The document discusses the history and evolution of the concept of sustainable development from the 1972 Stockholm Conference to the current UN Sustainable Development Goals. It outlines key milestones like the 1987 Brundtland Commission, 1992 Rio Earth Summit, 2002 Johannesburg Summit, and 2015 adoption of the SDGs. Influential reports discussing planetary limits to growth like the Club of Rome's Limits to Growth in 1972 and updates in 2004 are also summarized.
these slides will help you in enhsncing your knowldege more about the sustainable development. how the sustainable development should be taken care of and factors of sustainable development.
these slides will help you in enhsncing your knowldege more about the sustainable development. how the sustainable development should be taken care of and factors of sustainable development.
sustainable development introduction, basics and importanceArcanjo Salazaku
Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
This is a presentation of sustainable development , in which the key point of sustainable dev. has been discussed .
It also discussed how we can use the concept of sutainable development and make world a better place .
#sustainable development
# sustainable development in world
# sutainable development in india
# sustainabledevelopmentkey points
Sustainable development, united nations. Description of sustainablity, and why it is needed in development. What are sustainable development goals? what is the position of India in SDG? what we gained and what we lost?
sustainable development introduction, basics and importanceArcanjo Salazaku
Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
This is a presentation of sustainable development , in which the key point of sustainable dev. has been discussed .
It also discussed how we can use the concept of sutainable development and make world a better place .
#sustainable development
# sustainable development in world
# sutainable development in india
# sustainabledevelopmentkey points
Sustainable development, united nations. Description of sustainablity, and why it is needed in development. What are sustainable development goals? what is the position of India in SDG? what we gained and what we lost?
Concept of Sustainable Development: Strategies, opportunities and implementat...PETER NAIBEI
The presentation highlights the concept of Sustainable Development contemporary issues in environmental policy in the global and Kenya context (strategies, opportunities and implementation).
This presentation outlines the Brundtland Commission Report's pivotal role in defining sustainable development. It covers the report's context, highlighting global environmental and developmental challenges. Key concepts like sustainable development and interconnectedness are explored, leading to the report's findings on unsustainable practices and recommendations for change. The legacy of the report in shaping global policy-making and contemporary relevance are discussed. Through this presentation, we aim to underscore the urgency of adopting sustainable practices and the ongoing need for international cooperation in addressing pressing environmental issues.
Sustainable Social Development, introduction and process in India. and it also focuses on the current trends. Application of Social Work through the sustainable development process
Susfuinnble Development, Vol. 3,109-119 (1995) METHODS OF .docxssuserf9c51d
Susfuinnble Development, Vol. 3,109-119 (1995)
METHODS OF DEFINING
’SUSTAINABILITY’
Andrew D. Basiago, Department of Land Economy,
University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
The notion of ’sustainability’ emerged in
The Ecologist’s A Blueprint for Survival, in
1972. The quest to make modern civiliza-
tion ’sustainable’ inspired the UN’s
Stockholm Conference in 1972 and the
’global trusteeship’ of subsequent inter-
national environmental treaties. ’Sustain-
ability’ is related to ’futurity’, hence the
Brundtland Commission in 1987 defined
sustainable development as ’development
which meets the needs of the present,
without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own
needs’. ’ Sust ainabilit y’ animates ’the
precautionary principle’, affirmed by the
European Union (EU) in 1990 in its
Bergen Declaration on Sustainable Devel-
opment, which requires ecological pre-
servation in cases of scientific uncertainty
where serious or irreversible damage is
threatened. The Earth Summit in 1992
established ’sustainable development’ as
the most important policy of the 21st cen-
tury. ’Sustainability’ is at the heart of The
Rio Declaration on Environment and
Development and Agenda 21, accords
signed at the Earth Summit that herald a
new paradigm of society, economics and
CCC 0968-0802/95/030109-11
0 1995 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
the environment. The E U s Fifth Environ-
mental Action Programme (1993) pursues
’sustainability’ in industry, energy,
transport, agriculture and tourism.
’Sustainability’ has also been endorsed by
the Clinton Administration (1994). In the
light of these events, ’sustainability’ is
now used widely in biology, economics,
sociology, urban planning, ethics and
other domains. It is regarded as tanta-
mount to a new philosophy, in which
principles of futurity, equity, global
environmentalism and biodiversity must
guide decision-making. Far from being a
mere doctrine of development science,
’sustainability’ has emerged as a universal
methodology for evaluating whether
human options will yield social and
environmental vitality.
