Ion channels.ppt
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Ion channels are transmembrane proteins that regulate the voltage gradient across the plasma membrane by allowing ions to diffuse through pores down their electrochemical gradients. There are four main types of gating that control ion channels: ligand gating, phosphorylation, voltage gating, and mechanical gating. The sodium-potassium pump actively transports ions against their gradients in order to maintain the ion concentrations inside and outside the cell. Ion channels are crucial for electrical signaling in the nervous system, controlling the release of neurotransmitters and hormones, and transferring small molecules between cells through gap junctions.
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Ion channels
Ion channels are pore-forming membrane proteins that regulate the flow of ions across cell membranes. There are several types of ion channels classified by their gating mechanism and selectivity for specific ions like potassium, sodium, calcium, and chloride. Voltage-gated ion channels open or close in response to changes in membrane potential, while ligand-gated channels are activated by binding of neurotransmitters or other ligands. Ion channels play crucial roles in generating electrical signals in excitable cells and regulating various cellular processes. Diseases caused by mutations in ion channel genes are known as channelopathies.
Ion channels
Ion channels are pore-forming membrane proteins that selectively transport ions across cell membranes. They are classified based on their gating mechanism (voltage-gated or ligand-gated), the type of ion transported, and their localization. Voltage-gated channels open and close in response to changes in membrane potential, while ligand-gated channels open when specific ligands bind. Dysfunctions in ion channels can cause diseases. Ion channels are important drug targets, and several drugs like tetrodotoxin, ziconotide, benzodiazepines, and lidocaine act by modulating specific ion channels.
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Ion channels
Ion channels are membrane proteins that allow ions to pass through their pore, regulating ion flow and electrical signals. There are two main types of gated ion channels: ligand-gated channels, which open when neurotransmitters bind, and voltage-gated channels, which open in response to changes in membrane potential. Ligand-gated channels allow sodium influx upon acetylcholine binding, depolarizing the membrane and triggering action potentials. Voltage-gated channels maintain the resting potential and enable action potential propagation along axons by selectively transporting sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride ions in response to changes in voltage.
Ion channels
Transmembrane ion channels are protein pores that regulate the passage of ions across cell membranes. There are two main types - voltage-gated ion channels, which open and close in response to changes in membrane potential, and ligand-gated ion channels, which open when certain chemical messengers bind to them. Key voltage-gated channels include sodium, calcium, and potassium channels. Major ligand-gated channels are nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, GABAA receptors, glutamate receptors, and ATP-sensitive potassium channels. The discovery and study of ion channels over time has provided crucial insights into nerve signaling and other cellular processes.
Patch clamp technique principle
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This topic covers voltage gated type of ion channel, general structure and functioning of ion channels and involvement of different ion channel types in the pathogenesis as wella as a target for the development of various diseases.
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This document presents a summary of a student's assignment on voltage-gated ion channels. It begins with an introduction to membrane ion channels and an outline of the presentation. It then discusses the basic structure and mechanism of voltage-gated ion channels, describing how the voltage sensor detects changes in membrane potential. The four major types of voltage-gated channels are identified as sodium, calcium, potassium, and chloride channels. Key details are provided about the structure and function of sodium and potassium channels.
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Ion channels
Ion channels are pore-forming membrane proteins that selectively transport ions across cell membranes. They are classified based on their gating mechanism (voltage-gated or ligand-gated), the type of ion transported, and their localization. Voltage-gated channels open and close in response to changes in membrane potential, while ligand-gated channels open when specific ligands bind. Dysfunctions in ion channels can cause diseases. Ion channels are important drug targets, and several drugs like tetrodotoxin, ziconotide, benzodiazepines, and lidocaine act by modulating specific ion channels.
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Transmembrane ion channels are protein pores that regulate the passage of ions across cell membranes. There are two main types - voltage-gated ion channels, which open and close in response to changes in membrane potential, and ligand-gated ion channels, which open when certain chemical messengers bind to them. Key voltage-gated channels include sodium, calcium, and potassium channels. Major ligand-gated channels are nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, GABAA receptors, glutamate receptors, and ATP-sensitive potassium channels. The discovery and study of ion channels over time has provided crucial insights into nerve signaling and other cellular processes.
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The patch-clamp technique allows the study of single ion channels in cells. It was developed in the late 1970s and early 1980s by Erwin Neher and Bert Sakmann, who received the Nobel Prize for this work. There are different variations of the patch-clamp technique that provide access to the inside or outside of the cell membrane to study channel properties under various conditions. The technique uses a glass pipette pressed against a cell to form a high resistance seal and then precisely measures electric currents flowing through individual or multiple ion channels.
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Additional sodium is transported by COUNTER-TRANSPORT that reabsorb sodium while secreting hydrogen.
About 65 % of filtered load of Na+ & water is reabsorbed in PCT.
A lower % age of Cl- is also absorbed.
In 1st half of PC tubules, Na+ is re-absorbed by co-transport along with glucose, a.acids and other solutes.
