Introduction to the Eye.pptx
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The eye has several structures that work together to focus light and create images. The cornea and lens bend light to focus images onto the retina. The retina contains light-sensitive cells that convert the image into nerve signals sent to the brain. Accessory structures like the eyelids, conjunctiva, and lacrimal glands help protect and lubricate the eye. Fluids inside the eye, such as aqueous humor and vitreous humor, help maintain the shape of the eye and provide nutrients to tissues.
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Eye anatomy
The eye develops around day 22 of embryo development from several primordia, including the optic vesicle, lens placode, surrounding ectoderm, and mesenchyme surrounding the optic vesicle. The eyeball is a cystic structure kept distended by internal pressure, with dimensions of about 24mm anteroposteriorly and 23mm horizontally in adults. It has three coats - the fibrous outer coat including the sclera and cornea, the vascular middle uveal coat including the iris, ciliary body and choroid, and the inner nervous coat of the retina.
Development of eye
The eye develops from tissues originating from three germ layers - the ectoderm, neuroectoderm and mesoderm. The optic vesicle develops from the forebrain as an outgrowth of the neural plate. It induces the surface ectoderm to form the lens placode. The optic vesicle then invaginates to form the optic cup, with the inner layer forming the neural retina and outer layer the pigmented retina. The lens vesicle forms from the lens placode and becomes surrounded by the optic cup. Various ocular structures derive from these primordial tissues, with the lens, retina and vitreous developing from neuroectoderm and the sclera, choroid and iris from mesoderm.
Lens
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the lens. It begins with the embryological development of the lens from surface ectoderm and describes the formation of the lens placode, pit, and vesicle. It details the anatomical structures of the lens including the capsule, epithelium, fibers, and zonules. The document also discusses the biochemical composition and metabolic processes that maintain lens transparency. Finally, it covers age-related changes to the lens and clinical significance including cataracts.
ANATOMY OF EYE n.pdf
The eye is a spherical organ that allows for vision. It has three layers - an outer fibrous coat, middle vascular coat, and inner nervous coat containing photoreceptor cells. Light enters through the cornea and is focused by the lens onto the retina. Photoreceptor cells in the retina convert light into neural signals via the optic nerve. Accessory structures like the eyelids and lacrimal system help protect and lubricate the eye. Common refractive errors that impact vision like myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism can often be corrected using lenses.
anatomy and physiology of layers of the eye
The physiological anatomy of the eye includes three main parts:
The eyeball contains the sclera, cornea, iris, ciliary body, choroid, retina, and optic nerve. The cornea and sclera provide a protective outer layer while the inner layers contain blood vessels and light-sensitive photoreceptor cells.
The crystalline lens, held in place by ligaments, is a transparent biconvex structure that helps focus light onto the retina.
The fluid system maintains pressure and nourishes internal structures, including the aqueous humor in the anterior chamber and vitreous humor behind the lens.
Physiology of cornea
The cornea serves important functions including refracting light and protecting the internal structures of the eye. It has three main layers - an outer epithelium, a thick central stroma containing collagen fibrils, and an inner endothelium. The stroma maintains corneal transparency through the precise arrangement of collagen fibrils and proteoglycans which regulate hydration. The endothelium actively pumps fluid out of the stroma to prevent edema. Corneal epithelial cells migrate to heal wounds, while stromal keratocytes proliferate and synthesize new matrix after injury. The cornea receives nutrients from the aqueous humor and tear film and has a high metabolic rate to sustain its functions.
Eye tracking – an innovative monitor
In the simplest terms, eye tracking is the measurement of eye activity. Where do we look? When do we blink? How does the pupil react to different stimuli? The concept is basic, but the process and interpretation can be quite complex. There are many different methods of exploring eye data.The most common is to analyze the visual path of one or more participants across an interface such as a computer screen. Each eye data observation is translated into a set of pixel coordinates.
