356 filler.
Investigation on Effect of Heat Input on Cooling Rate and Mechanical Property...IJMER
The effect of heat input in MMAW arc welding on cooling rate and hardness of weld
joint is investigated in this paper. The parameter affects the heat input are welding current, arc voltage
and welding speed. Mild steel weldments were welded under varying current 80, 90 and 100 ampere
and keeping arc voltage and travel speed constant. Other mild steel specimens were welded under
varying arc voltage 21V, 23V and 25V and keeping welding current and welding speed constant. Other
mild steel specimens were welded by varying welding travel speed 1.52 mm/sec, 1.67 mm/sec and 1.82
mm/sec and keeping arc voltage and welding current constant. Heat input was calculated for each
weldment. Rockwell hardness testing of all specimens was done. It was observed that with increase in
arc current hardness of mild steel weld joint was increased up to optimum level and then decreased.
Cooling rate was decreased with increased in arc current. With increase in welding arc voltage
hardness of weld joint decreased and cooling rate was decreased also. With increase in welding travel
speed hardness of weld joint increased and cooling rate was increased also.
1) The document examines the high temperature oxidation behavior of a nickel-based superalloy produced by mechanical alloying. Samples were mechanically alloyed, sintered, hot-deformed, and underwent secondary recrystallization.
2) Isothermal oxidation tests were conducted on the samples at 1000°C for up to 100 hours. SEM and XRD analysis found that a protective chromium oxide (Cr2O3) film formed on the surfaces. Weight change results indicated the samples gained a small amount of weight over time, exhibiting sub-parabolic oxidation behavior.
3) XRD analysis identified the primary oxide as Cr2O3. The intensity of Cr2O3 peaks in XRD
This document provides information about metallographic specimen preparation of cast irons for microscopic examination. It discusses:
1) Cast irons solidify through either eutectic or primary phase transformations depending on their carbon equivalent and cooling rate.
2) Preparing cast iron specimens involves mounting, grinding, polishing and etching steps to properly retain the graphite phase embedded in the matrix without causing damage.
3) Grinding is critical to avoid pulling out soft graphite. Polishing with diamond suspensions on an automated polisher helps achieve uniform grinding and retain graphite phases flat at the specimen surface.
This document provides information on metallographic specimen preparation of cast irons for microscopic examination. It discusses that cast iron contains graphite phases embedded in a harder matrix. Retaining the soft graphite phase during preparation is challenging. The recommended preparation process involves mounting, grinding, polishing, and etching specimens. Grinding must be carefully controlled to avoid pulling out graphite. Using an automated polisher helps achieve uniform preparation and retain graphite. Proper preparation is essential for accurately examining cast iron microstructures.
Preparation and Investigation on Properties of Cryogenically Solidified Nano ...IJERA Editor
In the present work, AL-alloy containing 12% silicon (LM 13) matrix nano composites were fabricated in sand moulds by using copper end blocks of copper end chill thickness 10 &15 nm with cryogenic effect . The size of the reinforcement (NanoZro2) ranges from 50-80nm being added ranges from 3 to 15 wt % in steps of 3 wt % . Cryogenically solidified Nano Metal Matrix Composites were compressed by using hydraulic compression machine. Specimens were prepared according to ASTM standards and tested for their strength, hardness and fracture toughness. Micro structural studies of the fabricated Nano Composites indicate that there is uniform distributions of reinforcements in the matrix materials (LM 13). An increasing trend of hardness, UTS & fracture toughness has been observed. The best results have been obtained at 12 wt %. The results were further justified by comparing two copper end chill thickness 10 &15 mm. Finally the Volumetric Heat Capacity of the cryo-chill is identified as an important parameter which affects mechanical properties.
The document investigates the tribological properties of Ni-Cr and Al2O3 13TiO2 coatings deposited via detonation spraying on two types of grey cast iron (GI250 and GIHC). Pin-on-disc wear tests were performed on coated and uncoated samples under different loads. Results show coated samples experienced significantly lower weight loss than uncoated samples. Specifically, the Al2O3 13TiO2 coating on GI250 substrate showed the lowest cumulative weight loss. SEM analysis indicated the coatings were uniform and dense. In conclusion, detonation spraying was effective in depositing wear-resistant coatings on grey iron to reduce wear loss.
MICROSTRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION AND HOT EROSION BEHAVIOR OF CRC-NICR COATED ...IAEME Publication
Erosion behavior of the High Velocity Oxygen Fuel (HVOF) deposited CrC - NiCr coating on stainless steel was evaluated. Th e solid particle erosion stu dy was conducted using an air jet erosion test rig at a velocity 60m/sec and impingement angle 60 ° , 75 ° and 90 ° , on HVOF spray coated steel at 600 ° C. Microstructure, chemical composition, phases present in the coating on the steel substrate was studied by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X - Ray Diffraction method. The Hardness is gradually increasing with increasing content of Cr 3 C 2 particles in all three samples. The erosion mechanism of coatings was also discussed and erosion rate is maximum at impingement angle 75 °
Effect of Modified AA5356 Filler on Corrosion Behavior of AA6061 Alloy GTA WeldsIJMER
1) The document examines the effect of modified AA5356 filler and grain refiners on the corrosion behavior of AA6061 alloy gas tungsten arc welds.
2) Dynamic polarization testing showed that welds made with 0.5% scandium-modified AA5356 filler using pulsed current welding had the highest pitting corrosion resistance.
3) Optical microscopy revealed that additions of grain refiners like scandium, zirconium, and tibor to the AA5356 filler reduced pit size and density in the fusion zone, improving corrosion resistance compared to unmodified AA5356 filler.
Investigation on Effect of Heat Input on Cooling Rate and Mechanical Property...IJMER
The effect of heat input in MMAW arc welding on cooling rate and hardness of weld
joint is investigated in this paper. The parameter affects the heat input are welding current, arc voltage
and welding speed. Mild steel weldments were welded under varying current 80, 90 and 100 ampere
and keeping arc voltage and travel speed constant. Other mild steel specimens were welded under
varying arc voltage 21V, 23V and 25V and keeping welding current and welding speed constant. Other
mild steel specimens were welded by varying welding travel speed 1.52 mm/sec, 1.67 mm/sec and 1.82
mm/sec and keeping arc voltage and welding current constant. Heat input was calculated for each
weldment. Rockwell hardness testing of all specimens was done. It was observed that with increase in
arc current hardness of mild steel weld joint was increased up to optimum level and then decreased.
Cooling rate was decreased with increased in arc current. With increase in welding arc voltage
hardness of weld joint decreased and cooling rate was decreased also. With increase in welding travel
speed hardness of weld joint increased and cooling rate was increased also.
1) The document examines the high temperature oxidation behavior of a nickel-based superalloy produced by mechanical alloying. Samples were mechanically alloyed, sintered, hot-deformed, and underwent secondary recrystallization.
2) Isothermal oxidation tests were conducted on the samples at 1000°C for up to 100 hours. SEM and XRD analysis found that a protective chromium oxide (Cr2O3) film formed on the surfaces. Weight change results indicated the samples gained a small amount of weight over time, exhibiting sub-parabolic oxidation behavior.
3) XRD analysis identified the primary oxide as Cr2O3. The intensity of Cr2O3 peaks in XRD
This document provides information about metallographic specimen preparation of cast irons for microscopic examination. It discusses:
1) Cast irons solidify through either eutectic or primary phase transformations depending on their carbon equivalent and cooling rate.
