This document discusses the performance analysis and minimization of black hole attacks in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It begins with an introduction to MANETs and discusses how they are vulnerable to black hole attacks. The document then describes the AODV routing protocol and how black hole attacks exploit vulnerabilities in the route discovery process. Existing detection and prevention techniques are outlined. The document proposes modifying the AODV protocol to implement an intrusion detection system (IDSAODV) that can detect and discard fraudulent route replies from black hole nodes, improving packet delivery. Simulation scenarios of varying node counts with and without black holes are used to analyze black hole behavior and evaluate the effectiveness of the IDSAODV approach.
Black hole Attack Avoidance Protocol for wireless Ad-Hoc networksijsrd.com
A Mobile Ad-Hoc Network is a collection of mobile nodes or a temporary network set up by wireless mobile nodes moving arbitrary in the places that have no network infrastructure in such a manner that the interconnections between nodes are capable of changing on continual basis. Thus the nodes find a path to the destination node using routing protocols. However, due to security vulnerabilities of the routing protocols, wireless ad-hoc networks are unprotected to attacks of the malicious nodes. Various attacks and one of those attacks is the Black Hole Attack against network integrity absorbing all data packets in the network. Since the data packets do not reach the destination node on account of this attack, data loss will occur. Therefore, it is a severe attack that can be easily employed against routing in mobile ad hoc networks. There are lots of detection and defense mechanisms to eliminate the intruder that carry out the black hole attack. . Virtual Infrastructure achieves reliable transmission in Mobile Ad Hoc Network. Black Hole Attack is the major problem to affect the Virtual Infrastructure. In this paper, approach on analyzing and improving the security of AODV, which is one of the popular routing protocols for MANET. Our aim is to ensuring the avoidance against Black hole attack.
An Ad hoc network in a wireless system consist of an autonomous system, without centralization which results forming of mobile nodes. In MANET, each node works in a dual form that consists of a router as well as hosts. These nodes configure dynamically and communicate using hop to hop. Due to its simplicity it is used in mobile conferencing, military communication. In MANET nodes can join and leave the network so MANET becomes vulnerable. Certain factors like dynamic network configures, distribution cooperation, open medium terrorized in routing which give rise to security issues. Once such protocol AODV has been a victim of security. In existing, MANET faces a severe problem known as the Black Hole problem. This Black hole problem is mostly found in reactive routing protocol called AODV.The black hole conducts its malicious node during route discovery process. Black hole node is a severe threat in AODV protocol that easily employed and becomes vulnerable in MANET. In this paper various techniques are discussed to overcome the Black hole attack.
Black hole Attack Avoidance Protocol for wireless Ad-Hoc networksijsrd.com
A Mobile Ad-Hoc Network is a collection of mobile nodes or a temporary network set up by wireless mobile nodes moving arbitrary in the places that have no network infrastructure in such a manner that the interconnections between nodes are capable of changing on continual basis. Thus the nodes find a path to the destination node using routing protocols. However, due to security vulnerabilities of the routing protocols, wireless ad-hoc networks are unprotected to attacks of the malicious nodes. Various attacks and one of those attacks is the Black Hole Attack against network integrity absorbing all data packets in the network. Since the data packets do not reach the destination node on account of this attack, data loss will occur. Therefore, it is a severe attack that can be easily employed against routing in mobile ad hoc networks. There are lots of detection and defense mechanisms to eliminate the intruder that carry out the black hole attack. . Virtual Infrastructure achieves reliable transmission in Mobile Ad Hoc Network. Black Hole Attack is the major problem to affect the Virtual Infrastructure. In this paper, approach on analyzing and improving the security of AODV, which is one of the popular routing protocols for MANET. Our aim is to ensuring the avoidance against Black hole attack.
An Ad hoc network in a wireless system consist of an autonomous system, without centralization which results forming of mobile nodes. In MANET, each node works in a dual form that consists of a router as well as hosts. These nodes configure dynamically and communicate using hop to hop. Due to its simplicity it is used in mobile conferencing, military communication. In MANET nodes can join and leave the network so MANET becomes vulnerable. Certain factors like dynamic network configures, distribution cooperation, open medium terrorized in routing which give rise to security issues. Once such protocol AODV has been a victim of security. In existing, MANET faces a severe problem known as the Black Hole problem. This Black hole problem is mostly found in reactive routing protocol called AODV.The black hole conducts its malicious node during route discovery process. Black hole node is a severe threat in AODV protocol that easily employed and becomes vulnerable in MANET. In this paper various techniques are discussed to overcome the Black hole attack.
One of the most popular areas of research is wireless communication. Mobile Ad Hoc network (MANET) is a network with wireless mobile nodes, infrastructure less and self organizing. With its wireless and distributed nature it is exposed to several security threats. One of the threats in MANET is the wormhole attack. In this attack a pair of attacker forms a virtual link thereby recording and replaying the wireless transmission. This paper presents types of wormhole attack and also includes different technique for detecting wormhole attack in MANET..
A Combined Approach for Worm-Hole and Black-Hole Attack Detection in MANETIJERA Editor
Mobile ad hoc network is a kind of wireless network, in this network all nodes are connected through the wireless links and perform cooperative communication.Due to limited radio range of these devices any time can leave or join the network. Therefore the routing techniques are responsible for the network organization and communication flow. Due to this the performance of MANET is low as compared with the traditional wired communication networks. In addition of that network is suffers from the probability of attacks. Thus in this paper MANET routing strategy and their attacks are investigated and learned. In addition of that in order to secure the communication recent approaches of security in MANET also investigated. Finally a new algorithm for prevention of malicious attack in MANET is suggested. Additionally the based on the concluded facts, future extension of the proposed work is also suggested.
A Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) is a self configuring, infrastructure less network of mobile devices
connected by wireless links. Loopholes like wireless medium, lack of a fixed infrastructure, dynamic
topology, rapid deployment practices, and the hostile environments in which they may be deployed, make
MANET vulnerable to a wide range of security attacks and Wormhole attack is one of them. During this
attack a malicious node captures packets from one location in the network, and tunnels them to another
colluding malicious node at a distant point, which replays them locally. This paper presents a cluster based
Wormhole attack avoidance technique. The concept of hierarchical clustering with a novel hierarchical 32-
bit node addressing scheme is used for avoiding the attacking path during the route discovery phase of the
DSR protocol, which is considered as the under lying routing protocol. Pinpointing the location of the
wormhole nodes in the case of exposed attack is also given by using this method.
