Susfuinnble Development, Vol. 3,109-119 (1995)
METHODS OF DEFINING
’SUSTAINABILITY’
Andrew D. Basiago, Department of Land Economy,
University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
The notion of ’sustainability’ emerged in
The Ecologist’s A Blueprint for Survival, in
1972. The quest to make modern civiliza-
tion ’sustainable’ inspired the UN’s
Stockholm Conference in 1972 and the
’global trusteeship’ of subsequent inter-
national environmental treaties. ’Sustain-
ability’ is related to ’futurity’, hence the
Brundtland Commission in 1987 defined
sustainable development as ’development
which meets the needs of the present,
without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own
needs’. ’ Sust ainabilit y’ animates ’the
precautionary principle’, affirmed by the
European Union (EU) in 1990 in its
Bergen Declaration on Sustainable Devel-
opment, which requires ecological pre-
servation in cases of scientific uncertainty
where serious or irreversible damage is
threatened. The Earth Summit in 1992
established ’sustainable development’ as
the most important policy of the 21st cen-
tury. ’Sustainability’ is at the heart of The
Rio Declaration on Environment and
Development and Agenda 21, accords
signed at the Earth Summit that herald a
new paradigm of society, economics and
CCC 0968-0802/95/030109-11
0 1995 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
the environment. The E U s Fifth Environ-
mental Action Programme (1993) pursues
’sustainability’ in industry, energy,
transport, agriculture and tourism.
’Sustainability’ has also been endorsed by
the Clinton Administration (1994). In the
light of these events, ’sustainability’ is
now used widely in biology, economics,
sociology, urban planning, ethics and
other domains. It is regarded as tanta-
mount to a new philosophy, in which
principles of futurity, equity, global
environmentalism and biodiversity must
guide decision-making. Far from being a
mere doctrine of development science,
’sustainability’ has emerged as a universal
methodology for evaluating whether
human options will yield social and
environmental vitality.
INTRODUCTION
he call for ‘sustainability’ has become as
commonplace in today’s world as cries of T ‘liberty’ and ‘democracy‘ once were. ‘Sus-
tainability’ is advanced as an alternative to societal
and environmental entropy. Speth (1992) contends
that acid rain, global warming, ozone depletion,
deforestation and desertification jeopardize global
security. ’[Ilf population growth continues to out-
pace the creation of new jobs, if pressures on
resources mount and growth proves unsustuinuble, if
social and ethnic tensions increase’, he writes, the
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
DEFINING ’SUSTAINABILITY’
effects might include ’civil unrest’, ’regional con-
flict’, ’the collapse of governments’, ’adoption of
authoritarian measures’ and ’waves of ecological
refugees‘. Speth urges the world to choose a course
...
The document discusses the history and evolution of the concept of sustainable development from the 1972 Stockholm Conference to the current UN Sustainable Development Goals. It outlines key milestones like the 1987 Brundtland Commission, 1992 Rio Earth Summit, 2002 Johannesburg Summit, and 2015 adoption of the SDGs. Influential reports discussing planetary limits to growth like the Club of Rome's Limits to Growth in 1972 and updates in 2004 are also summarized.
The document summarizes the report of the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), also known as the Brundtland Commission. The Commission was established in 1983 by the United Nations to address growing environmental concerns and their connection to economic and social issues. The Commission's 1987 report, Our Common Future, introduced the concept of sustainable development as "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." The report examined major environmental issues and proposed strategies for governments and international organizations to pursue sustainable development.
A HISTORY OF THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT LITERATURE REVIEW.pdfKristen Flores
This document provides a literature review of the history and evolution of the concept of sustainable development. It discusses how the concept emerged from a series of international conferences and reports starting in the 1970s that sought to address issues of poverty, inequality, and environmental degradation. It outlines several key moments in the development of the concept, including the 1972 Stockholm Conference, the 1987 Brundtland Commission report that defined sustainable development, and the 1992 Rio Earth Summit that further advanced the concept. The document analyzes how thinking around balancing environmental protection and economic development has progressed over time through these influential events and reports.
This document provides an overview of sustainable development as discussed at United Nations conferences, with three key points:
1) UN conferences have linked sustainable development to population issues, calling for reproductive health policies and family planning to promote smaller families and slower population growth.
2) Conferences see unsustainable consumption patterns and poverty as exacerbating environmental problems, and aim to meet needs through eradicating poverty and changing consumption patterns.
3) Humans are at the center of sustainable development concerns, and development must empower people, especially women, through education and primary healthcare to realize their potential.
This document discusses sustainable development (SD). It provides three key points:
1) SD is defined as "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." It aims to balance environmental preservation, economic growth, and social welfare both currently and for future generations.
2) SD incorporates three pillars - environmental sustainability, economic sustainability, and sociopolitical sustainability. Environmental sustainability focuses on preserving natural resources, economic sustainability on maintaining economic growth, and sociopolitical sustainability on ensuring social equity.
3) Achieving true SD requires addressing market failures like externalities, undervaluation of natural capital, information asymmetry, and businesses prioritizing short-term gains
Concept of Sustainable Development: Strategies, opportunities and implementat...PETER NAIBEI
The presentation highlights the concept of Sustainable Development contemporary issues in environmental policy in the global and Kenya context (strategies, opportunities and implementation).
This presentation outlines the Brundtland Commission Report's pivotal role in defining sustainable development. It covers the report's context, highlighting global environmental and developmental challenges. Key concepts like sustainable development and interconnectedness are explored, leading to the report's findings on unsustainable practices and recommendations for change. The legacy of the report in shaping global policy-making and contemporary relevance are discussed. Through this presentation, we aim to underscore the urgency of adopting sustainable practices and the ongoing need for international cooperation in addressing pressing environmental issues.