Eye ball.pptx
Anatomy, components parts, and blood supply of eyeball.
Hello friends..you can use these notes for your convenience as they are taken from many other standard books.. Thank you.
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Eye anatomy
The eye develops around day 22 of embryo development from several primordia, including the optic vesicle, lens placode, surrounding ectoderm, and mesenchyme surrounding the optic vesicle. The eyeball is a cystic structure kept distended by internal pressure, with dimensions of about 24mm anteroposteriorly and 23mm horizontally in adults. It has three coats - the fibrous outer coat including the sclera and cornea, the vascular middle uveal coat including the iris, ciliary body and choroid, and the inner nervous coat of the retina.
Development of eye
The eye develops from tissues originating from three germ layers - the ectoderm, neuroectoderm and mesoderm. The optic vesicle develops from the forebrain as an outgrowth of the neural plate. It induces the surface ectoderm to form the lens placode. The optic vesicle then invaginates to form the optic cup, with the inner layer forming the neural retina and outer layer the pigmented retina. The lens vesicle forms from the lens placode and becomes surrounded by the optic cup. Various ocular structures derive from these primordial tissues, with the lens, retina and vitreous developing from neuroectoderm and the sclera, choroid and iris from mesoderm.
Lens
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the lens. It begins with the embryological development of the lens from surface ectoderm and describes the formation of the lens placode, pit, and vesicle. It details the anatomical structures of the lens including the capsule, epithelium, fibers, and zonules. The document also discusses the biochemical composition and metabolic processes that maintain lens transparency. Finally, it covers age-related changes to the lens and clinical significance including cataracts.
ANATOMY OF EYE n.pdf
The eye is a spherical organ that allows for vision. It has three layers - an outer fibrous coat, middle vascular coat, and inner nervous coat containing photoreceptor cells. Light enters through the cornea and is focused by the lens onto the retina. Photoreceptor cells in the retina convert light into neural signals via the optic nerve. Accessory structures like the eyelids and lacrimal system help protect and lubricate the eye. Common refractive errors that impact vision like myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism can often be corrected using lenses.
anatomy and physiology of layers of the eye
The physiological anatomy of the eye includes three main parts:
The eyeball contains the sclera, cornea, iris, ciliary body, choroid, retina, and optic nerve. The cornea and sclera provide a protective outer layer while the inner layers contain blood vessels and light-sensitive photoreceptor cells.
The crystalline lens, held in place by ligaments, is a transparent biconvex structure that helps focus light onto the retina.
The fluid system maintains pressure and nourishes internal structures, including the aqueous humor in the anterior chamber and vitreous humor behind the lens.
Physiology of cornea
The cornea serves important functions including refracting light and protecting the internal structures of the eye. It has three main layers - an outer epithelium, a thick central stroma containing collagen fibrils, and an inner endothelium. The stroma maintains corneal transparency through the precise arrangement of collagen fibrils and proteoglycans which regulate hydration. The endothelium actively pumps fluid out of the stroma to prevent edema. Corneal epithelial cells migrate to heal wounds, while stromal keratocytes proliferate and synthesize new matrix after injury. The cornea receives nutrients from the aqueous humor and tear film and has a high metabolic rate to sustain its functions.
Eye tracking – an innovative monitor
In the simplest terms, eye tracking is the measurement of eye activity. Where do we look? When do we blink? How does the pupil react to different stimuli? The concept is basic, but the process and interpretation can be quite complex. There are many different methods of exploring eye data.The most common is to analyze the visual path of one or more participants across an interface such as a computer screen. Each eye data observation is translated into a set of pixel coordinates.
Eye ball.pptx
Anatomy, components parts, and blood supply of eyeball.
Hello friends..you can use these notes for your convenience as they are taken from many other standard books.. Thank you.