INTRODUCTION
he call for ‘sustainability’ has become as
commonplace in today’s world as cries of T ‘liberty’ and ‘democracy‘ once were. ‘Sus-
tainability’ is advanced as an alternative to societal
and environmental entropy. Speth (1992) contends
that acid rain, global warming, ozone depletion,
deforestation and desertification jeopardize global
security. ’[Ilf population growth continues to out-
pace the creation of new jobs, if pressures on
resources mount and growth proves unsustuinuble, if
social and ethnic tensions increase’, he writes, the
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
DEFINING ’SUSTAINABILITY’
effects might include ’civil unrest’, ’regional con-
flict’, ’the collapse of governments’, ’adoption of
authoritarian measures’ and ’waves of ecological
refugees‘. Speth urges the world to choose a course
...
Main messages It is 20 years since the report of the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), Our Common Future, emphasized the need for a sustainable way of life which not only addresses current environmental challenges but also ensures a secure society well into the future. This chapter analyses the evolution of such ideas as well as global trends in relation to environment and socio-economic development.
The following are its main messages: The world has changed radically since 1987 – socially, economically and environmentally. Global population has grown by more than 1.7 billion, from about 5 billion people. The global economy has expanded and is now characterized by increasing globalization. Worldwide, GDP per capita (purchasing power parity) has increased from US$5 927 in 1987 to US$8 162 in 2004. However, growth has been distributed unequally between regions. Global trade has increased during the past 20 years, fuelled by globalization, better communication, and low transportation costs.
Technology has also changed. Communications have been revolutionized with the growth of telecommunications and the Internet. Worldwide, mobile phone subscribers increased from 2 people per 1 000 in 1990 to 220 per 1 000 in 2003. Internet use increased from 1 person per 1 000 in 1990 to 114 per 1 000 in 2003. Finally, political changes have also been extensive. Human population and economic growth has increased demand on resources. The World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) recognized 20 years ago that the environment, economic and social issues are interlinked. It recommended that the three be integrated into development decision making.
In defining sustainable development, the Commission acknowledged the need for both intra- and intergenerational equity – development that meets not only today’s human needs but also those of more people in the future. Changing drivers, such as population growth, economic activities and consumption patterns, have placed increasing pressure on the environment. Serious and persistent barriers to sustainable development remain. In the past 20 years, there has been limited integration of environment into development decision making.
Environmental degradation is therefore undermining development and threatens future development progress. Development is a process that enables people to better their well-being. Long-term development can only be achieved through sustainable management of various assets: financial, material, human, social and natural. Natural assets, including water, soils, plants and animals, underpin people’s livelihoods. Environmental degradation also threatens all aspects of human well-being. Environmental degradation has been demonstrably linked to human health problems, including some types of cancers, vector-borne diseases, emerging animal to human disease transfer, nutritional deficits and respiratory illnesses.
Slides of talk presented at various forums on occasion of the 40th anniversary of the launching of Limits to Growth, the first report to the Club of Rome published in 1972. This book was one of the earliest scholarly works to recognize that the world was fast approaching its sustainable limits. Forty years later, the planet continues to face many of the same economic, social, and environmental challenges as when the book was first published.
Introduction to Sustainable DevelopmentPreeti Sikder
Learning Outcome:
Students will be able to :
a) discuss about the characteristics of sustainable development
b) grasp the scope of discussion under sustainable development as a branch of law
Bright
Dark
Blues
Grays
Night
Assignment 1The Global Environment - An Emerging World View
Reading Assignment:
Article 2 “Global Warming Battlefields: How climate Change Threatens Security?” on pages 16-22 in the Annual Editions (11/12) textbook.
As you read, consider the following discussion points. Try to reconcile the "development" with the "sustainable" in the industry and communities. Development with capable of being continued with minimal long-term effect on the environment.Best way know to help the poor today; "economic growth" has to be handled with care otherwise it may end up with a degraded and devastated natural environment.Every generation should leave water, air, and soil resources as pure and unpolluted as when it came on earth!Win-win strategies for environmental issues, would it be possible?To help both economy and environment, environmentally harmful subsidies need to be reconsidered. According to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature "largest conservation group", Greens and businesses do not have the same objective but they can find common ground!2002 UN World Summit on sustainable development in South Africa - Johannesburg? Did it contribute any useful actions and policies?Kyoto Protocol (1997, Japan) a UN treaty on climate change/global warming to reduce greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions 5% below of 1990 levels by 2012; what was the bitter test in many mouths in Kyoto?Two areas where concerns about human health and environmental overlap: improving access for the poor to cleanser energy and safe drinking water!India’s leader Mahatma Gandhi’s testimonial about industrial revolution in Asia? "God forbid that India should ever take to industrialization after the manner of the west…It took UK half of the resources of the plant to achieve their prosperity, so how many planets will a country like India require?". Economic growth comparison of China versus India.