In 2nd half of PC tubules, mainly Na+ is reabsorbed with Cl- and some of glucose + a.acids remain un-absorbed.
2nd half of PCT has high conc of Cl- (140 mEq/L) as compared to 1st half (105 mEq/L).
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very intresting and meaningful topic for life science students....plasma membrane, the layer performing versatile functions, key for survival
Biological membrane and transport
In cellular biology, membrane transport refers to the collection of mechanisms that regulate the passage of solutes such as ions and small molecules through biological membranes, which are lipid bilayers that contain proteins embedded in them.
Biological membrane and transport
A biological membrane or biomembrane is an enclosing or separating membrane that acts as a selectively permeable barrier within living things.
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4. ion balance
The kidney plays a key role in maintaining the external balance of potassium through regulating its reabsorption and secretion. Most potassium is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule through passive mechanisms. In the thick ascending limb, the NKCC2 channel actively transports potassium into cells, while the distal convoluted tubule uses the H+-K+-ATPase channel to couple potassium reabsorption to hydrogen secretion. Potassium secretion occurs mainly in the collecting duct, driven by the sodium-potassium ATPase pumping sodium out and potassium into cells, creating gradients for potassium to exit into the tubule lumen. Factors such as aldosterone, acid-base status, and luminal flow influence potassium regulation.
Anatomy and physiology of aqueous humor
The aqueous humor is a clear fluid that fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye. It is produced by the ciliary processes at a rate of 2-2.5 microliters per minute and circulates through the eye, providing nutrients and removing waste before draining out of the eye. The aqueous humor is composed primarily of water but also contains proteins, amino acids, and other constituents. It is produced via diffusion, ultrafiltration, and active secretion across the blood-aqueous barrier in the ciliary processes. Sodium secretion is a key driver of aqueous production, with sodium then facilitating water movement into the posterior chamber. The aqueous humor drains from the eye through both uveoscleral and trabec
Anatomy and physiology of aqueous humor
Anatomy and Physiology of Aqueous Humor Sumit Singh Maharjan
2. Anatomy
3. Angle of anterior chamber
4. Angle of the Anterior chamber
5. Gonioscopic grading of Angle
6. Aqueous Outflow system
7. Trabecular meshwork
8. Functions of Aqueous Humor • Maintenance of Intraocular pressure • Metabolic role cornea lens vitreous and retina • Optical function • Clearing function
9. Physicochemical properties • volume: 0.31ml (0.25ml in Ant. Chamber and 0.06 in post chamber) • Refractive index: 1.336 • Density: slightly greater than water, its viscocity is 1.025-1.040 • Osmotic pressure: slightly hyperosmotic to plasma by 3-5mosm/l • PH: 7.2 • Rate of formation: 2-2.5microliter/min
10. Biochemical composition • Water: 99.9% • Proteins: 5-16mg/100ml • Amino acids: aqueous/plasma concentration varies from 0.08-3.14 • Non colloidal constituents: conc. of ascorbate, pyruvate, lactate in higher am
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Reabsorption In Renal Tubule (The Guyton and Hall physiology)
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Ion channels.ppt
- 1. ION CHANNELS Presented By- Ashutosh Tambare Ashwin kolhatkar Jayti saparia Kriti Katyayan Raghuramreddy Rajan Pandey
- 2. OUTLINE • Whatareionchannels? • Channelstructure • TypesofGatinginIonChannels • Thesodium-potassiumpump • Workingofionchannels • Importanceofionchannels
- 4. WHY DO WE NEED THEM??? IonsCannotDiffuseAcrosstheHydrophobic BarrieroftheLipidBilayer.
- 5. Structure???
- 6. Types of Gating in Ion Channels There are Four Types of Gating Controls - 1. Ligand Gating 2. Phosphorylation
- 8. TheSodium-PotassiumPump Extracellular fluidwithhigh concentration ofNa+ Cytoplasm withhigh concentration ofK+ 1 ThreeNa+ bind tothe cytoplasmicside of theprotein. 2 Phosphateis transferredfrom ATPtotheprotein. 3 Phosphorylation changesthe shapeofthe protein,moving Na+ acrossthe membrane. 4 K+ bindsto theprotein,causing phosphate release. 5 Releaseof phosphate changesthe shapeofthe protein, movingK+ to thecytoplasm. Na+ ATP ADP P Na+ P K+ P K+
- 10. + + + + - - - - Vm = Q/C ∆Vm = ∆Q/C THELIPIDBILAYERACTSLIKEACAPACITOR ∆Qmustchangebefore ∆Vm canchange
- 12. IMPORTANCEOFIONCHANNELS • Mediatethegeneration,conductionandtransmissionofelectrical signalsinthenervoussystem • Controlthereleaseofneurotransmittersandhormones • Transfersmallmoleculesbetweencells(gapjunctions)
- 13. THANK YOU
Editor's Notes
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