To give sheltered and symphonies stream of movement , particular standards are given by each administration . There are certain rules laid down by the government of most of the countries for the safe, systematic and orderly movement of vehicles and traffic. Many of these rules are displayed through traffic signs to help the driver to follow while driving. The Traffic Sign Detection and Recognition (TSDR) perceives the activity signs by dissecting pictures /recordings taken from a camera system and helps in detecting and recognizing the traffic signs by analyzing images / videos captured by the camera planted on the car. This framework has many elements which help the driver in enhancing the well being and solace; today it is broadly utilized as a part of discovery and acknowledgement of our perceived signs. The framework of system can be developed using two algorithms, first is the detection of the image followed by its recognition. In wake of getting the best possible information for recognition we utilize the diverse morphological handling procedures. Colour Image processing play an vital role in the detection of the traffic sign. In this paper we chiefly accentuation on the color/shade of the activity sign for its recognition on the grounds that in many spots a standard arrangement of hues are utilized as a part of movement sign like red is used in prohibition signs. In the directional signs blue is the foundation shading in the directional signs and yellow is chosen for warning signs.
To give sheltered and symphonies stream of movement , particular standards are given by each administration . There are certain rules laid down by the government of most of the countries for the safe, systematic and orderly movement of vehicles and traffic. Many of these rules are displayed through traffic signs to help the driver to follow while driving. The Traffic Sign Detection and Recognition (TSDR) perceives the activity signs by dissecting pictures /recordings taken from a camera system and helps in detecting and recognizing the traffic signs by analyzing images / videos captured by the camera planted on the car. This framework has many elements which help the driver in enhancing the well being and solace; today it is broadly utilized as a part of discovery and acknowledgement of our perceived signs. The framework of system can be developed using two algorithms, first is the detection of the image followed by its recognition. In wake of getting the best possible information for recognition we utilize the diverse morphological handling procedures. Colour Image processing play an vital role in the detection of the traffic sign. In this paper we chiefly accentuation on the color/shade of the activity sign for its recognition on the grounds that in many spots a standard arrangement of hues are utilized as a part of movement sign like red is used in prohibition signs. In the directional signs blue is the foundation shading in the directional signs and yellow is chosen for warning signs.
This presentation explains the Transform coding in easiest method possible. The graphics and diagrammatic representations are worth looking for. Simple language is another pro.
morphological tecnquies in image processingsoma saikiran
it describes you about different types of morphological techniques in image processing and what is the function and applications of morphological tecniques in image processing
"FingerPrint Recognition Using Principle Component Analysis(PCA)”Er. Arpit Sharma
Fingerprint recognition is one of the oldest and most popular biometric technologies and it is used in criminal investigations, civilian, commercial applications, and so on. Fingerprint matching is the process used to determine whether the two sets of fingerprints details come from the same finger or not. This work focuses on feature extraction and minutiae matching stage. There are many matching techniques used for fingerprint recognition systems such as minutiae based matching, pattern based matching, Correlation based matching, and image based matching.
A new method based upon Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for fingerprint enhancement is proposed in this paper. PCA is a useful statistical technique that has found application in fields such as face recognition and image compression, and is a common technique for finding patterns in data of high dimension. In the proposed method image is first decomposed into directional images using decimation free Directional Filter bank DDFB. Then PCA is applied to these directional fingerprint images which gives the PCA filtered images. Which are basically directional images? Then these directional images are reconstructed into one image which is the enhanced one. Simulation results are included illustrating the capability of the proposed method.
This presentation explains the Transform coding in easiest method possible. The graphics and diagrammatic representations are worth looking for. Simple language is another pro.
morphological tecnquies in image processingsoma saikiran
it describes you about different types of morphological techniques in image processing and what is the function and applications of morphological tecniques in image processing
"FingerPrint Recognition Using Principle Component Analysis(PCA)”Er. Arpit Sharma
Fingerprint recognition is one of the oldest and most popular biometric technologies and it is used in criminal investigations, civilian, commercial applications, and so on. Fingerprint matching is the process used to determine whether the two sets of fingerprints details come from the same finger or not. This work focuses on feature extraction and minutiae matching stage. There are many matching techniques used for fingerprint recognition systems such as minutiae based matching, pattern based matching, Correlation based matching, and image based matching.
A new method based upon Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for fingerprint enhancement is proposed in this paper. PCA is a useful statistical technique that has found application in fields such as face recognition and image compression, and is a common technique for finding patterns in data of high dimension. In the proposed method image is first decomposed into directional images using decimation free Directional Filter bank DDFB. Then PCA is applied to these directional fingerprint images which gives the PCA filtered images. Which are basically directional images? Then these directional images are reconstructed into one image which is the enhanced one. Simulation results are included illustrating the capability of the proposed method.