2) Preparing cast iron specimens involves mounting, grinding, polishing and etching steps to properly retain the graphite phase embedded in the matrix without causing damage.
3) Grinding is critical to avoid pulling out soft graphite. Polishing with diamond suspensions on an automated polisher helps achieve uniform grinding and retain graphite phases flat at the specimen surface.
This document provides information on metallographic specimen preparation of cast irons for microscopic examination. It discusses that cast iron contains graphite phases embedded in a harder matrix. Retaining the soft graphite phase during preparation is challenging. The recommended preparation process involves mounting, grinding, polishing, and etching specimens. Grinding must be carefully controlled to avoid pulling out graphite. Using an automated polisher helps achieve uniform preparation and retain graphite. Proper preparation is essential for accurately examining cast iron microstructures.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Microstructure and Abrasive Wear Properties of Chrome Alloy Steel IDES Editor
En 31 steel is widely used for applications like ball bearings and grinding media balls. The sliding wear properties of En 31 steel has been studied in the past, however the data on abrasive wear properties of En 31 steel is limited. En 31 steel was quenched and tempered at different tempering temperatures. Metallographic and hardness studies were carried out on heat treated samples. The hardened and tempered samples were tested using two body abrasive wear testing apparatus. The abrasive medium used in the present investigation was silicon carbide paper. The effect of normal load and sliding distance on wear loss of as received and heat treated specimens tempered at different tempering temperatures was investigated. The abrasive wear resistance of EN 31 steel with different hardness was compared under different test conditions. The worn out samples were observed by Scanning Electron Microscope to study morphology of worn surfaces. The abrasive wear resistance exhibited an increasing trend with increase in hardness and it was rationalized in terms of microstructure and the hardness.
IRJET- Examination of Hardness Values for Ti-6Al-4V Welded Specimens and Micr...IRJET Journal
This document examines the hardness values and microstructural characterization of welded Ti-6Al-4V specimens. Hardness tests were conducted on different zones of welded specimens with different weld bead shapes. The fusion zone and heat-affected zone showed higher hardness than the base metal. Tensile tests revealed that specimens failed at the weld with a yield strength of 820 MPa and ultimate tensile strength of 890 MPa. Fractured surfaces were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy to understand failure modes. SEM images showed ductile failure with dimples in the base metal and no cracks in the welded region.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
EFFECT OF SCANDIUM ON THE SOFTENING BEHAVIOUR OF DIFFERENT DEGREE OF COLD ROL...msejjournal
The softening behavior of different cold rolled Al-6Mg alloys containing scandium 0.2 wt% and 0.6 wt% have been investigated by means of microscopy, hardness and electrical conductivity measurements. It is found that the scandium added alloys attend the higher hardness at every state of cold rolling at higher
annealed temperature due to the precipitation of scandium aluminides. Electrical resistivity of the scandium added alloys show higher than base alloy due to grain refining. It is seen from the microstructure that scandium refine the grain structure and inhibit recrystallization.
Corrosion behaviour of sintered 316 l austenitic stainless steel compositesIAEME Publication
This document discusses corrosion behavior testing of sintered 316L austenitic stainless steel composites reinforced with metal oxide powders. Powders of Ga2O3, Nb2O5, and ZrO2 were added at 1-3% by weight to 316L stainless steel powder. The mixtures were sintered at 1250°C and analyzed using SEM and Tafel polarization testing. SEM showed increased porosity with higher melting point oxides like ZrO2. Tafel testing found composites had higher corrosion rates than plain 316L, with 3% Nb2O5 showing the lowest rate due to enhanced densification from liquid phase formation during sintering. Overall, reinforcement
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Corrosion Behaviour of Titanium Anodized Film in Different Corrosive Environm...IJERA Editor
Anodizing is an electrochemical process in which thickness of the natural oxide layer is increased and converted it into a decorative, durable, corrosion-resistant film. Titanium is used as a biocompatible material in human implants due to its excellent corrosion and wears resistance. Stable, continuous, highly adherent, and protective oxide films can be developed on titanium using various acid or alkaline baths. Anodizing of titanium generates a spectrum of different color without use of dyes. This spectrum of color dependent on the thickness of the oxide, voltage ranges, interference of light reflecting off the oxide surface and reflecting off the underlying metal surface. The anodized film of Titanium is mainly consists of TiO2 or mixtures of TiO2 & Ti2O3 etc. In the present work, Pure Titanium plate has been anodized using bath of Chromic Acid at different voltage range. The anodized film is characterized by visual observation, SEM & EDAX analysis & A.C Impedance Spectroscopy, while the corrosion studies were performed using Potentiodynamic studies were performed in 3.5% NaCl & 0.1N H2SO4. The Results show that the anodized film of Titanium show different spectrum of colors from Brown-Violet-Tea or Peacock. SEM & EDAX analyses show that the anodized film of Titanium is mainly made up of TiO2 and Ti2O3. Potentiodynamic study implies that the film developed on Titanium using the bath of Chromic Acid exhibits good corrosion resistance. The A.C. Impedance study shows that the film is more compact, adherent and more uniform in chromic acid bath.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The document discusses the microstructures and mechanical properties of an Al-25Mg2Si-2Cu alloy produced through spray deposition and heat treatment techniques. The spray deposition process resulted in a fine-grained microstructure with uniform dispersion of intermetallic phases. Hot compression further refined the microstructure and reduced porosity. Heat treatment including solutionizing and aging led to spheroidization of Mg2Si particles and uniform precipitation of strengthening phases, improving tensile properties and hardness up to 174 HV. Prolonged aging caused coarsening of precipitates and reduction in mechanical properties. Overall, spray deposition followed by hot working and heat treatment optimized the microstructure and properties of the alloy.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
The document discusses optimization of heat treatments for wear analysis of D5 tool steel using design of experiments and response surface methodology. It describes conducting heat treatment experiments on D5 steel involving hardening, tempering, and cryogenic treatment. Hardness and wear tests were performed on the treated steel samples. Design of experiments was used to determine the optimal heat treatment parameters that maximize wear resistance. Response surface methodology and Box-Behnken experimental design were used to produce optimal heat treatment runs and analyze the effects of variables on response. The goal was to optimize the heat treatment process to improve the wear properties of D5 tool steel.
Characteristics of Hypoeutectic Cu-Zr Alloy Rods Manufactured by Vertical Upw...Rautomead Limited
The focus in this study is therefore on applying a vertical upwards continuous casting (VUCC) mass-production
method to the pilot-scale manufacturing of Cu-Zr alloy rods. The microstructure and physical characteristics of these
VUCC rods were subsequently investigated and compared with rods produced by CMC. In addition, the wire-drawing
capability of the VUCC rods was examined, and the adaptability of the VUCC method to the mass production of
hypoeutectic Cu-Zr alloys was fully investigated.
2.
Atom probe field ion microscopy and analytical electron microscopy were used to investigate changes in the microstructure of cast CF8 and CF8M primary coolant pipe steels after long-term aging at 300-400°C. In both steels, the ferrite phase spinodally decomposed into iron-rich and chromium-rich phases with a periodicity of 2-9 nm. Spherical G phase precipitates 2-10 nm in diameter also formed in the ferrite at concentrations over 1021 m-3. The mechanical property degradation in these materials is caused by the spinodal decomposition and G phase precipitation in the ferrite.
The document summarizes a study on increasing the salt fog corrosion resistance of plasma nitrided AISI 4340 steel through a pulsed plasma post-oxidation process. Key findings:
1) Post-oxidation treatment produces an oxidized layer on the nitrided surface that fills and seals pores, improving corrosion resistance.