This document discusses the history and evolution of the concept of sustainable development. It outlines several important conferences where the term was introduced and defined, including the 1987 Brundtland Commission report, the 1992 Earth Summit, and 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development. These conferences sought to integrate environmental and development policies and establish frameworks and goals like Agenda 21 and the Millennium Development Goals. The document also examines how sustainable development has been defined and interpreted across disciplines and contexts.
The document discusses the history and evolution of the concept of sustainable development from the 1972 Stockholm Conference to the current UN Sustainable Development Goals. It outlines key milestones like the 1987 Brundtland Commission, 1992 Rio Earth Summit, 2002 Johannesburg Summit, and 2015 adoption of the SDGs. Influential reports discussing planetary limits to growth like the Club of Rome's Limits to Growth in 1972 and updates in 2004 are also summarized.
The document summarizes the report of the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), also known as the Brundtland Commission. The Commission was established in 1983 by the United Nations to address growing environmental concerns and their connection to economic and social issues. The Commission's 1987 report, Our Common Future, introduced the concept of sustainable development as "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." The report examined major environmental issues and proposed strategies for governments and international organizations to pursue sustainable development.
A HISTORY OF THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT LITERATURE REVIEW.pdfKristen Flores
This document provides a literature review of the history and evolution of the concept of sustainable development. It discusses how the concept emerged from a series of international conferences and reports starting in the 1970s that sought to address issues of poverty, inequality, and environmental degradation. It outlines several key moments in the development of the concept, including the 1972 Stockholm Conference, the 1987 Brundtland Commission report that defined sustainable development, and the 1992 Rio Earth Summit that further advanced the concept. The document analyzes how thinking around balancing environmental protection and economic development has progressed over time through these influential events and reports.
This document provides an overview of sustainable development as discussed at United Nations conferences, with three key points:
1) UN conferences have linked sustainable development to population issues, calling for reproductive health policies and family planning to promote smaller families and slower population growth.
2) Conferences see unsustainable consumption patterns and poverty as exacerbating environmental problems, and aim to meet needs through eradicating poverty and changing consumption patterns.
3) Humans are at the center of sustainable development concerns, and development must empower people, especially women, through education and primary healthcare to realize their potential.
This document discusses sustainable development (SD). It provides three key points:
1) SD is defined as "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." It aims to balance environmental preservation, economic growth, and social welfare both currently and for future generations.
2) SD incorporates three pillars - environmental sustainability, economic sustainability, and sociopolitical sustainability. Environmental sustainability focuses on preserving natural resources, economic sustainability on maintaining economic growth, and sociopolitical sustainability on ensuring social equity.
3) Achieving true SD requires addressing market failures like externalities, undervaluation of natural capital, information asymmetry, and businesses prioritizing short-term gains
Concept of Sustainable Development: Strategies, opportunities and implementat...PETER NAIBEI
The presentation highlights the concept of Sustainable Development contemporary issues in environmental policy in the global and Kenya context (strategies, opportunities and implementation).
This presentation outlines the Brundtland Commission Report's pivotal role in defining sustainable development. It covers the report's context, highlighting global environmental and developmental challenges. Key concepts like sustainable development and interconnectedness are explored, leading to the report's findings on unsustainable practices and recommendations for change. The legacy of the report in shaping global policy-making and contemporary relevance are discussed. Through this presentation, we aim to underscore the urgency of adopting sustainable practices and the ongoing need for international cooperation in addressing pressing environmental issues.
This document discusses the history and evolution of the concept of sustainable development. It outlines several important conferences where the term was introduced and defined, including the 1987 Brundtland Commission report, the 1992 Earth Summit, and 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development. These conferences sought to integrate environmental and development policies and establish frameworks and goals like Agenda 21 and the Millennium Development Goals. The document also examines how sustainable development has been defined and interpreted across disciplines and contexts.
The document discusses the history and principles of sustainable development. It began as a concept addressing the environmental impacts of increasing population and economic growth. Key publications in the 1960s and 70s brought awareness to these issues. The UN defined sustainable development in 1987 as "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the future." The principles are intergenerational equity, social justice, and transboundary responsibility. Sustainable development aims to balance economic growth, social welfare, and environmental protection.
Unit IV :Addressing Environmental Concerns amitiittmgwl
The document discusses various topics related to environmental issues and sustainable tourism. It defines key concepts like ecotourism, responsible tourism, and community-based tourism. It also summarizes several important global environmental conventions focused on issues like climate change, biodiversity, and waste management. Finally, it discusses the concept of sustainable tourism development and the need to balance environmental protection, social welfare, and economic growth.
The document introduces the concept of sustainable development by discussing its history and key paths. Sustainable development aims to encourage economic growth and social inclusion while protecting the environment. It is defined as meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. The idea emerged in the 1970s and gained prominence through UN conferences in the 1980s-1990s. Key paths to sustainable development discussed include clean energy, poverty reduction, natural resource management, production/consumption, public health, social inclusion, and sustainable transport.
International Environmental Sustainability Laws With Focus On Environmental S...IJSRED
This document provides an overview of international environmental sustainability laws with a focus on Nigeria. It discusses how increased human activity has negatively impacted the environment. It also outlines key international agreements and policies around sustainable development, including the Brundtland Report and Agenda 21. While sustainable development aims to balance environmental protection, economic growth, and social welfare, there is some controversy around developing countries viewing sustainability standards as limiting their growth. The document argues that countries should have autonomy in choosing their own path to development.