Enhanced Optimization of Edge Detection for High Resolution Images Using Veri...ijcisjournal
dge Detection plays a crucial role in Image Processing and Segmentation where a set of algorithms aims
to identify various portions of a digital image at which a sharpened image is observed in the output or
more formally has discontinuities. The contour of Edge Detection also helps in Object Detection and
Recognition. Image edges can be detected by using two attributes such as Gradient and Laplacian. In our
Paper, we proposed a system which utilizes Canny and Sobel Operators for Edge Detection which is a
Gradient First order derivative function for edge detection by using Verilog Hardware Description
Language and in turn compared with the results of the previous paper in Matlab. The process of edge
detection in Verilog significantly reduces the processing time and filters out unneeded information, while
preserving the important structural properties of an image. This edge detection can be used to detect
vehicles in Traffic Jam, Medical imaging system for analysing MRI, x-rays by using Xilinx ISE Design
Suite 14.2.
Segmentation and recognition of handwritten digit numeral string using a mult...ijfcstjournal
In this paper, the use of Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) Neural Network model is proposed for recognizing
unconstrained offline handwritten Numeral strings. The Numeral strings are segmented and isolated
numerals are obtained using a connected component labeling (CCL) algorithm approach. The structural
part of the models has been modeled using a Multilayer Perceptron Neural Network. This paper also
presents a new technique to remove slope and slant from handwritten numeral string and to normalize the
size of text images and classify with supervised learning methods. Experimental results on a database of
102 numeral string patterns written by 3 different people show that a recognition rate of 99.7% is obtained
on independent digits contained in the numeral string of digits includes both the skewed and slant data.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
1. Image Processing (KCS-062):
Unit-5: Image compression, Representation, Pattern
classes and Matching
Dr. Radhey Shyam
Professor
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
BIET Lucknow
(Affiliated to Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University
Unit-5 have been compiled/prepared by Dr. Radhey Shyam, with grateful acknowledgment who made their
course contents freely available. Feel free to use this study material for your own academic purposes. For
any query, the communication can be made through my mail shyam0058@gmail.com.
Course Outcome of Unit-5, the students will be able to explain the basic concepts of Image
compression,Representation, and Pattern classes and Matching.
Date: July 17, 2021
17. 01/12/2020
Gianni Ramponi
http://www.units.it/ramponi Digital Image Processing
Representation of a shape
Representation of a shape
Skeletons represent (non-univocally) a shape by reducing it to a graph
Medial axis transform (Blum 1967):
points that have more than one closest boundary points.
Also built using a prairie fire process
• object is a field of dry grass
• fire is simultaneously lit along the boundary
• fire propagates at uniform velocity
• skeleton is the set of quench points, where two independent fire-fronts
meet
Highly sensitive
to small details
Gianni Ramponi
http://www.units.it/ramponi Digital Image Processing
Representation of a shape
Representation of a shape
Skeletons represent (non-univocally) a shape by reducing it to a graph
Digital approaches can simulate the grassfire propagation using
• iterative constrained erosion process
• centers of maximal balls in distance-transform domain (together with
their radii, they permit exact reconstruction of the object)
• centers of the enclosed balls that touch the object boundary at two or
more disjoint locations.
Gianni Ramponi
http://www.units.it/ramponi Digital Image Processing
Boundary descriptors
Boundary descriptors
Simple descriptors:
• length
e.g., for 8-connected chain code:
horiz. components + vert. components + 21/2 diag. components
• order
no. ef elements in the code (same as above without 21/2 factor)
• diameter
length of the major axis: max(D(pi,pj)) where D is a distance and
pi , pj are points on the boundary. The minor axis is orthogonal to
the major axis, and has length [no matter its position] that permits
to determine the
• basic rectangle that minimally encloses the boundary
• eccentricity of the basic rectangle (major/minor axes ratio)
Gianni Ramponi
http://www.units.it/ramponi Digital Image Processing
Boundary descriptors
Boundary descriptors
• shape number: first-difference code of smallest magnitude
(treating the chain code as a circular sequence)
All the shapes of
order 4, 6, 8
The dot is the
starting point
18. 01/12/2020
Gianni Ramponi
http://www.units.it/ramponi Digital Image Processing
Boundary descriptors
Boundary descriptors
Steps in the
generation of a shape
number
It is advisable to
normalize the grid
orientation by aligning
the chain code grid to
the basic rectangle
(note: poor drawing of
the basic rectangle in