2) Samples post-oxidized for 15 minutes showed the best corrosion performance when exposed to salt fog, with only 1/16 as much red rust as nitrided samples alone.
3) X-ray diffraction analysis found the oxidized layer consisted mainly of magnetite iron oxide, which provides high corrosion resistance.
This document provides an overview of welding duplex stainless steels. It discusses what duplex stainless steels are, their microstructure, characteristics, and benefits compared to other stainless steel grades. The document outlines general requirements for welding duplex stainless steels, including preheat temperature, heat input levels, and filler metal selection. It also discusses common welding processes used like GTAW and SMAW. The document provides an example calculation of heat input and defines heat tinting, factors that influence it, and typical acceptance limits.
The document proposes two new authentication schemes for PDAs that use session passwords. Session passwords are one-time passwords generated for each login. The first scheme generates passwords based on pairs of letters from a secret text password and their intersections on a grid. The second scheme has users rate colors during registration, and session passwords are generated by the intersections of those colors on a color grid and number grid displayed during login. Both schemes aim to be resistant to dictionary attacks, brute force attacks, and shoulder surfing by changing the grids each time. The techniques were proposed to provide authentication for PDAs but require further testing for usability and effectiveness.
This document discusses software security metrics and validating UML diagrams using metrics. It provides background on using metrics to measure quality attributes of object-oriented designs. Traditional code-level security metrics are insufficient and evaluating security at the design level is important. The paper proposes a system that applies design-level security metrics using genetic algorithms to generate secure design options from a UML diagram. It then implements code from the designs and applies the same metrics at the code level to validate that the code matches the intended secure design. This allows discovering and fixing security issues earlier in the development process.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a machine learning approach for detecting phishing websites. It discusses using heuristic features from CANTINA to train machine learning models. A new domain top-page similarity feature is introduced to improve accuracy. Various modules are described, including site training, site capturing, a phishing dictionary, and image correlation to measure similarity. Experimental results show the approach achieves up to 92.5% f-measure and a 7.5% error rate for phishing detection.
This document discusses the performance analysis and minimization of black hole attacks in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It begins with an introduction to MANETs and discusses how they are vulnerable to black hole attacks. The document then describes the AODV routing protocol and how black hole attacks exploit vulnerabilities in the route discovery process. Existing detection and prevention techniques are outlined. The document proposes modifying the AODV protocol to implement an intrusion detection system (IDSAODV) that can detect and discard fraudulent route replies from black hole nodes, improving packet delivery. Simulation scenarios of varying node counts with and without black holes are used to analyze black hole behavior and evaluate the effectiveness of the IDSAODV approach.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Microstructure and Abrasive Wear Properties of Chrome Alloy Steel IDES Editor
En 31 steel is widely used for applications like ball bearings and grinding media balls. The sliding wear properties of En 31 steel has been studied in the past, however the data on abrasive wear properties of En 31 steel is limited. En 31 steel was quenched and tempered at different tempering temperatures. Metallographic and hardness studies were carried out on heat treated samples. The hardened and tempered samples were tested using two body abrasive wear testing apparatus. The abrasive medium used in the present investigation was silicon carbide paper. The effect of normal load and sliding distance on wear loss of as received and heat treated specimens tempered at different tempering temperatures was investigated. The abrasive wear resistance of EN 31 steel with different hardness was compared under different test conditions. The worn out samples were observed by Scanning Electron Microscope to study morphology of worn surfaces. The abrasive wear resistance exhibited an increasing trend with increase in hardness and it was rationalized in terms of microstructure and the hardness.
IRJET- Examination of Hardness Values for Ti-6Al-4V Welded Specimens and Micr...IRJET Journal
This document examines the hardness values and microstructural characterization of welded Ti-6Al-4V specimens. Hardness tests were conducted on different zones of welded specimens with different weld bead shapes. The fusion zone and heat-affected zone showed higher hardness than the base metal. Tensile tests revealed that specimens failed at the weld with a yield strength of 820 MPa and ultimate tensile strength of 890 MPa. Fractured surfaces were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy to understand failure modes. SEM images showed ductile failure with dimples in the base metal and no cracks in the welded region.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
EFFECT OF SCANDIUM ON THE SOFTENING BEHAVIOUR OF DIFFERENT DEGREE OF COLD ROL...msejjournal
The softening behavior of different cold rolled Al-6Mg alloys containing scandium 0.2 wt% and 0.6 wt% have been investigated by means of microscopy, hardness and electrical conductivity measurements. It is found that the scandium added alloys attend the higher hardness at every state of cold rolling at higher
annealed temperature due to the precipitation of scandium aluminides. Electrical resistivity of the scandium added alloys show higher than base alloy due to grain refining. It is seen from the microstructure that scandium refine the grain structure and inhibit recrystallization.
Corrosion behaviour of sintered 316 l austenitic stainless steel compositesIAEME Publication
This document discusses corrosion behavior testing of sintered 316L austenitic stainless steel composites reinforced with metal oxide powders. Powders of Ga2O3, Nb2O5, and ZrO2 were added at 1-3% by weight to 316L stainless steel powder. The mixtures were sintered at 1250°C and analyzed using SEM and Tafel polarization testing. SEM showed increased porosity with higher melting point oxides like ZrO2. Tafel testing found composites had higher corrosion rates than plain 316L, with 3% Nb2O5 showing the lowest rate due to enhanced densification from liquid phase formation during sintering. Overall, reinforcement
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Corrosion Behaviour of Titanium Anodized Film in Different Corrosive Environm...IJERA Editor
Anodizing is an electrochemical process in which thickness of the natural oxide layer is increased and converted it into a decorative, durable, corrosion-resistant film. Titanium is used as a biocompatible material in human implants due to its excellent corrosion and wears resistance. Stable, continuous, highly adherent, and protective oxide films can be developed on titanium using various acid or alkaline baths. Anodizing of titanium generates a spectrum of different color without use of dyes. This spectrum of color dependent on the thickness of the oxide, voltage ranges, interference of light reflecting off the oxide surface and reflecting off the underlying metal surface. The anodized film of Titanium is mainly consists of TiO2 or mixtures of TiO2 & Ti2O3 etc. In the present work, Pure Titanium plate has been anodized using bath of Chromic Acid at different voltage range. The anodized film is characterized by visual observation, SEM & EDAX analysis & A.C Impedance Spectroscopy, while the corrosion studies were performed using Potentiodynamic studies were performed in 3.5% NaCl & 0.1N H2SO4. The Results show that the anodized film of Titanium show different spectrum of colors from Brown-Violet-Tea or Peacock. SEM & EDAX analyses show that the anodized film of Titanium is mainly made up of TiO2 and Ti2O3. Potentiodynamic study implies that the film developed on Titanium using the bath of Chromic Acid exhibits good corrosion resistance. The A.C. Impedance study shows that the film is more compact, adherent and more uniform in chromic acid bath.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The document discusses the microstructures and mechanical properties of an Al-25Mg2Si-2Cu alloy produced through spray deposition and heat treatment techniques. The spray deposition process resulted in a fine-grained microstructure with uniform dispersion of intermetallic phases. Hot compression further refined the microstructure and reduced porosity. Heat treatment including solutionizing and aging led to spheroidization of Mg2Si particles and uniform precipitation of strengthening phases, improving tensile properties and hardness up to 174 HV. Prolonged aging caused coarsening of precipitates and reduction in mechanical properties. Overall, spray deposition followed by hot working and heat treatment optimized the microstructure and properties of the alloy.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
The document discusses optimization of heat treatments for wear analysis of D5 tool steel using design of experiments and response surface methodology. It describes conducting heat treatment experiments on D5 steel involving hardening, tempering, and cryogenic treatment. Hardness and wear tests were performed on the treated steel samples. Design of experiments was used to determine the optimal heat treatment parameters that maximize wear resistance. Response surface methodology and Box-Behnken experimental design were used to produce optimal heat treatment runs and analyze the effects of variables on response. The goal was to optimize the heat treatment process to improve the wear properties of D5 tool steel.