Physiology of retina
The retina has multiple layers that process visual signals. Light is detected by photoreceptors and converted to electrical signals via phototransduction. These signals are processed by neurons in the inner retinal layers and transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve. In the brain, signals pass through the lateral geniculate body and optic radiations to the primary visual cortex. Neurons in the visual cortex further analyze features such as orientation, color and motion to produce visual perceptions. The extrastriate visual cortex integrates this information for high level vision.
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Eye development begins at 3 weeks in the embryo and continues through 10 weeks. Cells from both mesodermal and ectodermal tissues contribute to eye formation, with the eye derived from neuroepithelium surface ectoderm and extracellular mesenchyme. The major eye structures including the retina, lens, cornea, iris, ciliary body, choroid, and optic nerve are developed from the optic vesicle, lens placode, and surrounding mesenchyme between 3-10 weeks of gestation.
Anatomy of the lens
This document summarizes the anatomy of the lens. It notes that the lens is a transparent biconvex structure located behind the iris. It is made up of three parts: the capsule, epithelium, and fibers. The capsule is an elastic membrane that envelops the lens. The epithelium lies under the anterior capsule. Fibers make up the bulk of the lens and are formed from the differentiation of epithelial cells. The fibers contain crystallins which contribute to the lens's refractive index and transparency. The lens is held in place and shaped by the suspensory ligaments that connect it to the ciliary body. Accommodation occurs when the ligaments relax, allowing the elastic lens to become more globular for near vision
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Glucose from the aqueous and vitreous diffuses into the lens and is rapidly metabolized.
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Aqueous humor anatomy
The aqueous humor is a fluid that fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye. It is produced by the ciliary body and drained out of the eye through the trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal. The aqueous humor provides nutrients to the avascular structures in the eye and maintains the shape and internal pressure of the eye. Disruptions to the normal outflow of aqueous humor can lead to increased intraocular pressure and conditions like glaucoma.
Cornea
The cornea is the transparent front part of the eye that transmits and focuses light. It consists of 5 layers - epithelium, Bowman's layer, stroma, Dua's layer, Descemet's membrane, and endothelium. The stroma comprises around 90% of the corneal thickness and contains collagen fibrils and proteoglycans that provide strength and transparency. The endothelium regulates hydration through an active pump and barrier functions that maintain corneal clarity. The cornea has no blood vessels and relies on the surrounding limbus and tear film for nutrition and oxygen.
D evelopment of eye
The eye begins developing at 3 weeks and is formed from contributions of both ectodermal and mesodermal tissues. The optic vesicle forms from the forebrain and invaginates to form the optic cup, which later develops into the neural retina. The surface ectoderm thickens to form the lens placode which then invaginates to form the lens vesicle. The lens vesicle develops into the lens, while the optic cup develops into the neural retina. Surrounding mesoderm develops into structures like the sclera, choroid, ciliary body and iris. The eye continues developing through the 10th week of gestation.
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The eye develops from tissues originating from both the ectoderm and mesenchyme. By the fifth week of development, the optic cup and lens vesicle have formed from invaginations of the ectoderm and overlying surface ectoderm. The neural retina develops within the optic cup as the neuroblastic layers proliferate. The optic stalk contains fibers that will form the optic nerve. Additional structures including the iris, ciliary body, choroid, sclera, cornea and extraocular muscles arise from the surrounding mesenchyme and ectoderm. Failure of structures to develop properly can result in various congenital eye abnormalities.
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The document summarizes the metabolism of the lens. It discusses that the lens receives nutrients from the aqueous humor and relies on anaerobic glycolysis of glucose for most of its ATP production. It also discusses the pump-leak theory where potassium is actively transported into the lens while sodium diffuses in, maintaining ion gradients. Protein synthesis occurs primarily in epithelial cells. Metabolic pathways help maintain transparency through free radical scavenging and regulating hydration and ion levels.
