Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms like bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa and viruses. Some key branches of microbiology include bacteriology, mycology, protozoology, and immunology. Applied areas of microbiology include medical microbiology, pharmaceutical microbiology, industrial microbiology and microbial biotechnology. Microbiology has many applications including antibiotic production, enzyme and vaccine production, diagnosis and treatment of diseases, treatment of industrial waste, sterile product preparation, sterilization, identification of microorganisms, and testing of pharmaceuticals.

1. Introduction to Microbiology
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2. Definition:-
It is the study of living organisms of microscopicsize
which include bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa and
viruses.
This term is introduced by a French chemist i.e Louis
Pasteur
He is known as father of microbiology
Micro-organisms can only be seen by magnifying their
image with microscope
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3. Branches of Microbiology:-
Pure science
Bacteriology:- study of bacteria
Myology :- study of fungi
Protozoology :- study of protozoa
Algology :- study of algae
Parasitology:- study of parasites
Taxonomy :- study of classification
Genetics: Study of variations and Hereditary
Immunology : Study of mechanism in development of
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4. Applied Science:
a) Medical microbiology:
Study of causative agents of infectious disease
b) Pharmaceutical microbiology:
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Study of M. O. which is responsible for production of
antibiotics, enzymes, vitamins, vaccines and other
pharmaceutical products.
c) Industrial microbiology:
Study of M. O. which is responsible for production of
vitamins, amino acids, alcoholic beverages and other
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5. d) Microbial Biotechnology:
Study of scientific manipulation of living m. o. based on genetic
and molecular level
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e) Food microbiology:
Study of m. o. relation to food bioprocessing, food spoilage,
food born diseases and preservation of food product
f) Soil microbiology:
Study of microbial flora and interaction among soil m.o
g) Agricultural microbiology:
Study of m.o and relationship of m.o and crops
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6. h)Aquatic microbiology:
Study of m.o and their activities into fresh and marine water
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i)Air microbiology:
Study which deal with role of air in contamination and
spoilage of food and determination of plant and animal
through air
j) Epidemiology:
Study which deal with study of spreadable of disease in
community.
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7. Application and scope ofmicrobiology:
12 1)Production of antibiotic:
2/3rd of antibiotics are produced fromm.o.
Pharmaceutical / industrial microbiology concerned with
isolation of antibiotics producing m.o. from environment.
e.g: penicillin from penicillium species
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8. 2) Production of enzyme ,vaccine ,biosurfactants ,
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microbial cell converts raw material into valuable organic
compound.
Such as butanol, ethanol etc microbial cell produce intracellular
and extra cellular enzyme those are imp for pharmaceutical
fermentation
e.g: Amalyse and protease
Different types of biosurfactants are synthesized by no. of
m. o. e.g: Acinotobacter
3) Diagnosis of disease and treatment:
Different test are used to detect infectious m. o.
e.g: ELISA test and Widal test:
13 alcoholic and other pharmaceutical product: many

9. Antimicrobial suitability testing is mainly used for
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glycerol and amines.
Cynide is degraded by Streptomyces lavendulae.
14 selection of antibiotics for treatment of microbial infections.
4)Treatment of Industrial waste material:
Microbial species are used for decomposition of industrial
waste material and organic components.
e.g: actinomycetes, fungi
Anaerobic bacteria decomposes of organic matter by yielding
simple organic molecule such asacid, alcohol,

10. 6)Sterile product preparations:
./ It deals with the preparations of sterile rooms, aseptic
techniques, and detection of microbes by sampling and
testing of different sterile preparations.
7) Sterilization:
Different pharmaceutical products are sterilized by killing of m.o.
The process of killing of m.o is known as sterilization.
All the sterilization process may be validated by using
indicator.
A biological indicator preparation of m.o usually bacterial
spores.
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11. 8) Identification of M. O:
Two vital function of microbiology andbiotechnology are
enumeration and identification of m.o found in product and
Mfg environment.
9) Testing of Pharmaceuticals:
Raw material and finished product
Microbial assay of antibiotics
Evalution of disinfectant
Antimicrobial, preservative efficiency testing
Endotoxin testing
Test for support of the sterility assurance system
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