Introduction to Sustainable DevelopmentPreeti Sikder
Learning Outcome:
Students will be able to :
a) discuss about the characteristics of sustainable development
b) grasp the scope of discussion under sustainable development as a branch of law
Concept of sustainable global developmentodevz1235
The document discusses the concept and history of sustainable global development. It traces the origins of the term back to the 1980s and defines it as meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. It also discusses related concepts like green development and lists key areas and challenges of achieving sustainable development.
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
The document provides an overview of sustainable development. It defines sustainable development as meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. It discusses how sustainable development aims to balance environmental protection, economic growth, and social welfare. It also outlines the key concepts of sustainable development and how the field has evolved, including through major UN conferences.
This document provides an outline and overview of the concept of sustainable development. It discusses how sustainable development first emerged in international reports in the 1980s focusing on balancing environmental protection and economic development. The document then defines development and sustainable development, describing it as meeting current needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. It outlines the evolution of sustainable development through key conferences and frameworks. Finally, it discusses the three pillars of sustainable development as environmental protection, economic development, and social development with some adding a fourth pillar of cultural diversity.
This is a presentation on one of the topic of environmental law. It deals with Rio Declaration which is a very important summit in the history of environmental law.
The document provides background information on several United Nations environmental summits held between 1972 and 2012, including key outcomes and issues discussed. It summarizes the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment held in Stockholm in 1972 which established the UN Environment Programme. It also describes the 1987 Brundtland Commission report and the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro which resulted in agreements on climate change, biodiversity, and forests. The document further discusses the Rio+5, Rio+10, and Rio+20 summits and their focus on advancing sustainable development goals.
The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), also known as the Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit , Rio Summit, Rio Conference, and Earth Summit (Portuguese: ECO92), was a major United Nations conference held in Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June 1992.
This document discusses several important international declarations and principles of environmental law. It summarizes the Stockholm Declaration (1972), Rio Declaration (1992), and Johannesburg Declaration (2002) which established frameworks for environmental protection and conservation. It also outlines key principles of international environmental law like sustainable development, polluter pays, and precautionary action. Finally, it examines international responses to issues of marine pollution and global warming through conventions like the UN Law of the Sea and frameworks for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Sustainable Growth And Sustainable DevelopmentTammy Majors
1. Sustainable development is a concept that aims to meet current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It considers environmental, social and economic factors.
2. Countries like Nigeria have traditionally focused on economic growth over environmental interests, but are shifting towards more sustainable practices like solar and wind power.
3. The UN has played a leading role in promoting sustainable development through initiatives like the Sustainable Development Goals, which address not just environmental issues but also social and economic issues important for human well-being.
This document provides an outline and overview of the key concepts of sustainable development. It discusses the evolution of sustainable development from its origins in the 1980s to approaches today. The three pillars of sustainable development are identified as environmental protection, economic development, and social development, with some arguments for adding a fourth pillar of cultural diversity. Principles of sustainability are outlined, along with the interconnected nature of environmental, economic and social issues.
Sustainable Social Development, introduction and process in India. and it also focuses on the current trends. Application of Social Work through the sustainable development process
Susainable development by kashyap gohe;Kashyap Gohel
The document discusses the concept of sustainable development by providing definitions, a brief history, and delineating its domains. It defines sustainable development as meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. The three main domains are typically defined as environmental sustainability, economic sustainability, and social sustainability, though some frameworks use four domains including politics and culture. The document also discusses criticisms of sustainable development and provides references for further information.
This document summarizes a 2005 article from the journal Environment about the concept of sustainable development. It outlines the history and evolution of sustainable development from earlier concepts of peace, freedom, development and the environment. It discusses how sustainable development has been defined, including the widely used definition from the Brundtland Commission. It also examines goals for sustainable development over different time horizons and how indicators are used to define and measure progress toward sustainable development.
Learn about sustainable development and its need in the world. How it helps reduce global warming, creating a better society with the help of sustainable social and economical development. It will help you learn to know various steps taken throughout the world.
Muslims in the Golden Age is the theme for the research project. You.docxssuserf9c51d
Muslims in the Golden Age is the theme for the research project. You are required to prepare a minimum of 25-minute presentation on the life, work, and contributions of a Muslim scholar, scientist, poet, artist, etc. from the Golden Age of Islam (not contemporary scholars). You can choose any form of media for your presentation paper. A narrated paper has been the common form used in the past; however, the addition of voice-over is required. If you require assistance with the recording, please email instructors.
This project should be completed individually. The objective of this project is to explore the Muslims' contributions to the modern civilization.
Resources:
Format, Length and Style: The presentation must include:
• Minimum of 3 page. Each of pages should be visually appealing, contain relevant content.
• Narrate each page without reading the text line by line. Use the narration to explain and elaborate on what is presented on the pages
• Correct spelling and grammar
• APA citation and bibliography on a separate page
.
Multiple Sources of MediaExamine the impact of multiple sour.docxssuserf9c51d
Multiple Sources of Media
Examine the impact of multiple sources of media on children and adolescents. Discuss how media influences children and adolescents differentially at various ages. Discuss at least one positive and at least one negative result of media exposure for children and adolescents.
Respond to the discussion by referencing at least one reputable media source.
Response Guidelines
Respond to fellow learners' posts and the sources they cite. Ask questions and expand on the research to further the discussions. Respond to comments made by at least two learners. Your responses to learners are expected to be substantive in nature and to reference the assigned readings, as well as other theoretical, empirical, or professional literature to support your views and writings.
.