Performance evaluation of rapid and spray and-wait dtn routing protocols unde...eSAT Journals
Abstract DTN (Delay Tolerant Network) is a new concept in the field of wireless networks. It enables communication in challenged environment where traditional network fails. Unlike other ad hoc wireless network it does not demand for end to end node connectivity. DTN is based on store carry and forward principle. This mechanism is implemented using bundle protocol. DTN nodes have capabilities such as radio interface, movement, persistent storage, message routing and energy consumption .Here a node might accumulate a message in its buffer and carry it for limited time, waiting till a suitable forwarding opportunity is acquired. Multiple message duplication into the network is done to increase delivery probability. The main objective of DTN Routing is to build a powerful network between various nodes (mobile devices, planetary vehicles etc) so that good delivery probability and less delay are obtained. This unique mechanism poses a security challenge. A sophisticated attack observed is black hole attack in which malicious intermediate node are present in network that can provide attacked forged metrics to another node. The aim of this work is to simulate and analyze routing protocol of DTN when nodes enter in environment with black hole attack. The work has been carried out with ONE (opportunistic network environment) simulator. The performance of routing protocols (RAPID and Spray and Wait) are tested for different number of attacking nodes. The analysis indicates there is decrease in delivery probability, hop count average and buffer time average. But latency average first increases and then start decreasing. The overhead ratio increases using Spray and Wait Protocol but with RAPID protocol, it decreases with increasing black hole attacking nodes. Index Terms: DTN, ONE, etc.
DESIGN OF A SCHEME FOR SECURE ROUTING IN MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKScscpconf
Security has become a primary concern in order to provide protected communication between
mobile nodes in a hostile environment. Unlike the wireline networks, the unique characteristics
of mobile ad hoc networks pose a number of nontrivial challenges to security design, such as
open peer-to-peer network architecture, shared wireless medium, stringent resource constraints,
and highly dynamic network topology. These challenges clearly make a case for building
multifence security solutions that achieve both broad protection and desirable network
performance. So,we focus on the fundamental security problem of protecting the multihop
network connectivity between mobile nodes in a MANET. We identify the security issues related
to this problem, discuss the challenges to security design, and review the state of-the-art security
proposals that protect the MANET link- and network-layer operations of delivering packets over the multihop wireless channel.
Performance evaluation of rapid and spray and-wait dtn routing protocols unde...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Black hole and Grey hole attack is most happening attacks in Mesh networks. Mesh networks means nonstatic
networks with making loops of networks with the help of active hotspots. In Wireless networks all the
communication between the nodes is happening wirelessly and the nodes are so much resource constraint
that it is difficult to employ any security solutions of other ad hoc networks. So they are attacked by
malicious nodes. In black hole attack the attacker windup all the information and dropped it.
In black hole attack, the series of RREQ (route request) and RREP (route reply) follows the smallest way of
networking communication. The fault node always transmit RREP message as it receives RREQ, while
managing the receivers sequence number. By the help of fault node packets are dropped. Sometimes fault
node is authorised and otherwise it is unauthorised. Black hole attack is type of routing attack and can
bring harm to whole network. Grey hole attack is the kind of denial of service attack. In this attack, the
router which is mesh behave just not well and a subset of packets are forward and handle by receiver but
leave by others. The presences of these attackers are hard to detect in wireless networks because over the
wireless link the packets are lost due to bad channel quality. This paper deals with the study of analysis of
delay occurs by these attack in Wireless Mesh networks and its types and also discuss about previous
study by which we get idea about attack occurs in networks and also study various techniques to detect and
prevent network from black hole and grey hole attack. Then we discuss about their result by using
simulator OPNET.
EAASR: Enhanced AASR Protocol to Reduce Traffic and Eliminate the Malicious N...paperpublications3
Abstract: Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are self-organizing the mobile nodes. It placed in adversary environments and it is vulnerable to security threats due to the characteristics of such networks. The main requirement on the networks is to provide unidentifiability and unlinkability for mobile networks. The existing protocols are not fully satisfied in this requirements. In this paper propose a new routing protocol that is enhanced authenticated anonymous secure routing (EAASR), to satisfy the unidentifiability and unlinkability. The new protocol provides less delay as compared with other protocol.
WDA: Wormhole Attack Detection Algorithm based on measuring Round Trip Delay ...ijsrd.com
The recent advancements in the wireless arena and their wide-spread utilization have introduced new security vulnerabilities. The wireless media being shared is exposed to outside world, so it is susceptible to various attacks at different layers of OSI network stack. For example, jamming and device tampering at the physical layer; disruption of the medium access control (MAC) layer; routing attacks like Blackhole, rushing, wormhole; targeted attacks on the transport protocol like session hijacking, SYN flooding or even attacks intended to disrupt specific applications through viruses, worms and Trojan Horses. Wormhole attack is one of the serious routing attacks amongst all the network layer attacks launched on MANET. Wormhole attack is launched by creation of tunnels and it leads to total disruption of the routing paths on MANET. In this paper, Wormhole detection algorithm (WDA) is proposed based on modifying the forwarding packet process that detects and isolates wormhole nodes in ad hoc on demand distance vector (AODV) routing protocol.
MANET is a dynamic network with large number of mobile nodes .As the traffic increases over the manet it will leads to number of problems i.e congestion and packet loss .This congestion and packet loss problems occurs due to the attack in manet .one of attack is black hole attack .As a result some packet loss over the network and slows the communication process.In this paper we are providing the solution against black hole attack which is based on fuzzy rule .fuzzy rule based solution identify the infected node as well as provide the solution to reduce data loss over network.
Modified AODV Algorithm using Data Mining Process: Classification and Clusteringidescitation
Security of Wireless Ad hoc network has a primary
concern to provide protected communication between mobile
nodes. When we routing some packet it can use both malicious
node or authenticate node for forwarding and receiving data.
Malicious node can attack like black hole, misuse of data or
hacked information. Our aim is to discuss the feasibility of
monitoring the node of different networks, to analyze it for
providing better security in AODV routing protocol. We
implement data mining techniques for search large amount
of data according characteristic rules and patterns to detect
malicious node. We have used growing neural gas (GNS)
clustering algorithm to make clusters and analysis data. Using
soft computing technique we find patterns, analysis node and
take decision based on decision tree.