Overview:
This lesson will illustrate increasing global perspective on environmental problems and the degree to which their solutions must be linked to political, economical, and social problems and solutions.
The societal effects of climate change are not limited to humanitarian disasters. It is likely that there will be an increase in ethnic conflict, insurgencies, and civil violence whenever climate change negatively affects supplies of vital resources.
Diminished rainfall and river flow, rising sea level, and more frequent and severe storms will cripple the ability of underdeveloped societies to meet even basic sustainability levels.
Topics Covered:
Climate Change
The Hardest Hits
On water scarcity
On food availability
On coastal inundation
Resources Wars
Watching the River Flow
The Mogadishu Effect
Migratory Conflicts
Looking Ahead
Instructor's Comments:
"Th.
Sustainable Development: a controversial conceptIJMREMJournal
The issue of economic growth and development is one of the fundamental concerns of humankind. It is therefore
necessary to find solutions so that people can have access to a greater diversity of goods and services, as well
as better standard of living and well-being. Since ancient times, humankind has been warned about the scarcity
of the resources but even with this information, they still take unreasonable measures with irreversible effects.
The recent past gives us evidence that Sustainable Development is not only a practice of corporate social
responsibility to gain a competitive edge, but also a necessity to meet the needs of future generations. The
strength of the economic element cannot overlap with the balance of social and environmental dimensions.
Having this is mind, the challenges are vast, as they are from all and for all citizens, since they are increasingly
participating in building their futures, which require an awareness of a common destiny and the progressive
construction of a world community. There is a clear need for paradigm shifting: civil society will be the kernel
for building a change strategy with clear and strong perspectives based on identified collective shared visions.
This study presents an evolutionary perspective of concerns related with sustainability, from the eighteenth and
nineteenth centuries to the present day.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. The term “Sustainable Development” has become popular since
the UN Conference on Environment and Development held in
Rio de Janeiro in 1992.
The Brundtland Commission Report (World Commission on
Environment and Development, 1987) has made a great
contribution by emphasizing the importance of sustainable
development and by giving the most often quoted definition.
The starting point of theory formation is the ethical idea of
sustainability.
It is based on obligations toward future generations and
presupposes intergenerational equity.
Concerning specific resources and services (e.g. fresh water, the
atmosphere as a carbon sink, the wide variety of ecosystems), it
is evident that continuing growth at these utilization rates is
unsustainable.
3. Problems on earth are diverse: underdevelopment, poverty,
drought and famine, environmental depletion, wastage,
waste of resources etc.
The aim of Sustainable Development is to solve these
problems and create a situation that is of long-term
durability for all present and future generations, known as
intra- and intergenerational equity.
Sustainable Development is of concern to everybody and it
affects every country in the world, all firms, all regions, all
towns and all households.
Sustainable development is an anthropocentric concept,
because humans are at the center of interest. It is also a
normative concept.
4. The concept has three main pillars: social, economic and
ecological aspects.
A simple world model is the base for developing strategies to
implement sustainability on the earth.
The main limits are the carrying capacity of the earth and the
capacity for human impact on resource removal and waste
insertion.
Both limits are influenced by population growth and the
satisfaction of needs.
The development of natural means of livelihood depends on
the carrying capacity of the earth.
The earth can regenerate if limits are adhered to.
The limits of ecosystems have an impact on our economic
system if sustainability is implemented.
5. What is Sustainability?
After the United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development in Rio (1992) the term “SD” (Sustainable
Development) became a keyword. Not only economists, but
also physicists, engineers, social and political scientists and
theologians are showing their interest.
Sustainable development is development that meets the needs
of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs.”
The starting point of theory formation is the ethical idea of
sustainability. It is based on obligations toward future
generations and presupposes intergenerational equity.
6. It contains within it two key concepts:
◦ the concept of needs, in particular the essential needs of the
world's poor, to which overriding priority should be given;
and
◦ The idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology
and social organization on the ability of the environment to
meet present and future needs.
7. The idea of sustainability dates back more than 40 years.
It was a key theme of the United Nations Conference on the
Human Environment in Stockholm in 1972.
The concept was coined explicitly to suggest that it was
possible to achieve economic growth and industrialization
without environmental damage.
In the ensuing decades, mainstream sustainable development
thinking was progressively developed through the World
Conservation Strategy (1980) and with the publication by the
World Commission on Environment and Development
(WCED) of its report "Our Common Future" (more commonly
known as the "Brundtland Report” (1987)).