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This document provides an overview of international environmental sustainability laws with a focus on Nigeria. It discusses how increased human activity has negatively impacted the environment. It also outlines key international agreements and policies around sustainable development, including the Brundtland Report and Agenda 21. While sustainable development aims to balance environmental protection, economic growth, and social welfare, there is some controversy around developing countries viewing sustainability standards as limiting their growth. The document argues that countries should have autonomy in choosing their own path to development.
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Learning Outcome:
Students will be able to :
a) discuss about the characteristics of sustainable development
b) grasp the scope of discussion under sustainable development as a branch of law
Concept of sustainable global developmentodevz1235
The document discusses the concept and history of sustainable global development. It traces the origins of the term back to the 1980s and defines it as meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. It also discusses related concepts like green development and lists key areas and challenges of achieving sustainable development.
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
The document provides an overview of sustainable development. It defines sustainable development as meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. It discusses how sustainable development aims to balance environmental protection, economic growth, and social welfare. It also outlines the key concepts of sustainable development and how the field has evolved, including through major UN conferences.
This document provides an outline and overview of the concept of sustainable development. It discusses how sustainable development first emerged in international reports in the 1980s focusing on balancing environmental protection and economic development. The document then defines development and sustainable development, describing it as meeting current needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. It outlines the evolution of sustainable development through key conferences and frameworks. Finally, it discusses the three pillars of sustainable development as environmental protection, economic development, and social development with some adding a fourth pillar of cultural diversity.
This is a presentation on one of the topic of environmental law. It deals with Rio Declaration which is a very important summit in the history of environmental law.
The document provides background information on several United Nations environmental summits held between 1972 and 2012, including key outcomes and issues discussed. It summarizes the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment held in Stockholm in 1972 which established the UN Environment Programme. It also describes the 1987 Brundtland Commission report and the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro which resulted in agreements on climate change, biodiversity, and forests. The document further discusses the Rio+5, Rio+10, and Rio+20 summits and their focus on advancing sustainable development goals.
The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), also known as the Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit , Rio Summit, Rio Conference, and Earth Summit (Portuguese: ECO92), was a major United Nations conference held in Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June 1992.
This document discusses several important international declarations and principles of environmental law. It summarizes the Stockholm Declaration (1972), Rio Declaration (1992), and Johannesburg Declaration (2002) which established frameworks for environmental protection and conservation. It also outlines key principles of international environmental law like sustainable development, polluter pays, and precautionary action. Finally, it examines international responses to issues of marine pollution and global warming through conventions like the UN Law of the Sea and frameworks for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
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1. Sustainable development is a concept that aims to meet current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It considers environmental, social and economic factors.
2. Countries like Nigeria have traditionally focused on economic growth over environmental interests, but are shifting towards more sustainable practices like solar and wind power.
3. The UN has played a leading role in promoting sustainable development through initiatives like the Sustainable Development Goals, which address not just environmental issues but also social and economic issues important for human well-being.
This document provides an outline and overview of the key concepts of sustainable development. It discusses the evolution of sustainable development from its origins in the 1980s to approaches today. The three pillars of sustainable development are identified as environmental protection, economic development, and social development, with some arguments for adding a fourth pillar of cultural diversity. Principles of sustainability are outlined, along with the interconnected nature of environmental, economic and social issues.
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This document summarizes a 2005 article from the journal Environment about the concept of sustainable development. It outlines the history and evolution of sustainable development from earlier concepts of peace, freedom, development and the environment. It discusses how sustainable development has been defined, including the widely used definition from the Brundtland Commission. It also examines goals for sustainable development over different time horizons and how indicators are used to define and measure progress toward sustainable development.
Learn about sustainable development and its need in the world. How it helps reduce global warming, creating a better society with the help of sustainable social and economical development. It will help you learn to know various steps taken throughout the world.
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Muslims in the Golden Age is the theme for the research project. You.docxssuserf9c51d
Muslims in the Golden Age is the theme for the research project. You are required to prepare a minimum of 25-minute presentation on the life, work, and contributions of a Muslim scholar, scientist, poet, artist, etc. from the Golden Age of Islam (not contemporary scholars). You can choose any form of media for your presentation paper. A narrated paper has been the common form used in the past; however, the addition of voice-over is required. If you require assistance with the recording, please email instructors.
This project should be completed individually. The objective of this project is to explore the Muslims' contributions to the modern civilization.
Resources:
Format, Length and Style: The presentation must include:
• Minimum of 3 page. Each of pages should be visually appealing, contain relevant content.
• Narrate each page without reading the text line by line. Use the narration to explain and elaborate on what is presented on the pages
• Correct spelling and grammar
• APA citation and bibliography on a separate page
.
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Multiple Sources of Media
Examine the impact of multiple sources of media on children and adolescents. Discuss how media influences children and adolescents differentially at various ages. Discuss at least one positive and at least one negative result of media exposure for children and adolescents.
Respond to the discussion by referencing at least one reputable media source.
Response Guidelines
Respond to fellow learners' posts and the sources they cite. Ask questions and expand on the research to further the discussions. Respond to comments made by at least two learners. Your responses to learners are expected to be substantive in nature and to reference the assigned readings, as well as other theoretical, empirical, or professional literature to support your views and writings.
.
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Multicultural Event Written
Please choose and research a cultural or diverse event that you are not familiar with. Examples can include a ritual, holiday, religious custom, cultural practice, cultural celebrations, etc. While these are a few suggestions please think outside the box and find something that interest you.You will write a 2 - 3 page paper, APA format (this does not include the cover or reference page). It will consist of :
the introduction of the cultural/diverse event
describe the event (be sure to provide enough detail so that the reader can understand it)
What is unique/different of the event from your culture or custom?