Characteristics of Hypoeutectic Cu-Zr Alloy Rods Manufactured by Vertical Upw...Rautomead Limited
The focus in this study is therefore on applying a vertical upwards continuous casting (VUCC) mass-production
method to the pilot-scale manufacturing of Cu-Zr alloy rods. The microstructure and physical characteristics of these
VUCC rods were subsequently investigated and compared with rods produced by CMC. In addition, the wire-drawing
capability of the VUCC rods was examined, and the adaptability of the VUCC method to the mass production of
hypoeutectic Cu-Zr alloys was fully investigated.
2.
Atom probe field ion microscopy and analytical electron microscopy were used to investigate changes in the microstructure of cast CF8 and CF8M primary coolant pipe steels after long-term aging at 300-400°C. In both steels, the ferrite phase spinodally decomposed into iron-rich and chromium-rich phases with a periodicity of 2-9 nm. Spherical G phase precipitates 2-10 nm in diameter also formed in the ferrite at concentrations over 1021 m-3. The mechanical property degradation in these materials is caused by the spinodal decomposition and G phase precipitation in the ferrite.
The document summarizes a study on increasing the salt fog corrosion resistance of plasma nitrided AISI 4340 steel through a pulsed plasma post-oxidation process. Key findings:
1) Post-oxidation treatment produces an oxidized layer on the nitrided surface that fills and seals pores, improving corrosion resistance.
2) Samples post-oxidized for 15 minutes showed the best corrosion performance when exposed to salt fog, with only 1/16 as much red rust as nitrided samples alone.
3) X-ray diffraction analysis found the oxidized layer consisted mainly of magnetite iron oxide, which provides high corrosion resistance.
This document provides an overview of welding duplex stainless steels. It discusses what duplex stainless steels are, their microstructure, characteristics, and benefits compared to other stainless steel grades. The document outlines general requirements for welding duplex stainless steels, including preheat temperature, heat input levels, and filler metal selection. It also discusses common welding processes used like GTAW and SMAW. The document provides an example calculation of heat input and defines heat tinting, factors that influence it, and typical acceptance limits.
The document proposes two new authentication schemes for PDAs that use session passwords. Session passwords are one-time passwords generated for each login. The first scheme generates passwords based on pairs of letters from a secret text password and their intersections on a grid. The second scheme has users rate colors during registration, and session passwords are generated by the intersections of those colors on a color grid and number grid displayed during login. Both schemes aim to be resistant to dictionary attacks, brute force attacks, and shoulder surfing by changing the grids each time. The techniques were proposed to provide authentication for PDAs but require further testing for usability and effectiveness.
This document discusses software security metrics and validating UML diagrams using metrics. It provides background on using metrics to measure quality attributes of object-oriented designs. Traditional code-level security metrics are insufficient and evaluating security at the design level is important. The paper proposes a system that applies design-level security metrics using genetic algorithms to generate secure design options from a UML diagram. It then implements code from the designs and applies the same metrics at the code level to validate that the code matches the intended secure design. This allows discovering and fixing security issues earlier in the development process.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a machine learning approach for detecting phishing websites. It discusses using heuristic features from CANTINA to train machine learning models. A new domain top-page similarity feature is introduced to improve accuracy. Various modules are described, including site training, site capturing, a phishing dictionary, and image correlation to measure similarity. Experimental results show the approach achieves up to 92.5% f-measure and a 7.5% error rate for phishing detection.
This document discusses the performance analysis and minimization of black hole attacks in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It begins with an introduction to MANETs and discusses how they are vulnerable to black hole attacks. The document then describes the AODV routing protocol and how black hole attacks exploit vulnerabilities in the route discovery process. Existing detection and prevention techniques are outlined. The document proposes modifying the AODV protocol to implement an intrusion detection system (IDSAODV) that can detect and discard fraudulent route replies from black hole nodes, improving packet delivery. Simulation scenarios of varying node counts with and without black holes are used to analyze black hole behavior and evaluate the effectiveness of the IDSAODV approach.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document describes the design and development of a microcontroller-based system for measuring blood glucose levels. The system uses an amperometric method that relies on glucose oxidase enzymes and a mediator compound to transfer electrons from blood glucose to an electrode, generating an electrical signal. A PIC 18F4520 microcontroller processes, amplifies and converts the signal to a display on an LCD module. The system is intended to be low-cost, portable, and provide frequent blood glucose monitoring to help control diabetes and reduce complications. It works by measuring the current produced from the reaction of blood glucose with glucose oxidase and a mediator compound.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The document describes a genetic algorithm approach to optimizing the design of steel-concrete composite plane frames to minimize cost. The algorithm uses design variables like beam and column cross-sectional properties to represent potential solutions. It evaluates solutions based on structural analysis and design constraints like moments, shear, buckling and axial forces. The best solution from each generation is preserved to guide the evolution toward an optimal, cost-effective frame design. The approach is demonstrated on example frames.
This document summarizes and compares four routing algorithms for mobile ad hoc networks: Disjoint Multipath Routing, Trust based Multipath Routing, Message Trust based Multipath Routing, and a new proposed algorithm called Friend Based Ad-hoc Routing. It describes the key mechanisms of each algorithm, including how they establish routes, incorporate trust levels, and handle packet routing. The proposed FACES algorithm aims to improve security and efficiency by using friend, unauthenticated, and question mark lists to identify trusted routes and avoid malicious nodes.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using a genetic algorithm to generate high-quality association rules for measuring data quality. The genetic algorithm evaluates rules based on four metrics: confidence, completeness, comprehensibility, and interestingness. It aims to discover high-level prediction rules that perform better than traditional greedy rule induction algorithms at handling attribute interactions. The genetic algorithm represents rules as chromosomes and uses the four metrics as an objective fitness function to evaluate the quality of each rule.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document presents a study on using color texture feature analysis to detect surface defects on pomegranates. The researchers developed a method involving cropping images of pomegranates, converting them to HSI color space, generating SGDM matrices to extract 18 texture features for each image, and using support vector machines (SVM) classification to identify the best features for detecting infections. The optimal features identified were cluster shade, product moment, and mean intensity, achieving classification accuracy of 99.88%, 99.88%, and 99.81% respectively.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
O documento descreve compromissos para a saúde no estado de Pernambuco e inclui: I) Complementar a rede hospitalar de alta e média complexidade com a construção de novos hospitais; II) Complementar a rede de média complexidade ambulatorial com a construção de Unidades de Pronto Atendimento Especializadas; III) Fortalecer o sistema de atendimento com programas como "O Doutor Chegou", "Medicamento em Casa" e "Saúde Conduz".