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The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the eye. It describes the three layers that make up the eyeball - fibrous tunic, vascular tunic, and retina. Key structures like the cornea, iris, lens, vitreous body, and retina are explained. The process of image formation through refraction of light by the cornea and lens, accommodation of the lens for near and far vision, and pupil constriction are summarized. Common refractive errors like myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism are also outlined.
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The document summarizes the anatomy of the eye. It describes the three coats that make up the eyeball from outward to inward: the fibrous coat, vascular pigmented coat, and nervous coat. It then provides details on the structures that comprise each coat, including the sclera, cornea, choroid, ciliary body, iris, retina, aqueous humor, vitreous body, and lens. It explains the function of each structure and how they work together to allow vision.
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CONTINUOUS SUPPLY OF ATP REQUIRED FOR:
Active transport of ions and aminoacids
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The eye develops from tissues originating from both the ectoderm and mesenchyme. By the fifth week of development, the optic cup and lens vesicle have formed from invaginations of the ectoderm and overlying surface ectoderm. The neural retina develops within the optic cup as the neuroblastic layers proliferate. The optic stalk contains fibers that will form the optic nerve. Additional structures including the iris, ciliary body, choroid, sclera, cornea and extraocular muscles arise from the surrounding mesenchyme and ectoderm. Failure of structures to develop properly can result in various congenital eye abnormalities.
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The document summarizes the metabolism of the lens. It discusses that the lens receives nutrients from the aqueous humor and relies on anaerobic glycolysis of glucose for most of its ATP production. It also discusses the pump-leak theory where potassium is actively transported into the lens while sodium diffuses in, maintaining ion gradients. Protein synthesis occurs primarily in epithelial cells. Metabolic pathways help maintain transparency through free radical scavenging and regulating hydration and ion levels.
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The eyeball has three concentric layers - an outer fibrous layer, middle vascular layer, and inner neural layer. It is surrounded by protective layers like the conjunctiva and sclera. The sclera provides the eye's shape and strength while the cornea forms its clear outer surface. Inside are the iris, ciliary body, choroid, lens, vitreous cavity, and retina. Various muscles and nerves help control functions like accommodation and visual pathway transmission to the brain. The ciliary ganglion relays parasympathetic fibers to regulate processes like pupil constriction and accommodation.
Eye
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the eye. It discusses the various layers and structures that make up the eye, including the outer fibrous coat (sclera and cornea), middle vascular coat (choroid, ciliary body, and iris), and inner nervous coat (retina). Key structures like the lens, vitreous humor, optic nerve, and chambers are also described. The roles of various structures like the ciliary muscle and iris in accommodation and pupillary light reflex are covered. Some clinical conditions involving the eye like cataracts, retinal detachment, and glaucoma are also summarized.
Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_eye.pptx
The document describes the anatomy and functions of the human eye. It discusses the three layers that make up the eye - fibrous, vascular, and nervous tunics. The fibrous tunic includes the sclera and cornea. The vascular tunic contains the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. The nervous tunic is the retina. It also describes the accessory structures that protect the eye, such as eyebrows, eyelids, and tear glands. The main components of the eye are described in more detail, including the lens, chambers, humors, muscles, and retina's photoreceptors. Eye disorders like myopia, hyperopia, and glaucoma are also mentioned.
Anatomy of eye
The document summarizes the anatomy of the eye. It describes the layers of the eyeball including the fibrous coat with the cornea and sclera, the vascular coat with the iris, ciliary body and choroid, and the nervous coat of the retina. It also discusses the lens and segments of the eyeball. Additionally, it outlines the ocular adnexa including the bony orbit, eyelids, conjunctiva, lacrimal apparatus, extraocular muscles and accessory organs of the eye.
The physiology of vision part 1
The document summarizes key aspects of eye anatomy and physiology. It describes the major structures of the eye, including the sclera, cornea, choroid, retina, ciliary bodies, iris, vitreous humor, aqueous humor, and canal of Schlemm. It then discusses the retina in more detail, explaining the visual receptors and neural pathways. Finally, it covers principles of optics, accommodation, pupillary reflexes, and other topics related to vision.