What is the frequency of the event?
What is the importance of the event?
What did you learn about the cultural/diverse event that you did not know?
Are there any similarities to you and your families events?
provide a conclusion.
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Your essay will address the following points.
§ Describe two-party, coalitions, and multi-party negotiations.
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Describe the social complexities of the Space Shuttle Challenger explosion.
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Make sure you include your source used for this portion of your research.
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Instructions:
Your PowerPoint presentation should include the following:
• Background and explanation of your special topic.
• Brief background of your American musician/artist.
• The relationship your American musician/artist had to this special topic and the contributions
they have made.
• An explanation of how your American musician/artist connected to and influenced both music
and American society and culture.
Special Topics in American Music - Final Project
MUS320 - American Music
Requirements:
• Presentation must consist of 7-10 slides, with additional title and reference slides, all formatted
in accordance with the most current APA guidelines.
• Each slide will provide succinct points of the key information that you wish to convey.
• Use the Notes section to elaborate on the information presented in each slide. The Notes section is your narrative for the presentation. Here is a tutorial on how to use speaker notes in PowerPoint. If you do not have a LinkedIn Learning account (complimentary for Post students), refer to the Course Information page for information on how to set it up so you can properly view this video.
• At least four (4) images - Two (2) related to your special topic and two (2) related to your artist.
• A video example from YouTube including music from your artist.
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MSW Advanced Clinical Concentration -Student Learning Agreement
Walden University -- Barbara Solomon School of Social Work
Used with SOCW 6520 and SOCW 6530
Agency Name: Keep Smiling Therapy
Agency Address: «555 Broadhollow Road Suite 101
Melville, NY, 11747 »
Student Information
Instructor/Supervisor Information
Faculty Liaison Information
Agency Info
Name: Varda Sauveur
Walden Email: [email protected]
Phone: 347-869-32356
Name: Chanell Smiliey
Email: [email protected]
Phone: 631-505-2961
Name: Alisha Powell
Email: [email protected]
Phone: [Type here]
Description: Psychotherapy
Academic Term
Example: Winter 2019
Course Number
Example: SOCW 6520 III
Population Served: Working with clients who are affected by depression, phobias, stress, anxiety, emotional and relationship problems, physical or psychosomatic disorders and behavioral problems.
Proposed Schedule: Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday 12pm-8 pm
Describe what your regular tasks will be at the agency:
My regular task is as follow:
· Create an appropriate treatment plan for them, which will provide them with a structured and focused way of addressing their problems.
· Learning how to use verbal interaction skills to explore behavior, attitudes and emotions
· Helping clients to understand and address their inner conflicts.
· Completing Psychosocial forms
Importance of the Learning Agreement
Purpose of the Learning Agreement: The learning agreement is designed to ensure students are mindful about the learning expectations in their field placement. It was developed to help students and supervisors/instructors plan a well-rounded experience that will help students meet the learning objectives.
Learning Objectives: The Council on Social Work Education (CSWE) requires students gain competency in nine areas of social work practice. These areas of practice are defined as core competencies of the profession. Each core competency requires particular behaviors students should be able to engage and gain competency in. Students should provide examples of activities in the agency they can participate in to help them meet the learning objectives. Some examples of activities are provided. This is not an exhaustive list, so others can be added. Students must have an opportunity to complete tasks in all nine areas of competency.
Connection to the Student Evaluation: Not only is the learning agreement a helpful tool to plan the learning goals for the term, but it connects directly to the evaluation points in the student evaluation. Field Instructors/supervisors will be asked to complete student evaluations. Each student is evaluated on the nine core competencies of social work. Having a solid learning agreement aligns the learning goals with the student’s evaluation, so no areas are missed.
Instructions
Negotiating the Agreement: The learning agreement should be completed by week 3 at the agency. This is a collaborative process, where the .
Multimedia Instructional MaterialsStaying current on technolog.docxssuserf9c51d
Multimedia Instructional Materials
Staying current on technology is an essential aspect of being an educator. Today’s students are digital natives, and they often respond better to media than to traditional methods of teaching. Having a strong technology repertoire is important.
Create a matrix detailing a variety of multimedia, technology, games, apps, and other technological tools for teaching reading and writing to struggling readers and writers. Include five tools/media/apps and address the following, in 100-200 words per tool:
· App/technology tool description, app/technology location (online, offline through software, through a game console, etc.), and the cost.
· Age level or academic level for which the technology is appropriate.
· Advantages of using the technology.
· Drawbacks to using the technology.
· Rationalize why struggling students may benefit from the app/technology tool.
Additionally, write a 250-500 word overview of the contents of the matrix, describing how you will implement technology in your ELA classroom. Justify which of these technologies you think will be most beneficial and describe how you might convince an administrator to help you acquire the technology.
Support the matrix and summary with 3-5 resources.
Course Paper Assignment: 30% of course grade, Final Paper due in Week 11
Proposal Due: April 22, (1 page) – Description of proposed project (abstract), Proposed Case Studies (3 to start), Bibliography with at least 3 sources
Final Paper Due: May 19, Week 11
Course Analytical Paper – Assignment
In this paper you will provide a rigorous and thoughtful analysis on your chosen theme, to include an analysis of one case study project or several projects, as a comparative analysis. The paper must include a clear and concise Thesis Statement, shown in “bold” at the end of the introductory paragraph. Please use proper paragraph form, beginning each paragraph with a Topic Sentence and ending with a Concluding Sentence. Keep your paragraphs approximately the same length, throughout. Use our course readings, along with 10 or more sources, to help you construct arguments. Cite using proper APA
form, when using text from sources. The goal of your paper is to prove (or disprove) the Thesis Statement. Writing a detailed outline is highly recommended. Include the following:
1. Title Page – Include a unique title for your paper topic, your name, my name, course name/number, and the quarter: “Spring 2020” You may also include an image or multiple images on the cover.