Study of Pitting Corrosion Behavior of FSW weldments of AA6101- T6 Aluminium ...IJERA Editor
Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is a promising solid state joining process widely used generally for Al alloys,
especially in aerospace, marine and automobile applications. In present work, the microstructure and corrosion
behavior of friction stir welded AA6101 T6 Al alloy is studied. The friction stir welding was carried using
vertical milling machine with different tool rotational speeds and welding speeds. The microstructure at weld
nugget or stir zone (SN), thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ), heat affected zone (HAZ) and base metal
were observed using optical microscopy. The corrosion tests of base alloy and welded joints were carried out in
3.5% NaCl solution at temperature of 30º C. Corrosion rate and emf were determined using cyclic polarization
measurement.
Microstructural and mechanical behaviour of zinc aluminium cast alloysIAEME Publication
The document summarizes a study on the microstructural and mechanical behavior of zinc-aluminum (ZA27) cast alloys with varying amounts of nickel (1-3% wt). Key findings include:
1) Increasing the nickel content resulted in higher tensile strength, yield strength, and hardness due to solid strengthening and formation of intermetallic phases along grain boundaries.
2) Ductility decreased with more nickel due to intermetallics acting as barriers to elongation.
3) Microstructural analysis revealed the presence of intermetallic compounds like AlNi3 and the formation of a metastable epsilon phase with increasing nickel content.
IRJET - Parametric Optimization of Gas Tungsten Arc Welding for Austenitic St...IRJET Journal
This document discusses optimizing gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) parameters for joining austenitic stainless steel J4 and brass C21000 using the Taguchi method. Three welding parameters were selected - groove angle, preheat temperature, and welding current. Experiments were conducted using an L9 orthogonal array with the parameters set at three levels each. Microstructural analysis of the welds was performed to evaluate depth of penetration on the stainless steel side as the objective function for the Taguchi analysis. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was also conducted on the response data using MINITAB software. The goal of the study was to determine optimal welding parameters to produce a sound weld between the dissimilar metals
A Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) study of welding consumables for mo...RAMASUBBU VELAYUTHAM
This document reports on a study that used differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to characterize the thermal stability and phase transformation properties of four welding consumables developed for welding modified 9Cr-1Mo ferritic steel. DSC was used to precisely determine transformation temperatures like Ac1 and Ac3 as well as solidus and liquidus temperatures. The kinetics of austenite formation from tempered martensite was also modeled. It was found that Ac1 and Ac3 decreased with increasing (Mn+Ni) content and that apparent activation energy for austenite formation was sensitive to heating rate. An activation energy of around 260 kJ/mol was suggested for the α→γ transformation in high chromium steels
IRJET- Investigation on Dissimilar Metal Welding of Stainless Steel 316 L and...IRJET Journal
The document investigates dissimilar metal welding of stainless steel 316L and mild steel A-2062 using gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW). Sixteen samples were prepared with variations in welding speed, current, and gas pressure based on a Taguchi experimental design. Tensile testing found ultimate tensile strengths ranging from 394 to 454 MPa. Microhardness was slightly higher than the base materials in the weld zone and heat-affected zone. Microstructure analysis was conducted on samples with the highest ultimate tensile strength, highest heat input, and lowest heat input. The depth of penetration averaged 5.8484 mm and bead width averaged 4.8243 mm across samples.
Effect of Adding Indium on Wetting Behavior, Microstructure and Physical Prop...Editor IJCATR
Effect of adding indium on microstructure, wetting process, thermal, electrical and mechanical properties of tin- zinc eutectic alloy
have been investigated. Microstructure (started base line, lattice parameters, unit cell volume, crystal size and the shape of formed crystalline
phases) and measured physical properties of tin- zinc eutectic alloy changed after adding different ratio of indium content. A little variation
occurred in thermo-graph (Endo-thermal peaks) of Sn91Zn9 alloy after adding indium. The contact angle, melting temperature and specific heat of
Sn91Zn9 alloy decreased after adding indium content. Also elastic modulus and internal friction values of Sn91Zn9 alloy decreased after adding
indium content. But electrical resistivity and Vickers hardness values of Sn91Zn9 alloy increased after adding indium content. The SnZn9In5 alloy
has adequate properties for solder applications.
Effect of Adding Indium on Wetting Behavior, Microstructure and Physical Prop...Editor IJCATR
Effect of adding indium on microstructure, wetting process, thermal, electrical and mechanical properties of tin- zinc eutectic alloy have been investigated. Microstructure (started base line, lattice parameters, unit cell volume, crystal size and the shape of formed crystalline phases) and measured physical properties of tin- zinc eutectic alloy changed after adding different ratio of indium content. A little variation occurred in thermo-graph (Endo-thermal peaks) of Sn91Zn9 alloy after adding indium. The contact angle, melting temperature and specific heat of Sn91Zn9 alloy decreased after adding indium content. Also elastic modulus and internal friction values of Sn91Zn9 alloy decreased after adding indium content. But electrical resistivity and Vickers hardness values of Sn91Zn9 alloy increased after adding indium content. The SnZn9In5 alloy has adequate properties for solder applications.
Improving the properties of Ni-Based Alloys by Co AdditionIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses improving the properties of nickel-based alloys through the addition of cobalt.
2) Cobalt addition leads to grain refinement in the alloys, which influences both microstructure and corrosion resistance. Finer grain size improves hardness.
3) Samples of Ni-5Cr-5Al-xCo (where x is the cobalt content from 0-30%) were produced by vacuum arc melting and characterized through XRD, optical microscopy, and Vickers hardness testing.
4) Results showed that increasing the cobalt content refined grain size and improved hardness, while also enhancing corrosion resistance properties over the substrate material alone.
— Heat exchangers included in air conditioning systems for aircraft are produced by brazing stamped thin alloys sheets made of nickel-based alloys, Alloy 600 and Ni 201, or stainless steel, AISI 444. Separation metal sheets and locking bars of Alloy 625 are used to complete the system. The brazing filler metal, mainly composed of nickel, manganese, silicon and copper, is referred as BNi-8. In order to control brazing process, a good knowledge of both the brazing filler metal metallurgical behavior and of the interaction with the base metal is essential. The study of the brazing filler metal melting behavior in itself reveals that the melting point is highly dependent on the chemical composition and especially on silicon content. Microstructures analysis showed the presence of several phases with significant differences in terms of mechanical properties at a small scale which could induce local embrittlement. Interactions between the brazing filler metal and the different alloys constitutive of the assembly induce chemical composition evolutions related to the local configuration of the assembly. Dissolution and interdiffusion processes as well as chemical exchanges with the furnace environment occur. Finally, due to this set of phenomena, significant brazing defects can affect the mechanical integrity of the component.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study on reducing corrosion rates in steel through welding design. The researchers tested different welding groove designs (X, V, 1/2X, 1/2V) and preheating temperatures (400°C, 500°C, 600°C) on ferritic malleable iron samples. Testing found that X and V groove designs with 500°C and 600°C preheating had corrosion rates of 0.5-0.69% weight loss after 14 days, compared to 0.57-0.76% for 400°C preheating. Higher preheating reduced residual stresses which decreased corrosion. Residual stresses were 1.7 MPa for optimal X groove and 600°C
In this work, effect of welding electrode, welding current and corrosion media on
corrosion behaviour of three kinds of stainless steel (AISI 304, AISI 316 and AISI 410)
was investigated. Welding was performed by manual metal arc welding process using
three types of welding electrode (E308L, E316L and E310). Corrosion behaviour of
the welded joints was examined in two chloride mediums (3.5%NaCl and 3.5%KCl).