8. In 1992, the UN Conference on Environment and Development
(UNCED), or the "Earth Summit", in Rio de Janeiro, agreed on a
Declaration setting out 27 principles supporting sustainable
development.
The Summit also agreed a plan of action called Agenda 21, and
recommended that all countries produce national sustainable
development strategies.
A special UN Commission on Sustainable Development was
created.
In 2002, the Johannesburg Summit reviewed the progress made on
global sustainable development since the Rio Summit.
The World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD, 2002)
confirmed that the first decade of the new century, at least, would
be one of reflection about the demands placed by mankind on the
biosphere.
9. 1.2.2. Meadows et al. (1972, 1992 and 2004)
“The Limits to Growth” is a 1972 book modeling the
consequences of a rapidly growing world population and
finite resource supplies, commissioned by the Club of
Rome.
Its authors were Donella H. Meadows, Dennis L. Meadows,
Jørgen Randers, and William W. Behrens.
The book used a computer simulation model (system
dynamics) and called it the “World3 model” (Forrester, 1971)
to simulate the consequence of interactions between the
Earth's system and the human system.
As result they indicated that economic growth at current
rates could not continue in the long term.
The book was widely understood to claim that
environmental limits would cause the collapse of the world
economic system by the middle of the twenty- first century.
10. As result they indicated that economic growth
at current rates could not continue in the
long term.
The book was widely understood to claim
that environmental limits would cause the
collapse of the world economic system by the
middle of the twenty- first century.
The book echoes some of the concerns and
predictions of the Reverend Thomas Robert
Malthus in An Essay on the Principle of
Population (1798).
11. In his essay, Malthus argued that the geometrical
power of increase in human numbers (world
population), and an arithmetical growth in agricultural
production, would regularly combine to produce
famine, increased mortality, and longer hours of work.
According to Malthus, population growth would reach
such a level that the land would no longer be able to
support it, and widespread starvation would occur.
Five variables were examined in the original model of
Meadows et al. (1972), on the assumptions that
exponential growth accurately described their patterns
of increase, and that the ability of technology to
increase the availability of resources grows only
linearly. These variables are: world population,
industrialization, pollution, food production and
resource depletion
12. Meadows et al (2004): In 2004 the three authors
Meadows, Meadows and Randers have teamed up
again to update and expand their original findings.
In many ways, the message contained in “Limits to
Growth: The 30-Year Update” is a warning.
Overshoot cannot be sustained without collapse.
After explaining overshoot, the book discusses
population and industrial growth, the limits on
available resources, pollution, and technology and,
importantly, ways to avoid overshoot. There is
reason to believe that humanity can still reverse
some of its damage to Earth if it takes appropriate
measures to reduce inefficiency and waste.
13. The book “2052 - A Global Forecast for the Next Forty Years”
written by J. Randers is a Report to the Club of Rome
Commemorating the 40th Anniversary of “The Limits to Growth".
Forty years ago,
The Limits to Growth study addressed the grand question of how
humans would adapt to the physical limitations of planet Earth.
It predicted that during the first half of the 21st century the ongoing
growth in the human ecological footprint would stop – either
through catastrophic "overshoot and collapse" – or through well-
managed "peak and decline."
In the book, Jørgen Randers, one of the co-authors of “Limits to
Growth”, issues a progress report and makes a forecast for the next
forty years.
14. The good news: we will see impressive advances in resource
efficiency and an increasing focus on human well-being rather than
on per capita income growth.
But this change might not come as we expect.
Future growth in population and GDP, for instance, will be
constrained in surprising ways – by rapid fertility decline as result of
increased urbanization, productivity decline as a result of social
unrest, and continuing poverty among the poorest 2 billion world
citizens.
Runaway global warming, too, is likely Randers guides in his book
along a realistic path into the future and discusses what readers can
do to ensure a better life for themselves and their children during the
increasing turmoil of the next forty years.
15. Ms Gro Harlem Brundtland, who chaired the WCED (World
Commission on Environment and Development) in 1987, was the
former Prime Minister of Norway.
The report “Our Common Future” (edited by WCED) described
both the extent of Poverty and the various threats to sustainability.
What was needed was a new kind of economic growth that had
much less environmental impact and which increased the capacity
of the environment to deliver human satisfaction.
16. The Brundtland Report may be considered to be a political
document, not based on rigorous scientific analysis.
The report comprised three objectives:
To re-examine the critical environment and development
issues and to formulate realistic proposals for dealing
with them;
To propose new forms of international cooperation on
these issues that will influence policies and events in the
direction of needed changes;
To raise the levels of understanding and commitment to
action of individuals, voluntary organizations, businesses,
institutes and governments.