2. Final Paper (at least 8-10 pages of double-spaced text, images not included) – Font size: 11 or 12; Margins: ½ inch or 3/4 inch max on sides.
3. Bibliography (include at least 10 sources, 6 of which must be books or articles. The remaining 4 sources, or more, can include video lectures and other multimedia). Use APA format. You may use more than 10 total.
4. Include illustrations and project documents. Analytical sketches a.
Murray Bowen is one of the most respected family theorists in th.docxssuserf9c51d
- Murray Bowen is considered one of the most influential family therapists. He viewed the family as a complex emotional unit and believed it was important to understand interactions between family members to address problems.
- The case history describes the Petrakis family and issues that arose when the son Alec moved in to care for his grandmother, including theft and drug use. This caused stress for the mother Helen.
- Bowen's family systems theory and concepts of differentiation of self and triangles would provide different perspectives for analyzing this family's dynamics compared to other models like structural family therapy.
Mrs. Thomas is a 54, year old African American widow, mother and gra.docxssuserf9c51d
Mrs. Thomas is a 54, year old African American widow, mother and grandmother, who lives with her daughter and four grandchildren (ages 12, 10, 7 and 5) in a 4 story walk up apartment. She is an active member of her church community and friends, comments that she had so much energy that she exhausted all of them just being around her. At age 51, she was diagnosed with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Busy with raising her grandchildren, a little more than 3 years went by before she sought attention for her symptoms and was diagnosed. Despite aggressive treatments with chemotherapy and radiation, her diseased progressed and she was considering undergoing a bone marrow transplant. Climbing the stairs to the apartment one afternoon she became very short of breath and collapsed. Her twelve, year old granddaughter called 911. At the hospital she was minimally responsive and in severe respiratory distress. She was intubated and transferred to the ICU. A family meeting with the oncology and ICU team was called to discuss Mrs. Thomas’s advanced condition, the fact that she would probably not survive further treatment for the lymphoma and to develop a plan of care. Fifteen family members arrived, including her daughter, pre-teen granddaughters and grandson, three nieces, four nephews, several friends from her church and the minister. On being asked that only the immediate family participate in the meeting, the family and friends became angry and insisted that all of them be involved in this discussion.
1. The students should focus their thoughts on the dynamics of this family meeting. If you were the nurse in this situation, how would you address meeting? Here are some questions that may help your thinking. W
hat is your impression regarding this scenario? What are some concerns you have with this case? What do you anticipate would happen? How would you handle all the family members and friends wanting to be included in the discussion? There is not right or wrong answer. But remember you need a professional journal to support the discussion.
2. Now think about you being the patient. How would the situation be handle within your family? Have you thought about what kind of care you would want? Does someone know what you would want if you had a catastrophic event? Would family members support the decision maker's decision for for you?
.
Multiple Source Essay, Speculating about CausesProposing a Solution.docxssuserf9c51d
Multiple Source Essay, Speculating about Causes/Proposing a
Solution
.
Topic: Women Mistreatment and Inequality in the US.
7 PAGES INCLUDING (
REFERENCE, ABSTRACT, TITLE PAGE
) - SO BASICALLY 4 PAGES
CONTENT.
4 pages content includes:
Specific thesis with your three causes that explains why you are arguing for something
Cause 1 = paragraph (be sure to explain the limits of the cause, or whether it’s a big cause, a small cause, or even a wrong cause)
Cause 2 = paragraph (be sure to explain the limits of the cause, or whether it’s a big cause, a small cause, or even a wrong cause)
Cause 3 = paragraph (be sure to explain the limits of the cause, or whether it’s a big cause, a small cause, or even a wrong cause)
Conclusion
Minimum of 4 sources. I provided 4 sources but you can use other RECENT sources.
IN ATTACHMENTS: ASSIGNMENT SHEET + SOURCES AND TIPS.
MUST BE DONE TOMORROW BY 11 PM PACIFIC TIME (in 23 hours)
.
Multiyear Plans Please respond to the followingDo you.docxssuserf9c51d
"Multiyear Plans"
Please respond to the following:
Do you think the federal government should increase spending on Social Security and Medicare for the elderly? If not, how should the elderly fund retirement and medical costs? Provide research support for your positions.
.
Multinational Financial Management
Determine key reasons why a multinational corporation might decide to borrow in a country such as Brazil, where interest rates are high, rather than in a country like Switzerland, where interest rates are low. Provide support for your rationale.
.
Murder CasePreambleAn organization system administrator .docxssuserf9c51d
Murder Case
Preamble
An organization system administrator was labeled as the key suspect in a homicide case. The accused claimed that he was at work at the time of the murder.
Police Intervention
The police asked his employer to help them verify his alibi. Unpredictably, the same organization, occasionally trained law enforcement personnel to investigate computer crimes and was eager to help in the investigation.
Collaborative Strength:
The organization worked with police to assemble an investigative team, seized the suspect computers in his office and residence, and backup tapes on a file server managed by his employer. All of these evidence were stored in a room to where only members of the team had access.