The results showed that welding electrodes E316L and E310, which contain Mo and
Ni respectively, increase corrosion resistance in of the weldment. The increment in
heat input by increasing welding current caused reduction in corrosion resistance by
facilitating carbon diffusion and formation of chromium carbides in the weld area. It
was also found that corrosion rate of 3.5% NaCl was more aggressive than 3.5% KCl.
weld metal temperature measurement deviceekta kumari
Here are the key specifications of the ferriteoscope:
- Measures ferrite content in austenitic stainless steels and nickel-based alloys
- Automatic measurement with direct display of the result upon probe contact
- Measurement range from 0 - 100% ferrite
- Accuracy of ±3% ferrite
- Continuous display function for locating weld seams
- External start function to trigger measurements in hard to reach areas
- Battery powered for portability
The ferriteoscope allows non-contact measurement of ferrite content in stainless steel and nickel
alloys with accurate and automatic readings. Its features make it suitable for inspecting ferrite
levels in pipes, tubes and other applications where access may be
Stainless steels are selected primarily for their excellent corrosion and oxidation resistance properties. One of the effective methods for manufacturing stainless steel parts of high quality and accuracy at low cost is through powder metallurgy. The demand for sintered stainless steels has
increased notably, in the recent years due to their promising properties, ease of fabrication, and are economical in production, especially where number of complex objects are involved.
STRUCTURE PROPERTY CORRELATION OF MODIFIED Al-Mg ALLOYS FOR AEROSPACE APPLICA...sivanagaraju chittelu
Making a new metal for Aerospace applications which is made of many components .Major metals are Aluminium and Magnesium.Checking its structures and properties .
The document summarizes research on aluminum 7075 alloy composites reinforced with alumina nanoparticles. Microstructural analysis found that 1.0 wt% alumina nanoparticles provided the optimal properties. Specifically:
- 1.0 wt% alumina composites exhibited maximum hardness of 134 HV and lowest wear rate. Higher amounts resulted in decreased hardness and increased wear.
- SEM images showed alumina nanoparticles were well dispersed through the aluminum matrix. Some agglomeration was observed at higher nanoparticle fractions.
- XRD analysis confirmed the presence of aluminum and alumina phases. Peak broadening and shifts indicated refinement of aluminum grains with increased nanoparticles.
- AFM images showed increased surface roughness with higher nanoparticle content
Study on hardening mechanisms in aluminium alloysIJERA Editor
The Al-Zn-Mg alloys are most commonly used age-hardenable aluminium alloys. The hardening mechanism is
further enhanced in addition of Sc. Sc additions to aluminium alloys are more promising. Due to the
heterogeneous distribution of nano-sized Al3Sc precipitates hardening effect can be accelerated. Mainly,
highlight on hardening mechanism in Al-Zn-Mg alloys with Sc effect is to study. In addition, several
characterisations have been done to age-hardening measurements at elevated temperatures from 120oC to 180
oC. The ageing kinetics has also been calculated from Arrhenius equation. Furthermore, friction stir processing
(FSP) can be introduced to surface modification process and hardened the cast aluminium alloys. In this study,
hardening mechanism can be evaluated by Vicker’s hardness measurement and mechanical testing is present
task.
Study on hardening mechanisms in aluminium alloysIJERA Editor
The Al-Zn-Mg alloys are most commonly used age-hardenable aluminium alloys. The hardening mechanism is
further enhanced in addition of Sc. Sc additions to aluminium alloys are more promising. Due to the
heterogeneous distribution of nano-sized Al3Sc precipitates hardening effect can be accelerated. Mainly,
highlight on hardening mechanism in Al-Zn-Mg alloys with Sc effect is to study. In addition, several
characterisations have been done to age-hardening measurements at elevated temperatures from 120oC to 180
oC. The ageing kinetics has also been calculated from Arrhenius equation. Furthermore, friction stir processing
(FSP) can be introduced to surface modification process and hardened the cast aluminium alloys. In this study,
hardening mechanism can be evaluated by Vicker’s hardness measurement and mechanical testing is present
task.
This document summarizes research on friction welding of 4140 steel. Friction welding was used to join cylindrical rods of 4140 steel, which is a chrome-moly steel commonly used in automotive applications. Various welding parameters were tested, including friction pressure, upset pressure, and rotational speed. Tensile tests showed that specimens welded with higher upset pressures and lower differences between upset and friction pressures had higher tensile strengths. Analysis of variance identified upset pressure and friction pressure as significant factors influencing weld strength. The research demonstrated friction welding 4140 steel is feasible and can achieve joint properties comparable to the base metal without requiring post-weld heat treatment.
1. The document examines the microstructure evolution and effects of post-welded heat treatment on electron beam welded cast gamma titanium aluminides with varying aluminum content.
2. As-welded joints exhibited a predominantly lamellar microstructure that transformed to equiaxed gamma grains with increasing aluminum content or after post-weld heat treatment.
3. Increasing post-weld heat treatment temperature resulted in more recrystallization of the fusion zone and increased volume fraction of alpha-2 phase particles.
Mechanism of Fracture in Friction Stir Processed Aluminium AlloyDr. Amarjeet Singh
Aluminium alloys are used for important
applications in reducing the weight of the component and
structure particularly associated with transport, marine,
and aerospace fields. Grain refinement by scandium (Sc)
addition can eliminate the casting defects and increase the
resistance to hot tearing for high strength aluminium alloys.
FSP for cast aluminium alloys have been focused and it has
great advantages including solid state microstructural
evolution, altering mechanical properties by optimizing
process parameters. These parameters are tool rotational
speeds (720, and 1000 rpm), traverse speeds (80, and 70
mm/min), and axial compressive force at 15 kN, etc. The
mechanical properties had been evaluated on FSPed
aluminium alloy with different microstructural conditions.
Fracture properties of aluminium alloys are very important
for industrial applications. Tensile and fracture toughness
properties were correlated to microstructural and
fractographic features of the aluminium alloys need to
explore their essential failure mechanisms.
Mechanism of Fracture in Friction Stir Processed Aluminium Alloy
Ir2515501556
1. Vivek Vanamane, Santhosh kumar B, Nataraj J. R./ International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp. 1550-1556
Characterization And Numerical Optimization Of Chromium
Free Nickel Alloy Filler-Materials For Dissimilar Welding With
SS304 Based On Induced Residual Stresses And Distortion
Vivek Vanamane*, Santhosh kumar B**, Nataraj J. R.***
Department of Mechanical Engineering, R. V. College Of Engineering, Bangalore-59
Abstract
The aim of the work was to study and identify the compositional requirements to avoid the
optimize among eight different Cr free Ni based formation of deleterious phases such as eta phase,
filler materials of chemical composition of wt% sigma phase and P-phase. Numerical simulation of
ranging between 40-43.5Ni, 4-20Mo, 0-16Co, welding process using Finite Element Method
10Cu, 22-25Fe, 0.5Al, 1Ti, 0.001C. The alloys (FEM) has been proved to be a powerful and useful
developed were characterized for their method to predict the welding temperature field,
metallurgical phases and mechanical properties residual stress field and deformation owing to the
in both as-cast and solution treatment (at 1100 fact that, measurement of residual stress by
ºC) conditions using JMatPro V6 (materials experimental techniques has certain practical
simulation software). The dissimilar welding of limitations. Experimental techniques may be
SS 304 with these alloys is simulated using the destructive as the hole-drilling technique or even
birth and death technique in ANSYS. Numerical when non-destructive techniques are used (e.g. X-
Optimization was performed based on the ray diffraction technique), residual stress can be
induced stresses present in the weld joint which measured only at discrete locations near the weld
are one of the main factors to cause failures in surface. The cost of performing these experiments
dissimilar weld joints. For welding simulation, would be a concerning factor, especially if large
the eight noded SOLID 70 elements were used for number of measurements are to be done. Lindgren
thermal stress analysis and SOLID 45 elements [4] gave a detailed account of the application of the
were used for structural analysis. The FEM Finite Element Method to predict the thermal,
simulation results show the longitudinal residual material and mechanical effects of fusion welding
stresses along the weld line, tensile stresses from the 1970s to 2003. Chang and Teng et al [5]
developed around 80 MPa occur at the middle of performed thermal elasto-plastic analyses using the
the weld. The maximum vertical deflection of finite element techniques to obtain the residual
0.325 mm was observed for the alloy of stresses in the butt-welded joints. Goldak [6]
composition 43.499Ni, 0.5Al, 14Co, 6Mo, 10Cu, introduced a 3D model for heat source generation.