this fig., or may indicate
small set of available
discrete orientations)
Gianni Ramponi
http://www.units.it/ramponi Digital Image Processing
Boundary descriptors
Boundary descriptors
• 1-D Fourier descriptors
the sequence of boundary points is treated as a sequence of points in
the complex plane
- It becomes a complex 1-D descriptor
- Can be DFT-transformed
Gianni Ramponi
http://www.units.it/ramponi Digital Image Processing
Boundary descriptors
Boundary descriptors
Different approximated descriptions are obtained by dropping some
DFT coefficients
Gianni Ramponi
http://www.units.it/ramponi Digital Image Processing
Boundary descriptors
Boundary descriptors
19. 01/12/2020
Gianni Ramponi
http://www.units.it/ramponi Digital Image Processing
Boundary descriptors
Boundary descriptors
Fourier descriptors are not insensitive to translation etc.,
but their effects on the transform coefficients are known:
Gianni Ramponi
http://www.units.it/ramponi Digital Image Processing
Boundary descriptors
Boundary descriptors
• Statistical moments
A portion of a boundary can be described as a 1-D function
(stopping when the distance from the origin stops growing)
Then, statistical moments (mean, variance, skewness, kurtosis, …)
can be used to describe it
• Treat g(r) as a discrete r.v. v in the range [0, A-1] (quantized
levels on the g(r) axis above), having a pdf p(vi)
• Its n-th central moment is
mn(v)=Si (vi-m)n p(vi)
where m = Si vi p(vi)
Gianni Ramponi
http://www.units.it/ramponi Digital Image Processing
Regional descriptors
Regional descriptors
Some simple descriptors
• area
• compactness = perimeter2/area
(dimensionless insensitive to
scale)
- In this figure:
(white area) / (total light area)
gives an idea of relative electrical
energy consumption
(should be normalized by land/sea
fraction in image, or by population
density)
Gianni Ramponi
http://www.units.it/ramponi Digital Image Processing
Regional descriptors
Regional descriptors
Topology (maths) is the study of the region properties which are
unaffected by rubber-sheet deformations (non-Euclidean geometry)
[like in many subway maps]
[http://www.rrb.wayne.edu/topology.html]
• number of holes H
• number of connected components C
• Euler number, E = C - H
20. 01/12/2020
Gianni Ramponi
http://www.units.it/ramponi Digital Image Processing
Regional descriptors
Regional descriptors
Textures can be analyzed by statistical descriptors in terms of
smoothness, coarseness, regularity …
Gianni Ramponi
http://www.units.it/ramponi Digital Image Processing
Regional descriptors:
some statistical descriptors
Regional descriptors:
some statistical descriptors
- Statistical (central) moments mn(z) = Si (zi-m)np(zi)
of the gray-level histogram p(zi)
- Activity index R R = 1 - 1/(1+s 2)
(R=0 in flat areas, 1 in very active ones)
- Uniformity U U = Si p2(zi)
(max. if gray levels are equally distributed)
- Entropy e e = - Si p(zi) log2 p(zi)
(is 0 for a constant image)
[R, U, and e provide approx. the same information]
Gianni Ramponi
http://www.units.it/ramponi Digital Image Processing
Regional descriptors
Regional descriptors
Moments of the image as a 2-D function
Moment: mpq= SxSy xp yq f (x,y)
Central moment: mpq= SxSy (x-x’)p (y-y’)q f(x,y)
with x’= m10 / m00 and y’= m01 / m00
If we define the normalized central moments
hpq = mpq / m00
g with g = (p+q)/2 + 1
seven invariant moments can be defined, e.g.
f1 = h20h02
f2 = (h20-h02)2 + 4h11
2
…
which are invariant to translation, rotation, scaling, and mirroring
(but for a sign change)
Gianni Ramponi
http://www.units.it/ramponi Digital Image Processing
Regional descriptors
Regional descriptors
21. 01/12/2020
Gianni Ramponi
http://www.units.it/ramponi Digital Image Processing
Regional descriptors
Regional descriptors
Fourier spectrum features:
- amplitude of peaks gives principal directions of the patterns
- location of maximum peak(s) gives the fundamental period(s)
- periodic components can be removed via filtering; the remaining
non-periodic image can be analyzed using statistical techniques
The spectrum can be also studied in polar coordinates: S(r,q)
For each pair r,q we can have two descriptors:
S(r) = Sq Sq(r) S(q ) = Sr Sr(q )
see also:
z11_Shape-based image retrieval using generic Fourier descriptor
Matlab Central 2016:
FD = gfd(bw,m,n) - Implementation of the Generic Fourier Descriptors
Gianni Ramponi
http://www.units.it/ramponi Digital Image Processing
Regional descriptors
Regional descriptors
Gianni Ramponi
http://www.units.it/ramponi Digital Image Processing
Next step: use features for segmentation / classification
Next step: use features for segmentation / classification
Gianni Ramponi
http://www.units.it/ramponi Digital Image Processing
Next step: use features for segmentation / classification
Next step: use features for segmentation / classification
22. 01/12/2020
Gianni Ramponi
http://www.units.it/ramponi Digital Image Processing
…or use Deep Learning for segmentation / classification
…or use Deep Learning for segmentation / classification
Gianni Ramponi
http://www.units.it/ramponi Digital Image Processing
…or use Deep Learning for segmentation / classification
…or use Deep Learning for segmentation / classification
Dip11a, b