We looked at the data. Here’s a breakdown of some key statistics about the nation’s incoming presidents’ addresses, how long they spoke, how well, and more.
My books- Hacking Digital Learning Strategies http://hackingdls.com & Learning to Go https://gum.co/learn2go
Resources at http://shellyterrell.com/emoji
One of the most popular areas of research is wireless communication. Mobile Ad Hoc network (MANET) is a network with wireless mobile nodes, infrastructure less and self organizing. With its wireless and distributed nature it is exposed to several security threats. One of the threats in MANET is the wormhole attack. In this attack a pair of attacker forms a virtual link thereby recording and replaying the wireless transmission. This paper presents types of wormhole attack and also includes different technique for detecting wormhole attack in MANET..
A Combined Approach for Worm-Hole and Black-Hole Attack Detection in MANETIJERA Editor
Mobile ad hoc network is a kind of wireless network, in this network all nodes are connected through the wireless links and perform cooperative communication.Due to limited radio range of these devices any time can leave or join the network. Therefore the routing techniques are responsible for the network organization and communication flow. Due to this the performance of MANET is low as compared with the traditional wired communication networks. In addition of that network is suffers from the probability of attacks. Thus in this paper MANET routing strategy and their attacks are investigated and learned. In addition of that in order to secure the communication recent approaches of security in MANET also investigated. Finally a new algorithm for prevention of malicious attack in MANET is suggested. Additionally the based on the concluded facts, future extension of the proposed work is also suggested.
A Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) is a self configuring, infrastructure less network of mobile devices
connected by wireless links. Loopholes like wireless medium, lack of a fixed infrastructure, dynamic
topology, rapid deployment practices, and the hostile environments in which they may be deployed, make
MANET vulnerable to a wide range of security attacks and Wormhole attack is one of them. During this
attack a malicious node captures packets from one location in the network, and tunnels them to another
colluding malicious node at a distant point, which replays them locally. This paper presents a cluster based
Wormhole attack avoidance technique. The concept of hierarchical clustering with a novel hierarchical 32-
bit node addressing scheme is used for avoiding the attacking path during the route discovery phase of the
DSR protocol, which is considered as the under lying routing protocol. Pinpointing the location of the
wormhole nodes in the case of exposed attack is also given by using this method.
Performance evaluation of rapid and spray and-wait dtn routing protocols unde...eSAT Journals
Abstract DTN (Delay Tolerant Network) is a new concept in the field of wireless networks. It enables communication in challenged environment where traditional network fails. Unlike other ad hoc wireless network it does not demand for end to end node connectivity. DTN is based on store carry and forward principle. This mechanism is implemented using bundle protocol. DTN nodes have capabilities such as radio interface, movement, persistent storage, message routing and energy consumption .Here a node might accumulate a message in its buffer and carry it for limited time, waiting till a suitable forwarding opportunity is acquired. Multiple message duplication into the network is done to increase delivery probability. The main objective of DTN Routing is to build a powerful network between various nodes (mobile devices, planetary vehicles etc) so that good delivery probability and less delay are obtained. This unique mechanism poses a security challenge. A sophisticated attack observed is black hole attack in which malicious intermediate node are present in network that can provide attacked forged metrics to another node. The aim of this work is to simulate and analyze routing protocol of DTN when nodes enter in environment with black hole attack. The work has been carried out with ONE (opportunistic network environment) simulator. The performance of routing protocols (RAPID and Spray and Wait) are tested for different number of attacking nodes. The analysis indicates there is decrease in delivery probability, hop count average and buffer time average. But latency average first increases and then start decreasing. The overhead ratio increases using Spray and Wait Protocol but with RAPID protocol, it decreases with increasing black hole attacking nodes. Index Terms: DTN, ONE, etc.
DESIGN OF A SCHEME FOR SECURE ROUTING IN MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKScscpconf
Security has become a primary concern in order to provide protected communication between
mobile nodes in a hostile environment. Unlike the wireline networks, the unique characteristics
of mobile ad hoc networks pose a number of nontrivial challenges to security design, such as
open peer-to-peer network architecture, shared wireless medium, stringent resource constraints,
and highly dynamic network topology. These challenges clearly make a case for building
multifence security solutions that achieve both broad protection and desirable network
performance. So,we focus on the fundamental security problem of protecting the multihop
network connectivity between mobile nodes in a MANET. We identify the security issues related
to this problem, discuss the challenges to security design, and review the state of-the-art security
proposals that protect the MANET link- and network-layer operations of delivering packets over the multihop wireless channel.
Performance evaluation of rapid and spray and-wait dtn routing protocols unde...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Black hole and Grey hole attack is most happening attacks in Mesh networks. Mesh networks means nonstatic
networks with making loops of networks with the help of active hotspots. In Wireless networks all the
communication between the nodes is happening wirelessly and the nodes are so much resource constraint
that it is difficult to employ any security solutions of other ad hoc networks. So they are attacked by
malicious nodes. In black hole attack the attacker windup all the information and dropped it.
In black hole attack, the series of RREQ (route request) and RREP (route reply) follows the smallest way of
networking communication. The fault node always transmit RREP message as it receives RREQ, while
managing the receivers sequence number. By the help of fault node packets are dropped. Sometimes fault
node is authorised and otherwise it is unauthorised. Black hole attack is type of routing attack and can
bring harm to whole network. Grey hole attack is the kind of denial of service attack. In this attack, the
router which is mesh behave just not well and a subset of packets are forward and handle by receiver but
leave by others. The presences of these attackers are hard to detect in wireless networks because over the
wireless link the packets are lost due to bad channel quality. This paper deals with the study of analysis of
delay occurs by these attack in Wireless Mesh networks and its types and also discuss about previous
study by which we get idea about attack occurs in networks and also study various techniques to detect and
prevent network from black hole and grey hole attack. Then we discuss about their result by using
simulator OPNET.
EAASR: Enhanced AASR Protocol to Reduce Traffic and Eliminate the Malicious N...paperpublications3
Abstract: Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are self-organizing the mobile nodes. It placed in adversary environments and it is vulnerable to security threats due to the characteristics of such networks. The main requirement on the networks is to provide unidentifiability and unlinkability for mobile networks. The existing protocols are not fully satisfied in this requirements. In this paper propose a new routing protocol that is enhanced authenticated anonymous secure routing (EAASR), to satisfy the unidentifiability and unlinkability. The new protocol provides less delay as compared with other protocol.