The WCED focused on the issues of: population growth,
food security, biodiversity loss, energy, resource
depletion, and pollution and urbanization
17. The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, held in
Stockholm, Sweden, in 1972, was a ‘first’ in many respects: it was
the first meeting that brought the nations of the world (113 countries
participated) together to discuss the environmental future of the
planet;
it was the first United Nations conference on a single global issue;
it was the first global meeting that saw a large presence and
influence of non-state actors, including non-governmental
organizations and scholars; and
it was the first meeting to seek global policy consensus on issues
related to the environment.
18. The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development
(UNCED), also known as the Rio Summit, Rio Conference, Earth
Summit was a major United Nations conference held in Rio de Janeiro in
1992. 172 governments participated, with 108 sending their head of State or
Government. Some 2,400 representatives of non-governmental
organizations (NGOs) attended, with 17,000 people at the parallel NGO
"Global Forum", who had Consultative Status.
The issues addressed include
systematic scrutiny of patterns of production — particularly the production
of toxic components, such as lead in gasoline, or poisonous waste including
radioactive chemicals
alternative sources of energy to replace the use of fossil fuels which are
linked to global climate change
new reliance on public transportation systems in order to reduce vehicle
emissions, congestion in cities and the health problems caused by polluted
air and smog
the growing scarcity of water
19. The Convention on Biological Diversity was opened for
signature at the Earth Summit, and made a start towards
redefinition of measures that did not inherently encourage
destruction of natural Eco regions and so-called uneconomic
growth.
The Earth Summit resulted in the following documents:
Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
Agenda 21
Convention on Biological Diversity
Forest Principles
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
Both Convention on Biological Diversity and Framework
Convention on Climate Change were set as legally binding
agreements.
Critics, however, point out that many of the agreements
made in Rio have not been realized regarding such
fundamental issues as fighting poverty and cleaning up the
environment.
20. The World Summit on Sustainable Development
(WSSD) or Earth Summit 2002 took place in
Johannesburg, South Africa, in 2002.
It was convened to discuss sustainable
development by the United Nations.
WSSD gathered a number of leaders from
business and non-governmental organizations,
10 years after the first Earth Summit in Rio de
Janeiro. (It was therefore also informally
nicknamed "Rio+10".)
The Johannesburg Declaration was the main
outcome of the Summit; however, there were
several other international agreements.
It laid out the Johannesburg Plan of
Implementation as an action plan.
21. The United Nations Conference on Sustainable
Development took place in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, on
20-22 June 2012 (nickname: Rio+20) to mark the 20th
anniversary of the 1992 United Nations Conference on
Environment and Development (UNCED), in Rio de
Janeiro, and the 10th anniversary of the 2002 World
Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) in
Johannesburg.
The conference was organized by the United Nations
Department of Economic and Social Affairs. The
decision to hold the conference in 2012 in Rio de
Janeiro was made by the UN General Assembly
Resolution on 24 December 2009.
22. The conference had three objectives:
1. Securing renewed political commitment for sustainable development.
2. Assessing the progress and implementation gaps in meeting previous
commitments.
3. Addressing new and emerging challenges.
The conference has two themes agreed upon by the member states.
1. Green economy within the context of sustainable development and
poverty eradication.
2. Institutional framework for sustainable development.
7 Critical Issues at Rio+20:
The preparations for Rio+20 have highlighted seven areas which need
priority attention; these include
decent jobs,
energy,
sustainable cities,
food security and sustainable agriculture,
water,
oceans and
Disaster readiness.
23. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) or Global Goals are a
collection of 17 interlinked global goals designed to be a "blueprint to
achieve a better and more sustainable future for all"
The SDGs were set up in 2015 by the United Nations General
Assembly and are intended to be achieved by the year 2030. They are
included in a UN Resolution called the 2030 Agenda or what is
colloquially known as Agenda 2030. The SDGs were developed in
the Post-2015 Development Agenda as the future global development
framework to succeed the Millennium Development Goals which
ended in 2015.
24. The 17 SDGs are:
(1) No Poverty,
(2) Zero Hunger,
(3) Good Health and Well-being,
(4) Quality Education,
(5) Gender Equality,
(6) Clean Water and Sanitation,
(7) Affordable and Clean Energy,
(8) Decent Work and Economic Growth,
(9) Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure,
(10) Reducing Inequality,
(11) Sustainable Cities and Communities,
25. (12) Responsible Consumption and Production,
(13) Climate Action,
(14) Life Below Water,
(15) Life On Land,
(16) Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions,
(17) Partnerships for the Goals.