Harsh Situation
At the initial stages, the operation appeared reasonably well documented, but the reconstruction process was a disaster. The investigators made so many omissions and mistakes that one computer expert when reading the investigator's logs, suggested that the fundamental mistake was that the investigators locked all of the smart people out of the room. The investigators, in this case, were unaware of the situation and unwilling to admit the slip-up.
As a result of the investigators' omissions and mistakes, the suspect's alibi could not work together. Digital evidence to support the suspect's alibi was identify later but not by the investigators. If the investigators had sought expert assistance to deal with a large amount of digital evidence, they might have quickly confirmed the suspect's alibi rather than putting him through years of investigation and leaving the murderer to go free.
Lesson Learned
The case amplifies forensic investigators' requirements to obtain fundamental knowledge of computers, compatible operating systems, and application software programs.
Forewarning forensic investigators to seek the assistance of the system administrator during the criminal investigation.
Scenario
You have been retained as a Deputy Technology officer at the University and charged with the responsibility of developing an Acceptable User Policy for the department of computer science based on this murder case.
Question 1
Use the AUP to amplify the advantages and disadvantages of investigators' quarterly training on most currently used operating systems such as Microsoft Windows, Macintosh, UNIX, Linux, Sun System, and more.
Scenario 2
The investigators, in this case, were unaware of the situation and unwilling to admit the slip-up. As a result of such omissions and mistakes, the suspect's alibi could not work together. Digital evidence to support the suspect's alibi was identify later but not by the investigators. If the investigators had sought expert assistance to deal with a large amount of digital evidence, they might have quickly confirmed the suspect's alibi rather than putting him through years of investigation and leaving the murderer to go free.
Question 2 "Investigators allowed the Murderer to.
Multimodal Personal Narrative – Develop a multimodal document to bot.docxssuserf9c51d
Multimodal Personal Narrative – Develop a multimodal document to both visually illustrate and verbally express a personal transformation.
Use a one-page newspaper or single-panel brochure format to present a personal narration of a transformation of your choice from a point in your childhood to today. You might discuss a career aspiration you had as a child, transition to the job you held as a teenager, and lastly, explain the profession you maintain today. Use connecting ideas to ensure you have a cohesive essay, which will ultimately (in the conclusion) explain what you learned from this transformation. For example, how and why did you go from point A (job 1) to point B (job 2) and then on to point C (job 3)? Or, you might consider illustrating a transformation based on a way of life or philosophy.
Implement three photos to represent your ideas, feelings, etc., at the three focal points in your life. You may use personal photos, clip art, or other images, but be sure you use and/or attribute them appropriately. For example, you are free to use your personal photos as you’d like, but make sure to choose clip art or other images that you either have permission to use freely or that you cite adequately. Equally consider your document’s layout, such as text sizes, photo placement (near the related essay text), and colors, in addition to how you present your content, to include thesis, support, and organization.
Sample thesis statement:
Growing up in Sedona, Arizona, I was constantly looking up into the clear night sky, viewing multiple constellations and shimmering stars, which had me yearning to reach them—literally—so when I turned 16, I began working as a camp counselor at a space camp, which ultimately led to a career at NASA; my journey taught me that if I reached for the stars, nothing could stop me.
Length:
This assignment should be at least 500 words.
Underline your thesis statement.
.
Multigenre ProjectEN101O Fall 2019 Dr. WalterA Multigenre Pr.docxssuserf9c51d
Multigenre Project
EN101O Fall 2019 Dr. Walter
A Multigenre Project (MGP) presents multiple, even conflicting, perspectives on a topic in order to provide a rich context and present an aesthetically appealing product for an audience. Your MGP should reflect the following:
A focus: You should not only include documents that relate to a general topic, but you should ensure that the documents work towards a claim you are making about the topic.
A coherent organization/your entire MGP should be presented in an umbrella genre that best fits your purpose. You should create and organize documents in order to lead readers through the project, to help them understand your focus and purpose. Coherent organization will come out of the umbrella genre you choose for the project. For example, creating a magazine as the umbrella genre that includes articles, images, advertisements, etc. with one focus will provide cohesion to the project. Examples of how you might “package” the MGP include a CD, a scrapbook, a photo album, a patient file, an employee handbook, a manual, a newspaper, a magazine, a website—the options are endless! Just be sure to provide a table of contents (TOC) that offers an overview of and title for each document.
Look at some of the examples posted on D2L for concrete depictions of how this can work.
The Multigenre Project includes at least 8 documents (including an Introduction, Table of Contents, 5 documents of different genres (not including your Introduction), and a works cited page) that offer a sustained argument about your chosen issue. By creating documents in different genres (e.g., editorials, feature stories, brochures, short fiction, charts, scripts, etc.), you learn to write for multiple audiences, multiple (rhetorical) purposes, and multiple forums. All documents/text must be original work you create for the MGP.
Your Introduction serves as a guide to readers, helping them understand the issue you are addressing, offering insight about why you chose the genres you chose, etc. The introduction is your chance to help readers understand why this topic is important, how they should “read” your documents, etc. The introduction may be written as a letter to readers, a magazine article, an editorial, etc.
The bulk of your MGP will be the five documents, each representing a different genre, that helps persuade your audience(s) to your point of view. Aim for a good balance of genres, and be sure at least three of your documents directly use the sources you have gathered from your research. By writing a brochure that utilizes your research sources, a chart or other visual, a story drawing from the information you have gathered, a quiz based on researched sources, etc.—by approaching your research findings in a creative way, your MGP helps an audience understand many different perspectives about your topic. Some of the documents you will include may be more time-intensive than others. But the 5 documents that make up the bo.