WDA: Wormhole Attack Detection Algorithm based on measuring Round Trip Delay ...ijsrd.com
The recent advancements in the wireless arena and their wide-spread utilization have introduced new security vulnerabilities. The wireless media being shared is exposed to outside world, so it is susceptible to various attacks at different layers of OSI network stack. For example, jamming and device tampering at the physical layer; disruption of the medium access control (MAC) layer; routing attacks like Blackhole, rushing, wormhole; targeted attacks on the transport protocol like session hijacking, SYN flooding or even attacks intended to disrupt specific applications through viruses, worms and Trojan Horses. Wormhole attack is one of the serious routing attacks amongst all the network layer attacks launched on MANET. Wormhole attack is launched by creation of tunnels and it leads to total disruption of the routing paths on MANET. In this paper, Wormhole detection algorithm (WDA) is proposed based on modifying the forwarding packet process that detects and isolates wormhole nodes in ad hoc on demand distance vector (AODV) routing protocol.
MANET is a dynamic network with large number of mobile nodes .As the traffic increases over the manet it will leads to number of problems i.e congestion and packet loss .This congestion and packet loss problems occurs due to the attack in manet .one of attack is black hole attack .As a result some packet loss over the network and slows the communication process.In this paper we are providing the solution against black hole attack which is based on fuzzy rule .fuzzy rule based solution identify the infected node as well as provide the solution to reduce data loss over network.
Modified AODV Algorithm using Data Mining Process: Classification and Clusteringidescitation
Security of Wireless Ad hoc network has a primary
concern to provide protected communication between mobile
nodes. When we routing some packet it can use both malicious
node or authenticate node for forwarding and receiving data.
Malicious node can attack like black hole, misuse of data or
hacked information. Our aim is to discuss the feasibility of
monitoring the node of different networks, to analyze it for
providing better security in AODV routing protocol. We
implement data mining techniques for search large amount
of data according characteristic rules and patterns to detect
malicious node. We have used growing neural gas (GNS)
clustering algorithm to make clusters and analysis data. Using
soft computing technique we find patterns, analysis node and
take decision based on decision tree.
We looked at the data. Here’s a breakdown of some key statistics about the nation’s incoming presidents’ addresses, how long they spoke, how well, and more.
My books- Hacking Digital Learning Strategies http://hackingdls.com & Learning to Go https://gum.co/learn2go
Resources at http://shellyterrell.com/emoji
32 Ways a Digital Marketing Consultant Can Help Grow Your BusinessBarry Feldman
How can a digital marketing consultant help your business? In this resource we'll count the ways. 24 additional marketing resources are bundled for free.
Study: The Future of VR, AR and Self-Driving CarsLinkedIn
We asked LinkedIn members worldwide about their levels of interest in the latest wave of technology: whether they’re using wearables, and whether they intend to buy self-driving cars and VR headsets as they become available. We asked them too about their attitudes to technology and to the growing role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the devices that they use. The answers were fascinating – and in many cases, surprising.
This SlideShare explores the full results of this study, including detailed market-by-market breakdowns of intention levels for each technology – and how attitudes change with age, location and seniority level. If you’re marketing a tech brand – or planning to use VR and wearables to reach a professional audience – then these are insights you won’t want to miss.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is everywhere, promising self-driving cars, medical breakthroughs, and new ways of working. But how do you separate hype from reality? How can your company apply AI to solve real business problems?
Here’s what AI learnings your business should keep in mind for 2017.
A black-hole attack in the Mobile Ad-hoc NETwork (MANET) is an attack occurs due to malicious nodes,
which attracts the data packets by falsely advertising a fresh route to the destination. In this paper, we
present a clustering approach in Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol for the
detection and prevention of black-hole attack in MANETs. In this approach every member of the cluster will
ping once to the cluster head, to detect the peculiar difference between the number of data packets received
and forwarded by the node. If anomalousness is perceived, all the nodes will obscure the malicious nodes
from the network.
Secure dynamic source routing protocol for defending black hole attacks in mo...nooriasukmaningtyas
Wireless Ad Hoc Network is a dynamically organized network on emergency
situations, in which a group of wireless devices send data among themselves
without requiring any base stations for forwarding data. Here the nodes itself
perform the functions of routing. This important characteristic of mobile ad
hoc networks allows the hassle free set up of the network for
communications in different crisis such as battlefield and natural disaster
zones. Multi hop communication in MANET is achieved by the cooperation
of nodes in forwarding data packets. This feature of MANET is largely
exploited to launch a security attack called black hole attack. A light weight
solution called SEC-DSR is proposed to defend the network from black hole
attack and enables communication among nodes even in the presence of
attackers. In this scheme, by analyzing only the control packets used for
routing in the network, the compromised nodes launching the attack are
identified. From the collective judgment by the participating nodes in the
routing path, a secure route free of black hole nodes is selected for
communication by the host. Simulation results validate and ensure the
effectiveness of the proposed solution tested on an ad hoc network with
compromised black hole nodes.
Review on Grey- Hole Attack Detection and PreventionIJARIIT
These Grey Hole attacks poses a serious security threat to the routing services by attacking the reactive routing protocols resulting in drastic drop of data packets. AODV (Ad hoc on demand Distance Vector) routing being one of the many protocols often becomes an easy victim to such attacks. The survey also gives up-to-date information of all the works that have been done in this area. Besides the security issues they also described the layered architecture of MANET, their applications and a brief summary of the proposed works that have been done in this area to secure the network from Grey Hole attacks
A NOVEL INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM FOR DETECTING BLACK-HOLE NODES IN MANETSFransiskeran
Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) are autonomous,infrastructure less, self-organized networks. In
MANETs, nodes are not stationary and thus move arbitrarily, resulting in rapid and unpredictable
topology changes in the network. Due to the limited transmission range of the nodes in the MANETs, these
nodes are not capable of directly communicating with each other. Hence, routing paths in MANETs
potentially contain multiple hops, and every node in it has the responsibility to act as a router.So, the
presence of any intermediate node in the route, which is either highly congested or behaving as a malicious
node, is likely to drop the packets. In computer networking, this type of attack is known as a packet drop
attack or black hole attack which is a type of denial-of-service attack in which a router that is supposed to
relay packets instead discards them. The proposed algorithm will detect black hole nodes in the network by
implementing changes into the existing AODV routing algorithm. The implementation of the algorithm was
being achieved using theNS-2 simulator.
Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is one kind of new wireless network
structures which is also known as infrastructure less network. Unlike devices in traditional
wireless LAN solution, all nodes are movable and the topology of the network is changing
dynamically in an Ad Hoc Network, which brings great challenges to the security of Mobile
Ad Hoc Networks. MANET is particularly vulnerable to various types of security attacks
due to its fundamental characteristics e.g. the lack of centralized monitoring, dynamic
network topology, open medium, autonomous terminal and management. As a result,
attackers can take advantage of flaws in routing protocols to carry out various attacks. The
black hole attack is one of such security issue in MANET. It could disturb the routing
protocol and bring about huge damage to the network’s topology. In this attack, a malicious
node gives false information of having shortest route to the destination node so as to get all
data packets and drops it. In this paper, we propose an algorithm which mitigates the
impact of black hole attack in AODV routing.
Abstract Mobile Ad Hoc Network(MANETs) is a wireless communications technology in which devices may move around. There is no fixed structure or network that all the participating nodes form. It is a very flexible network. These characteristicsof MANET make it very unsafe and prone to various attacks.Although many research focus on how to deliver packets fromone node to another, very less importance had been given tothe security. Current techniques of addressing security on thefixed structured wired network are only useful to protect thetransmitted message on the end nodes, the security of routinginformation among the mobile nodes in the hostile environmentwhere mobile Ad Hoc networks are usually used has beeninadequately addressed. Security and routing has been treatedseparately incase of wired network but that cannot be done inwireless network since routing itself can be a major reason fordata loss or theft if done in a casual manner making it prone toattack from malicious node.Hence the routing and security hasto be looked into as one and not separately. Making the routingsecured can make the MANET a more reliable network. We havemade the routing mechanism secured but extending Fuzzy logic toit. Fuzzy logic in deciding the route makes it less prone to attacksand thus ensuring enhanced security. The proposed scheme ofsecure routing will be demonstrated by using simulation on NS2. Keywords AODV, SAODV, Fuzzy Logic, Black holeattack.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Survey of wormhole attack in wireless sensor networksCSITiaesprime
From the last decade, a wireless sensor network (WSN) has a very important role over the networks. The primary features of WSN include satellite communication, broadcast channel, hostile environment, medical system and data gathering. There are a lot of attacks available in WSN. In wormhole attack scenario is brutal from other attacks, which is smoothly resolved in networks but tough to observe. This survey paper is an experiment to observing threats and also focuses on some different method to identify the wormhole attacks.
Review on Detection & Prevention Methods for Black Hole Attack on AODV based ...IJERD Editor
Dynamic nature of Mobile Ad-hoc networks (MANET) challenges the quality of service (QoS)
because route failure probability is increased in MANET due to the mobility of nodes. Lack of fixed
infrastructure, wireless shared medium and dynamic topology makes MANET prone to different types of
attacks. Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol in MANETs which is vulnerable to a
variety of security threats in ad-hoc networks. Black hole attack is an attack that drop considerable number of
packet by performing packet forwarding misbehaviour and violate the security to cause Denial-of-Service
(DoS) in Mobile Ad-hoc networks (MANET). In this paper we investigate different mechanism to detect and
prevent black hole attack in AODV protocol. We also discuss about advantages and disadvantages of the
methods.
Vampire attack a novel method for detecting vampire attacks in wireless ad –h...IJLT EMAS
Ad-hoc wireless networks are dynamic in nature. Adhoc
networks are not depends on any predefined infrastructure.
Whenever there is need of communication at that point these
network can be deployed. In this paper we discuss Vampire
attacks. All protocols susceptible for vampire attack. Vampire
attacks are very easy to carry out throughout the network and
difficult to detect. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are the
foremost promising research direction in sensing and pervasive
computing. Previous security work has focused totally on denial
of service at the routing or medium access management levels.
Earlier, the resource depletion attacks are thought about solely
as a routing drawback, very recently these are classified into new
category as “vampire attacks”. Planned work examines the
resource depletion attacks at the routing protocol layer that
disable networks permanently by quickly debilitating node’s
battery power.
Vampire attack a novel method for detecting vampire attacks in wireless ad –h...
Id2414301437
1. Ranjeet Suryawanshi, Sunil Tamhankar / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue4, July-August 2012, pp.1430-1437
Performance Analysis And Minimization Of Black Hole Attack In
MANET
Ranjeet Suryawanshi*, Sunil Tamhankar**
*(Department of Electronics, Walchand College of Engineering, Sangli,
Maharashtra 416415, India
** (Associate Professor, Department of Electronics, Walchand College of Engineering, Sangli,
Maharashtra 416415, India
ABSTRACT
A Wireless ad-hoc network is a temporary lot of attacks. One of these attacks is the Black Hole
network set up by wireless mobile computers (or attack. In the Black Hole attack, a malicious node
nodes) moving arbitrary in the places that have no absorbs all data packets in itself. In this way, all packets
network infrastructure. Since the nodes in the network are dropped. A malicious node dropping
communicate with each other, they cooperate by all the traffic in the network makes use of the
forwarding data packets to other nodes in the vulnerabilities of the route discovery packets of the on
network. Thus the nodes find a path to the demand protocols, such as AODV. In route discovery
destination node using routing protocols. However, process of AODV protocol, intermediate nodes are
due to security vulnerabilities of the routing responsible to find a fresh path to the destination,
protocols, wireless ad-hoc networks are unprotected sending discovery packets to the neighbor nodes.
to attacks of the malicious nodes. One of these Malicious nodes do not use this process and instead,
attacks is the Black Hole Attack against network they immediately respond to the source node with false
integrity absorbing all data packets in the network. information as though it has fresh enough path to the
Since the data packets do not reach the destination destination. Therefore source node sends its data
node on account of this attack, data loss will occur. packets via the malicious node to the destination
There are lots of detection and defense mechanisms assuming it is a true path. Black Hole attack may occur
to eliminate the intruder that carry out the black due to a malicious node which is deliberately
hole attack. We simulated the black hole attack in misbehaving, as well as a damaged node interface.