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ocular anatomy of eye for optometry and optalomolgy
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Introduction to the Eye.pptx
- 2. Introduction Image focusing system, composed of: • Cornea • Lens • Refractive media
- 3. Functions • Maintaining a stable relationship between a image and a focusing apparatus • Focusing on near and far objects • Regulating the amount of light reaching the photosensitive surface • Recording the pattern of incoming light
- 7. Accessory structures of eye • Eyeball is housed in the bony orbit. • Protected by eyelids. • Lacrimal apparatus produces tears which lubricate cornea – front of eye
- 8. Conjunctiva • Thin transparent mucous membrane which covers the posterior surface of the eyelid (palpebral conjunctiva) and the anterior surface of the sclera (bulbar conjunctiva) • Composed of two to five layers of stratified columnar epithelial cells • Contains glands which help in ocular lubrication
- 9. Cornea • Anterior 1/6th of fibrous coat • Transparent fibrous tissue • Avascular [no transplant rejection] • Receives nutrition from aqueous humor and tear film • Important refractive media – 43 Diopters power
- 10. Corneal Reflex short ciliary nerves→ trigeminal ganglion→ main CN V sensory nucleus→ reticular formation→ both CN VII motor nuclei [both orbicularis oculi muscles act]
- 11. Sclera • Posterior 5/6th of fibrous coat • Opaque - composed of dense collagen and elastic fibers • Protects the eye • Site of muscle insertion
- 12. Choroid • Thin, pigmented layer • Inner layer firmly attached to pigmented layer of retina • Supplies blood to retina • Prevents light rays from scattering and distorting the image
- 13. Iris • The iris largely consists of connective tissue containing muscle fibers, blood vessels and pigment cells. • Its posterior surface is lined by a layer of pigment cells. • The chief functions of the iris are to control light entry to the retina and to reduce intraocular light scatter.
- 14. Iris • At the center of the iris is an aperture, the pupil. • Pupil constriction is parasympathetic • Pupil dilation is sympathetic
- 15. Iris
- 16. Ciliary Body • Triangular in shape • Continuous with choroid • Produces aqueous humor • Attachment of ciliary muscles - accommodation
- 17. Retina • The retina converts focused light images into nerve impulses. Light has to pass through the inner retina to reach the photoreceptors, the rods and cones, which convert light energy into electrical energy.
- 18. Retina 10 layers of retina • Pigment epithelium • Rods and cones • Outer limiting membrane • Outer nuclear layer • Outer plexiform layer • Inner nuclear layer (bipolar cells) • Inner plexiform layer • Ganglion cell layer • Nerve fiber layer • Inner limiting membrane
- 19. Fundus • Macula provides for central vision. At its center is a specialized area, the fovea, which is for high quality vision. • The rest of the retina is for peripheral vision.
- 20. Fundus
- 21. Retina • Cones, concentrated at the macula, are responsible for fine vision (acuity) and • Color appreciation. • Rods are for vision in low light levels and the detection of movement.
- 22. Lens • Transparent, biconvex • More convex posteriorly • Transparent, elastic capsule • Posteriorly rests on vitreous, anteriorly in contact with iris • 10 mm dia., 4 mm thick
- 23. Vitreous • The vitreous body is 99% water but also contains collagen fibrils and hyaluronic acid which imparts cohesion and a gel-like consistency. • The vitreous is adherent to the retina at certain points, particularly at the optic disc and at the ora serrata.
- 24. Anterior Chamber • Aqueous humor fills the anterior and posterior chambers. • The anterior chamber is the space between the cornea and the iris. • Behind the iris and in front of the lens is the posterior chamber. • They are connected by the pupil.
- 25. Anterior Chamber • Aqueous circulates from the posterior to the anterior chamber through the pupil, leaving the eye through the trabecular meshwork.