23Fe, 2Mn, 1Ti, 0.001C. On the other hand the Though, 3D heat source modeling provided accurate
minimum vertical deflection of 0.2 mm and results but it requires lots of computation time.
residual stress of 50MPa was observed in alloy of In the recent years, numerical optimization of
composition 39.999Ni, 0.5Al, 20Mo, 10Cu, 22Fe, various welding filler materials has been performed.
6.5Mn, 1Ti, 0.001C. H. Naffakh [7] has performed dissimilar welding of
AISI 310 austenitic stainless steel to nickel-based
Keywords: Alloy development, birth and death alloy Inconel 657, but no one has yet performed the
technique, Finite Element Method, residual stress, numerical optimization of chromium free nickel
Welding Simulation. alloy filler materials based on the induced residual
stress in welding. This investigation performs
1. Introduction thermal elasto-plastic analysis using finite element
New chromium free Nickel based welding techniques to evaluate the residual stresses in
filler materials for welding stainless steel were dissimilar welding. In this work about eight version
simulated using JMatPro V6-materials simulation of chromium free Ni alloy filler materials of
software). During TIG welding of stainless steel, chemical composition varying from 40-43.5%Ni, 4-
carcinogenic Hexavalent Chromium Cr +6 fumes are 20%Mo, 0-16%Co, 10%Cu, 22-25%Fe, 0.5%Al,
generated from the weld pool which can cause the 1%Ti, 0.001%C are optimised by determining the
welders respiratory problems including lung cancer. induced residual stresses using numerical simulation.
OSHA in its new guidelines has reduced the A 2D surface heat flow model was implemented and
Permission Exposure limit to 5μ/mm3 as explained the longitudinal and transverse stress distribution
in the Welding Journals by Susan R. Fiore[1-2]. In was determined for all the alloys. Based on the
2008, J. M. Vitek [3] demonstrated about how results of the analysis, the most suitable alloy for
computational thermodynamics could be used to production of filler material for stainless steel
welding is determined.
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2. Vivek Vanamane, Santhosh kumar B, Nataraj J. R./ International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.
2. Alloy Composition
Table 1 shows the chemical composition of
the various Nickel alloy filler materials considered
for simulations. Cobalt, Iron, Molybdenum,
Titanium, and Aluminum are all solid-solution
hardeners in Nickel. Cobalt having good solubility
of other alloying elements was varied from 0-16
wt%. Cobalt wt% was balanced with Molybdenum
wt%. Cobalt provides the dispersion of
strengthening intermetallic particles. Higher Cobalt
content imparts better wear resistance but less
desirable polishability and machinability [1]. The
beneficial influence of C in reducing sigma phase is
due to the fact that higher C leads to more carbide
formation. The production of Ni based alloy for fig 2: JMatPro predicted Cooling Curve for Alloy 1S
welding electrodes has been increasing each year
owing to its good weldability, resistance to ductile
dip cracking [8], hot cracking susceptibility, less
carbon diffusion and high strength [9].
3. JMatPro Results
The various compositions were given in
JMatPro software to determine the phases present at
varying temperatures. The phases present at 600°C
are given in fig 1.
fig 3: JMatPro predicted phase diagram of alloy
type-1S
4. Experimental Results
The cooling curves and microstructure of Alloy
1S was obtained experimentally and compared with
JMatPro results. fig 2 predicts the cooling curve for
the alloy type 1S, solidification begins at
temperature 1270°C and ends at 1200 °C. JMatPro
predicts existence of only liquid phase at the
temperature above 1270°C as shown in fig 3. γ-
solid solution phase exists between 1270-1200°C.
Formation of MC type carbides phase is predicted at
1150°C. As the temperature falls below 990°C
potentially undesirable phases including µ (mu) and
eta η (eta) phase is predicted to form. γ’ (Gamma
prime) precipitate phase is predicted to solidify
below 750°C. In fig 4 DSC spectrum confirms the
fig 1: % of phases of different alloys at 600°C prediction of JMAT Pro and fig 5 confirms the
presence of alloying element in the XRD analysis.
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3. Vivek Vanamane, Santhosh kumar B, Nataraj J. R./ International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp. 1550-1556
Table: 1 Chemical composition of different version of Ni based alloys.
Alloy Ni % Fe % Mo % Co % Cu % Mn % Ti % Al % C%
1S 39.999 22 20 Nil 10 6.5 1 0.5 0.001
2H 43.499 25 20 Nil 10 Nil 1 0.5 0.001
3N 43.499 25 10 10 10 0 1 0.5 0.001
4S 43.499 23 10 10 10 2 1 0.5 0.001
5N 43.499 23 6 14 10 2 1 0.5 0.001
6N 43.499 23 8 12 10 2 1 0.5 0.001
7S 43.499 23 12 8 10 2 1 0.5 0.001
8N 43.499 23 14 6 10 2 1 0.5 0.001
5. Thermo-Mechanical Analysis
In this section, a sequential thermo-elastic plastic
three-dimensional finite element computational
procedure is developed to calculate temperature field,
residual stresses and distortions. The procedure begins
with a nonlinear transient thermal analysis and the
temperature histories are applied as thermal loads in a
nonlinear transient structural analysis to obtain the
residual stresses and distortions.
6. Specimen and Material Properties
fig 4: DSC cooling curve of Alloy type 1S fig. 7 shows two plate sections that are joined by
a single-pass butt-weld. The length, width and
thickness of the plate are assumed to be 140, 300 and
5 mm, respectively [10].
fig 5: The XRD analysis of the 1S alloy confirms the
presence of Ni, Mo, Mn, Cu, Fe alloying elements.
fig. 7 Shows two plate sections that are joined by a
single-pass butt-weld
Both thermal and mechanical material
properties of 304 Stainless Steel were considered to
be temperature-dependent and are given in Table 2.
The thermal and mechanical properties of the 8 alloys
a)As cast b) Solution Treated were obtained using JMAT Pro (Materials simulation
fig 6: SEM Microstructures of Alloy software) and are given in the figures 8-11.
Patches of lamellae, are clearly resolved at
higher magnifications. In fig 6 Light, globular
particles are M6C; gray particles are MC carbide.
Structures consist of nickel-rich γ solid-solution
matrix containing a few light-etching carbide particles
and dispersed γ'. JMatPro also indicates the presence
of M6C phase and MC carbide as shown in fig 1 for
1S alloy.
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4. Vivek Vanamane, Santhosh kumar B, Nataraj J. R./ International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.
fig 8: Variation of Young’s Modulus of all alloys with fig 10: Variation of Thermal Expansion Coefficient of
Temperature. all alloys with Temperature.
fig 9: Variation of Density of all alloys with fig 11: Variation of Thermal Conductivity of all alloys
Temperature. with Temperature.