various wireless ad-hoc network scenarios and have
tried to find a response system in simulations. II. AODV ROUTING PROTOCOL
Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV)
Keywords - MANET (Mobile ad hoc network), [1] is an on demand routing protocol which is used to
AODV(On-demand distance vector routing find a route between the source and destination node as
protocol), IDS(Intrusion detection system). needed. It uses control messages such as Route Request
(RREQ), and Route Reply (RREP) for establishing a
I. INTRODUCTION path from the source to the destination. Header
Wireless ad-hoc networks are composed of information of these control messages are also
autonomous nodes that are self- managed without any explained in [1] . When the source node wants to make
infrastructure. In this way, ad-hoc networks have a a connection with the destination node, it broadcasts an
dynamic topology such that nodes can easily join or RREQ message. This RREQ message is propagated
leave the network at any time. They have many from the source, and received by neighbors
potential applications, especially, in military and rescue (intermediate nodes) of the source node. The
areas such as connecting soldiers on the battle field or intermediate nodes broadcast the RREQ message to
establishing a new network in place of a network which their neighbors. This process goes on until the packet is
collapsed after a disaster like an earthquake. Ad-hoc received by destination node or an intermediate node
networks are suitable for areas where it is not possible that has a fresh enough route entry for the destination in
to set up a fixed infrastructure. Since the nodes its routing table. Fresh enough means that the
communicate with each other without an infrastructure, intermediate node has a valid route to the destination
they provide the connectivity by forwarding packets established earlier than a time period set as a threshold.
over themselves. To Support this connectivity, nodes Use of a reply from an intermediate node rather than the
use some routing protocols such as AODV (Ad-hoc On- destination reduces the route establishment time and
Demand Distance Vector) [1], DSR (Dynamic Source also the control traffic in the network.
Routing) and DSDV(Destination-Sequenced Distance- Sequence numbers are also used in the RREP
Vector). messages and they serve as time stamps and allow
Besides acting as a host, each node also acts as nodes to compare how fresh their information on the
a router to discover a path and forward packets to the other node is. When a node sends any type of routing
correct node in the network. As wireless ad-hoc control message, RREQ, RREP, RERR etc., it increases
networks lack an infrastructure, they are exposed to a its own sequence number. Higher sequence number is
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Vol. 2, Issue4, July-August 2012, pp.1430-1437
assumed to be more accurate information and whichever
node sends the highest sequence number, its VI. EXISTING TECHNIQUE
information is considered most up to date and route is Researchers have proposed various techniques
established over this node by the other nodes. to prevent black hole attack in mobile ad-hoc networks.
H. Weerasinghe and H. Fu [2], introduces the use of
III. BLACK HOLE ATTACK DRI (Data Routing Information) to keep track of past
A Black Hole attack is a kind of denial of routing experience among mobile nodes in the network
service where a malicious node can attract all packets and crosschecking of RREP messages from
by falsely claiming a fresh route to the destination and intermediate nodes by source nodes. The main
then absorb them without forwarding them to the drawback of this technique is that mobile nodes have to
destination. In an ad-hoc network that uses the AODV maintain an extra database of past routing experiences
protocol, a black hole node pretends to have fresh in addition to a routine work of maintaining their
enough routes to all destinations requested by all the routing table. It is evident that maintaining past routing
nodes and absorbs the network traffic. When a source experiences wastes memory space as well as consuming
node broadcasts the RREQ message for any destination, a significant amount of processing time which
the black hole node immediately responds with an contributes to slow communication. The second
RREP message that includes the highest sequence drawback is over consumption of limited bandwidth.
number and this message is perceived as if it is coming Cross-checking of the validity of routes contained in
from the destination or from a node which has a fresh RREP message from an intermediate node is
enough route to the destination. The source assumes that implemented by sending a FREQ (Further Request)
the destination is behind the black hole and discards the message to the next-hop of the particular intermediate
other RREP packets coming from other nodes. The node. Sending additional FREQ messages consumes a
source then starts to send out its data packets to the significant amount of bandwidth from an already
black hole trusting that these packets will reach the limited and precious resource.
destination. H. Deng, W. Li and D. Agrawal [3], research is
similar to Weerasinghe’s technique except an additional
weakness of inability to prevent attack from multiple
black hole nodes. P. Raj and P. Swadas [4], proposed an
adequate solution by checking RREP messages from
intermediate nodes for possible intrusion activities. This
technique is successful based on the assumption of
cooperation between nodes. If a mobile node discovers
a possible attack by an intruder, the discovering node
notifies all other nodes the presence of an attack by
broadcasting an ALARM message. This process takes a
considerable amount of time to notify all nodes for a
Fig1.RREQ Broadcast large network in addition to the network overhead that
can be caused by ALARM broadcast.
A malicious node sends RREP messages
without checking its routing table for a fresh route to a V.PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
destination. As shown in Fig. 1 above, source node 0 5.1 Implementing BLACKHOLEAODV Protocol
broadcasts an RREQ message to discover a route for To analyse the black hole behavior we modify
sending packets to destination node 2. An RREQ the AODV protocol. All the routing protocols in NS are
broadcast from node 0 is received by neighboring nodes installed in directory of “ns-2.34”.We start the work by
1, 3 and 4. However, malicious node 4 sends an RREP duplicating AODV protocol and changing the name to
message immediately without even having a route to “BLACKHOLEAODV”. All the files that are labeled as
destination node 2. An RREP message from a malicious “aodv” are changed to “blackholeaodv” such as
node is the first to arrive at a source node. Hence, a blackholeaodv.cc, blackholeaodv.h, blackholeaodv.tcl,
source node updates its routing table for the new route blackholeaodv_rqueue.cc, blackholeaodv_rqueue.h etc.
to the particular destination node and discards any in this new directory except for “aodv-packet.h”.
RREP message from other neighboring nodes even from Because both AODV and Black Hole AODV protocol
an actual destination node. Once a source node saves a will send each other the same AODV packets. We have
route, it starts sending buffered data packets to a changed all classes, functions, structs, variables and
malicious node hoping they will be forwarded to a constant names in all the files in the directory except
destination node. Nevertheless, a malicious node struct names that belongs to AODV packet.h code.
