Chemical bonds form when positively charged atomic nuclei attract negatively charged electrons. Compounds are formed when two or more different atoms combine through chemical bonds, such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). Valence electrons are in the outermost shell and atoms seek stable arrangements of 8 electrons through bonding. Ionic bonding occurs through the transfer of electrons between metals and non-metals to form positively charged ions and negatively charged ions that are attracted to each other.

1. CHEMICAL BONDING

2. Chemical Bonding
- chemical bond is what
holds atom together in
molecules. Bonds arise from
the electrostatic forces between
positively charged atomic
nuclei and negatively charged
electrons.

3. Compounds
- are formed when two or more
atoms of different elements combined
Example:
𝐶𝑂2
𝐻2𝑂
𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙

4. Valence Electrons
- are electrons in the outermost
energy level.
- tends to react to have a stable
arrangement of 8 electrons in the
outermost shell; Octet Rule

5. Group 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18
Valence
Electrons
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Diagram Li Be B C N O F Ne

6. Electron Dot Structures
- a.k.a Lewis structure, type of
diagram used to keep track of the
valence electrons.

7. Quick Check
Using the Periodic table, complete the table below.
Element Group No. Valence
Electrons
Electron Dot
Structure
Magnesium
Potassium
Phosphorus
Sulfur
Argon

8. Ionic Bonding
- it involves transferring of
electrons.
- occurs when there is an attraction
between negatively charged ions and
positively charged ions.
- occurs between metals and non
metals.

9. Metals and Non-Metals

10. Metals (Cations) Non-metals (Anions)
Li Mg Al N O F
Na Ca Ga P S Cl
K Sr Se Br
1.0 1.3 1.6 3.0 3.5 4.0
0.9 1.0 1.8 2.1 2.5 3.1
0.8 1.0 2.5 2.9

11. Ionic Charges

12. Metals (Cations) Non-metals (Anions)
Li Mg Al N O F
Na Ca Ga P S Cl
K Sr Se Br
+1 +2 +3 -3 -2 -1

13. Exercise
Write the Chemical Formula and Chemical Name of the
following.
1. Potassium and Flourine (Illustrative)
2. Calcium and Bromine (Simplest Way)