Table 2. Thermal and mechanical material properties of SS304.
Thermal
Thermal
Temperature expansion Density Specific heat Young's Modulus
conductivity
(°C) Coefficient (kg/m3) (J/kg) (GPa)
(W/m°C)
(*10-6/°C)
25 14.3489 16.76606 7749.77 462 206.21187
100 14.3489 17.68191 7724.83 481.6 201.92657
200 14.69002 18.90059 7690.46 517.8 195.4473
300 15.03217 20.11912 7654.84 558.4 187.84373
400 15.37537 21.34275 7618 608.6 179.11943
500 15.71961 22.56949 7579.98 676.6 169.38741
600 16.0649 23.78245 7540.8 784.4 158.8054
700 16.41122 24.97985 7500.51 714.6 147.55249
800 16.75859 26.17949 7459.14 672.4 135.82023
900 17.10699 27.38602 7416.72 665.6 123.80936
1000 17.45644 28.59459 7373.29 671.6 111.72867
1100 17.80693 29.80303 7328.89 683.8 99.7936
1230 18.26413 31.37344 7269.79 746.6 84.8664
1350 18.29934 31.55186 7269.79 859.03 84.8669
7. 3D FE Model
The three-dimensional finite element model used in
this simulation is shown in fig 12. The model has
1148 elements and 2438 nodes after meshing.
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5. Vivek Vanamane, Santhosh kumar B, Nataraj J. R./ International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp. 1550-1556
was defined relative to a coordinate system that was
moving with the heat source is expressed as:
Q’= (2)
Where c is the arc radius, the total net heat input
was calculated as:
Q = UI (3)
Where is the arc efficiency which is considered as
85%.
This study simulates weld thermal cycle for SS 304
steel as shown in fig 13.
fig 12: The finite element mesh for the single-pass The heating cycle takes 28 load steps
butt-weld. increment with a time step of 1s and the modified
Newton Raphson method was used in each time step
The finite element meshes used for both for the heat balance iteration. Max temperature of
thermal and structural analyses are the same, except 1300° C is achieved during welding.
for the element type. For thermal analysis, solid 70,
an eight-node, first order brick element with
temperature degree of freedom at each node is used.
For structural analysis, solid 45, an eight-node, first
order brick element with three translational degrees
of freedom. The constraints are provided as shown
in fig 6 in order to allow free distortion of the plate
during welding [11].
8. Thermal Analysis
The transient temperature during welding is
determined by the three-dimensional nonlinear heat
transfer equation:
fig 13: Simulated weld Thermal cycle for SS304
steel
9. Results and discussion
(1) 9.1 Longitudinal residual stresses
Where ρ is density, C is specific heat, k is Longitudinal stresses are the stresses acting
thermal conductivity, Q is the rate of internal heat parallel to the weld bead and are denoted by y. fig.
generation, T is temperature, t is time, and X, Y and 14 illustrates the distributions of the residual stress
Z are coordinates in the reference system. y along the X-direction (at Y= 70 mm) for all the 8
Convection heat transfer with a heat transfer alloys. High tensile stresses arise in regions near the
coefficient of 15 W/m2°C is applied to all free weld due to a resistance contraction of the material
surfaces [12]. Radiation heat transfer is ignored. as cooling commences [12]. The stress distribution
Table 3 shows the welding parameters chosen for is compressive in nature in the base metal region.
this analysis. The minimum tensile residual stress of 51MPa is
obtained for 1S alloy and a maximum tensile stress
Table 3: Shows the welding parameters chosen for of 80MPa is obtained for 3N alloy.
this analysis [13]
Sl 9.2 Transverse residual stresses
Parameter Value
No Transverse residual stresses are the stresses
1 Welding Method TIG acting perpendicular to the weld bead and are
2 Current (I) 110 A denoted by x. fig. 15 represents the distributions of
3 Voltage (V) 20 V the residual stress x along the Y –direction for all
4 Welding Speed (v) 5 mm/s the alloys. As seen in the figure, the stress
distributions are tensile in the middle of the weld
The heat sources are applied along the weld and compressive at the ends [12]. The minimum
path for practical welds. A Gaussian power tensile residual stress of 50MPa is obtained for 1S
distribution with an arc radius of 2.82 mm was alloy and a maximum tensile stress of 83MPa is
assumed for the heat flux. The power distribution obtained for 5N alloy.
1554 | P a g e
6. Vivek Vanamane, Santhosh kumar B, Nataraj J. R./ International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.
9.3 Vertical Deflection recent years, the development of Cr free filler
fig 16 shows the vertical deflection (in z materials have been on the rise due to noxiousness
direction) along the length of the plates. As this of Cr+6 fumes generated during welding. 8 Ni based
figure reveal, the maximum deflection is around alloys with varying composition of Cu, Co, Mn
0.325mm which is sufficiently less. Due to property were developed and characterized for their
mismatch, a sharp variation in the deflection at the metallurgical phases and mechanical properties in
weld is seen. Alloy 1S has a minimum deflection of both as-cast and solution treatment (at 1100 ºC)
0.25mm at the weld. conditions using JMatPro V6. The use of JMatPro
greatly reduces the cost and time required for the
simulation and calculation. This can calculate wide
range of materials properties for alloys and is
particularly aimed at multi-components alloys used
in industrial practice. Numerical Simulation using
Finite Element Method reduces the time and cost of
performing experimental analysis, especially if large
number of measurements are to be done.
The important results and conclusions extracted
from this study are listed below.
The experimental cooling curve of 1S alloy
shows the solidification temperature as 1270C,
JMatPro predicts existence of only liquid phase
at temperature above 1270°C.
fig 14: Longitudinal residual stress distribution The phases present at various temperatures as
along the X-direction. obtained from DSC spectrum matches with the
prediction of JMatPro for 1S alloy.
Numerical simulation of dissimilar welding of
SS304 and the 8 alloys were performed using
birth and death technique in ANSYS. The
variation of residual stresses and distortion were
determined.
A minimum longitudinal tensile residual stress
of 51MPa was obtained for 1S alloy and a
maximum tensile stress of 80MPa was obtained
for 3N alloy.
The minimum transverse tensile residual stress
of 50MPa was obtained for 1S alloy and a
maximum tensile stress of 83MPa was obtained
fig 15: Transverse residual stress distribution along for 5N alloy.
the Alloy 1S has a minimum deflection of 0.25mm
Y-direction. at the weld.
From the results of Welding Simulation, 1S
alloy was found to give less residual stresses and
distortion than other alloys. Hence it can be
concluded that 1S alloy with composition 39.999Ni,
0.5Al, 20Mo, 10Cu, 22Fe, 6.5Mn, 1Ti, 0.001C is
more suitable compared to other alloys for
dissimilar welding with SS304. Experimental
Investigations can be performed on the weld
samples in order to determine the strength and other
properties of the weld in the future.
References
[1] ASM HandBook - Vol 02 - Properties and
fig 16: Vertical Deflection along the width of the Selection Nonferrous Alloys and Special-
plate. Purpose Materials(ASM
International,1990)
10. Conclusion [2] Susan r. Fiore, “Reducing Exposure to
The above study involves the development Hexavalent Chromium in Welding Fumes”
and optimization of 8 Cr free Ni based filler
materials for dissimilar welding of SS304. In the
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7. Vivek Vanamane, Santhosh kumar B, Nataraj J. R./ International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp. 1550-1556
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