(performing a black hole attack) drops all data packets The First file modified is “tcllibns-lib.tcl”
rather than forwarding them on. where protocol agent are coded as procedure. When
the nodes use blackholeaodv protocol, this agen t is
scheduled at the beginning of simulation and is
assigned to the nodes that will use blackholeaodv
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Vol. 2, Issue4, July-August 2012, pp.1430-1437
protocol. The agent procedure for blackholeaodv is
shown in figure 2.
Second file modified is “makefile” in the root
directory of “ns-2.34”. After all implementations are
ready , we have to complile NS-2 again to create object
files. We have added the lines show in figure 3 to the
“makefile”.
Fig 5. Case statement for choosing AODV control
message types
Fig 2. “blackholeaodv” protocol agent is added in
“tcllibns-lib.tcl” If the packet is an AODV management packet,
“recv" function sends it to “recvblackholeAODV"
function. “recvblackholeAODV" function checks the
type of the AODV management packet and based on the
packet type it sends them to appropriate function with a
“case" statement.For instance; RREQ packets are sent to
the “recvRequest" function, RREP packets to
Fig 3. Addition to “makefile” “recvReply" function etc. case statements of
“recvblackholeAODV" function is shown in fig 5.
So far, we have implemented a new routing
protocol which is labeled as blackholeaodv. But Black
Hole behaviors have not yet been implemented in this
new routing protocol.To add Black Hole behavior into
the new AODV protocol we made some changes in
blackholeaodv/blackholeaodv.cc C++ file.We will
describe these changes we made in
blackholeaodv/blackholeaodv.cc file explaining
working mechanism of the AODV and Black Hole
AODV protocols below. When a packet is received by Fig 6. False RREP message of Black Hole Attack
the “recv" function of the “aodv/aodv.cc", it processes
the packets based on its type.If packet type is any of the In our case we will consider the RREQ
many AODV route management packets, it sends the function because Black Hole behavior is carried out as
packet to the “recvAODV" function .If the received the malicious node receives an RREQ packet. When
packet is a data packet, normally AODV protocol sends malicious node receives an RREQ packet it immediately
it to the destination address, but behaving as a Black sends RREP packet as if it has fresh enough path to the
Hole it drops all data packets .In the code below, the destination. Malicious node tries to deceive nodes
first “if" condition provides the node to receive data sending such an RREP packet. Highest sequence
packets if it is the destination.The “else" condition drops number of AODV protocol is 4294967295, 32 bit
all remaining packets. unsigned integer value . Values of RREP packet that
malicious node will send are described below. The
sequence number is set to 4294967295 and hop count is
set to 1. The false RREP message of the Black Hole
Attack is shown in fig 6. After all changes are finished
we have recompiled all NS-2 files to create object files.
Fig 4. “If” statement for dropping or accepting
packets.
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Vol. 2, Issue4, July-August 2012, pp.1430-1437
5.1.1) Simple Wireless Scenario 5.1.3) 25 Nodes with One Black Hole
The first scenario is simple wireless scenario In this scenario 24 Node is the Black Hole node
where there is no any Black Hole Node, connection which absorb all incoming packets from source without
between Node 0 and Node 4 is correctly flawed when forwarding to destination.
we look at the animation of the simulation, using NAM
.The packets are transmitted by source node to 5.2 Implementing IDSAODV Protocol
destination node via node 1 and node 5.
To minimize the effect of blackhole node and
5.1.2) 12 Nodes with One Black Hole improve the packet delivery ratio we modify the AODV
protocol as IDSAODV. Therefore, we cloned the
“aodv” protocol, changing it to “idsaodv” as we did
“blackholeaodv” before. As the black hole send an
RREP message without checking the tables, it is more
likely for the first RREP to arrive from the Black Hole.
The IDSAODV Protocol will check the RREP packet
from Black Hole node for minimum path to destination
and maximum destination sequence number. The
IDSAODV Protocol will discard the first RREP packet
from Black Hole node and choose second RREP packet
that comes from destination. The IDSAODV Protocol
will find another path to destination ,other than Black
Hole path. To analyse the black hole we changed the
receive RREQ function (recvRequest) of the
blackholeaodv.cc file but to implement the solution we
had to change the receive RREP function (recvReply)
and create RREP caching mechanism to check the
RREP from Black Hole. To see the effect of IDSAODV
In this scenario Black Hole nodes absorb all we configure the nodes as IDSAODV Protocol and
incoming packets from source. When source wish to observed the performance parameters. We used same
send data on network it sends RREQ message on scenarios as we used for normal AODV and
network .All the nodes on network receives that BLACKHOLEAODV to do the comparison.
message, but Black Hole node immediately responds
with RREP message to source. The source then starts
sending packets to Black hole node assuming that it will
transfer it to destination .But Black Hole nodes absorb
all the packets without forwarding it to destination.
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Vol. 2, Issue4, July-August 2012, pp.1430-1437
In the “recvReply" function, we first control if
the RREP message arrived for itself and if it did,
function looks the RREP message up if it has already
arrived .If it did not, it inserts the RREP message for its
destination address and returns from the function. If the
RREP message is cached before for the same destination
address, normal RREP function is carried out.
Afterwards, if the RREP message is not meant for itself
the node forwards the message to its appropriate
neighbor. Figure 8 shows how the receive RREP
message function of the idsaodv is carried out.
5.2.1) 12 Nodes with IDSAODV
This is the scenario with IDSAODV. We use
Fig 7. RREP Caching Mechanism same scenario as we used for BLACKHOLEAODV
,here we configure nodes as IDSAODV instead of
The RREP chaching mechanism is shown in fig. 7. AODV . In IDSAODV the source node will check
“rrepinsert" function is for adding RREP messages, RREP from Black Hole node for maximum sequence
“rrep lookup"function is for looking any RREP message number and minimum route to destination ,it discard
up if it is exist,“rrep remove" function is for removing the message and find other route to destination. The
any record for RREP message that arrived from defined Packet Delivery Ratio is improved by 73 % for 12 node
node and purge" function is to delete periodically from scenario.
the list if it has expired. We chose this expire time 5.2.2) 25 Nodes with IDSAODV
“BCAST ID SAVE" as 6.
Fig 8. Receive RREP function of IDSAODV
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Vol. 2, Issue4, July-August 2012, pp.1430-1437
This is the scenario of 25 nodes with one Black 6.2 Performance Parameters with Black Hole
Hole.The Packet Delivery Ratio for this scenario is 90%. 6.2.1 With One Black Hole
12 16 21 25
5.2.3) IDSAODV with Two Black Hole Parameters
nodes nodes nodes nodes
Generated
10938 13125 6721 5601
Packets
Received
0 0 0 4
Packets
Packet
Delivery Ratio 0 0 0 0.07
(%)
Data Packets 10810 13132 6727 5497
Control
10810 13131 6726 5497
Packets
Total Dropped
10938 13125 6721 5597
Packets
Control
100 99.99 99.98 100
Overhead (%)
Average
0 0 0 1.420
Throughput
Average
0 0 0 147.1
VI. SIMULATION RESULT Delay(ms)
6.1 Performance Parameters without Black Hole 6.2.2 With Two Black Hole
12 16 21 25 9 14 25
Parameters Parameter
nodes nodes nodes nodes nodes nodes nodes
Generated Generated Packets 27345 10749 10938
13844 13935 13241 21411
Packets
Received Received Packets 0 0 11
13766 13867 13158 21357
Packets
Packet Packet Delivery Ratio
0 0 0.10
Delivery Ratio 99.43 99.51 99.37 99.74 (%)
(%) Data Packets 22419 10626 15777
Data Packets 24203 24225 23891 23531
Control Packets 22298 10626 15775
Control
24151 24177 23784 23495
Packets Total Dropped Packets 27345 10749 10921
Total Dropped
78 68 83 54
Packets Control Overhead (%) 99.46 100 99.98
Control
99.78 99.80 99.55 99.84 Average
Overhead (%) 0 0 3.89
Average Throughput(kbps)
387.19 390.07 370.18 600.18
Throughput Average Delay(ms) 0 0 65.20
Average
209.03 208.85 211.57 133.30
Delay(ms)
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Vol. 2, Issue4, July-August 2012, pp.1430-1437
6.3 Performance Parameters with IDSAODV VII. SIMULATION GRAPH
6.3.1 With One Black Hole
7.1 Packet Delivery Ratio Comparison
12 16 21 25
Parameters
nodes nodes nodes nodes
Generated
10938 13125 6721 5601
Packets
Received
8014 9737 5835 5051
Packets
Packet Delivery
73.26 74.186 86.82 90.18
Ratio (%)
Data Packets 16400 19950 12205 10140
Control Packets 16096 19636 11993 10140
Total Dropped
2924 3388 886 550
Packets
Control
98.15 98.43 98.26 100
Overhead (%)
Average For without Black Hole Scenario (Normal AODV)
328.26 332.37 199.19 206.97 the Packet Delivery Ratio is between 98 to 99%.For with
Throughput
Black Hole Scenario (Standard Parameters) the Packet
Average
614.60 580.78 910.86 1266 Delivery Ratio is almost 0%.For IDSAODV Scenario the
Delay(ms)
Packet Delivery Ratio is improved between 73 to 90%.
6.3.2 With Two Black Hole 7.2 Average Delay Comparison
Parameter 14 nodes 25 nodes
Generated Packets 10749 10938
Received Packets 7912 8372
Packet Delivery Ratio 73.60% 76.5405%
Data Packets 16206 16800
Control Packets 15910 16766
Total Dropped
2837 2566
Packets
Control Overhead 98.17% 99.79%
Average For without Black Hole Scenario the Average
324.135 342.92 Delay decreases as Generated Packets increases .For
Throughput(kbps)
with Black Hole Scenario the Average Delay is 0 with
Average Delay(ms) 622.07 771.137
Packet Delivery Ratio 0.For IDSAODV Scenario the
Average Delay increases as Packet Delivery Ratio
improves.
VIII. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we analyzed the effect of Black
Hole in AODV network. For this we implemented an
AODV protocol that behaves as Black Hole in NS2.
Having simulated the black hole attack , we saw that the
packet loss is increased in ad-hoc network. The Black
Hole Attack affects the overall network connectivity
and causes data loss in network.
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Vol. 2, Issue4, July-August 2012, pp.1430-1437
Therefore to minimize the black hole effect, we on Parallel and Distributed Processing with
implemented IDSAODV protocol .The IDSAODV Application.
protocol will improve the packet delivery ratio and
minimize the data loss. The advantage of this approach
is the implemented protocol does not make any
modification in packet format hence can work together
with AODV protocol. Another advantage is that the
proposed IDSAODV does not require any additional
overhead and require minimum modification in AODV
protocol.
IX. FUTURE WORK
The proposed strategy is tested for standard
parameters of black hole node such as maximum
destination sequence number and minimum hop count.
But the malicious node changes their strategy could be
considered as future work.
X. REFERENCES
[1] C. E. Perkins, E. Beliding-Royer, and S. Das, “Ad
hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) routing,”
IETF Internet Draft, MANET working group, Jan.
2004.
[2] Hesiri Weerasinghe and Huirong Fu, Preventing
Cooperative Black Hole Attacks in Mobile Ad Hoc
Networks:Simulation Implementation and
Evaluation International Journal of Software
Engineering and Its Applications Vol. 2,
No.3(2008)pp.39-5.
[3] H. Deng, W. Li, and D. Agrawal, Routing security
in wireless ad-hoc network,IEEE Communications
Magazine, vol. 40, no. 10 (2002).
[4] P. Raj and P. Swadas, A dynamic learning system
against black hole attack in AODV based
MANET,IJCSI International Journal of Computer
Science, Vol.2, (2009).
[5] Semih Dokurer, Y.M. Erten, and Can Erkin Acar-
Performance Analysis of Ad-hoc Networks under
Black Hole Attacks , Proc. of the IEEE
SoutheastCon, pp. 148-153, 2007.
[6] Latha Tamilselvan and Dr. V Sankaranarayanan,
Prevention of Blackhole Attack in MANET, The
2nd International Conference on Wireless
Broadband and Ultra Wideband Communications
(Aus Wireless 2007).
[7] Yibeltal Fantahun Alem and Zhao Cheng Xuan ,
Preventing Black Hole Attack in Mobile Ad-hoc
Networks Using Anomaly Detection,2010 2nd
International Conference on Future Computer and
Communication.
[8] Ming-Yang Su, Kun-Lin Chiang and Wei-Cheng
Liao , Mitigation of Black Hole Nodes in Mobile Ad
Hoc Networks,2010 IEEE International Symposium
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