Multimedia activity Business OrganizationVisit the Choose Your .docxssuserf9c51d
Multimedia activity: Business Organization
Visit the Choose Your Business Structure (Links to an external site.) section of the U.S. Small Business Administration’s website.
If you were to start your own business, which business entity structure would you choose? Justify why your chosen structure is the best organizational form.
Explain the following business structures: sole proprietorship, partnership, LLC, and a corporation. In your analysis address the following for each business structure:
Steps to form
Personal liability for owners
Taxation
Advantages and disadvantages
Your paper must be three to five pages (excluding title and reference pages), and it must be formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Writing Center. You must cite at least two scholarly sources in addition to the course textbook. Cite your sources in-text and on the reference page.
.
Multicultural PerspectiveToday’s classrooms are diverse and .docxssuserf9c51d
Multicultural Perspective
Today’s classrooms are diverse and you will be expected to meet the needs of all of your students. Many of our students come from different cultures, which affects how they learn. We must take this into consideration when developing our lesson plans, making our role as an educator even more complex. As a result, we must be informed of our students’ cultural backgrounds as this includes another element of cognitive understanding that will guide our instructional practices. By understanding student culture, we can gain insight into learning preferences, interests, motivation, and prior knowledge.
Based on the important features of multicultural education found in Figure 4.6 of our text and selecting a specific content standard from the
Common Core State Standards Initiative (Links to an external site.)
(CCSS), develop a learning activity that includes these key features of multicultural education:
Integration of content
– How does your learning activity incorporate content from different cultures?
Reducing Prejudice
– How does the learning activity attempt to minimize any of your own prejudices as well as your students?
Making Teaching Equitable
– How does the instructional approach to your learning activity meet the needs of all your students by recognizing learning styles, interests, and motivation to help achieve academic potential?
Empowering Learners
– How does the learning activity empower all students to work toward their academic potential?
Construction of Knowledge
– How does your learning activity promote different perspectives that validate how culture influences knowledge and beliefs?
Be sure to first provide your content standard from the CCSS followed by your learning activity. Then explain how your learning activity meets each element of multicultural education by providing evidence to justify and support your assertions. Then reflect on your K-12 school experience. Was a multicultural education part of your schooling? What factors may have contributed to the inclusion or exclusion of a multicultural education in your own early schooling? Make sure to incorporate the five key features of multicultural education in your reflection.
Click to view an
example
of this week's assignment.
You have several options in completing this task:
Write a three-four page paper (does not include a title page or reference page).
Develop a PPT presentation that is 8-10 slides long (does not include title page slide or reference page slide).
Use Voicethread or Prezi that is 8-10 slides long (does not include a title page slide or reference page slide).
Use a combination of the above.
Be sure to reference the course text and at least one other scholarly source. Your assignment should follow APA formatting guidelines as outlined in the
Ashford Writing Center (Links to an external site.)
, and be sure to include a title page or slide as well as reference page or slide.
.
Muhammad Ali, how did his refusal to go into the army affect his.docxssuserf9c51d
Muhammad Ali, how did his refusal to go into the army affect his professional career.
Tommy Smith, what happened to him after coming home from the Olympics at the raising his fist.
LeBron James, what has been his influence in today’s society when it pertains to social injustices.
.
MS 113 Some key concepts that you need to know to navigate th.docxssuserf9c51d
MS 113: Some key concepts that you need to know to navigate through
the key reading – I will keep updating these
1.democracy
2.citizenship
3.public sphere
5. Nation and nationalism, nation-state, government, sovereignty
4. oligarchy (polyarchy, plutocracy, aristocracy and so on)
4.capitalism
5.liberalism, neoliberalism
6.civic republicanism
7.socialism
8.authoritarianism
9.populism
10. fascism
11. Marxism -ideological, hegemonic, discursive
12.globalization
13.transnational media spheres
14. consumerism, neoliberal consumer democracy
15. social movements
16. identity politics
17. recognition and redistribution debate
18. political power
19. the notion of common good
20. the digital divide
21: digital public sphere
22. communitarianism
23. social construction of culture
24. poststructuralism
25. postmodern
26. modernity
27. civil society
28. civil disobedience
29. civic engagement
30. structure and agency
31. pluralism and multiracialism, multiculturalism
A NEW FRONTIER
SOCIAL MEDIA / NETWORKS
DISINFORMATION AND
PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW
IN THE CONTEXT OF
ELECTION
OBSERVATION
by Michael Meyer-Resende
Democracy Reporting International (DRI) operates on the conviction that democratic,
participatory governance is a human right and governments should be accountable to
their citizens. DRI supports democratic governance around the world with a focus on
institutions of democracy, such as constitutions, elections, parliaments and rules of
democracy grounded in international law. Through careful assessments based on field
research with partners, DRI convenes diverse stakeholders to promote policies that
strengthen democratic institutions. A non-profit company, DRI is based in Berlin and has
offices in Tunisia, Lebanon, Ukraine, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Myanmar.
Michael Meyer-Resende is a lawyer with twenty years of experience in political
transitions and democratisation. Works in Europe, the Middle East, Africa and Asia. His
professional experience includes two years legal practice in Berlin, four years with the
Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR) of the OSCE (Warsaw),
three years with the election team of the European Commission in Brussels and
journalistic experience with the BBC. In 2006 he co-founded DRI and serves as Executive
Director since then. He publishes it regularly in newspapers like The New York Times,
The Guardian, Politico, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung and think tank publications.
This publication was produced with the financial support of the European Union.
Its contents are the sole responsibility of Michael Meyer-Resende and do not necessarily
reflect the views of the European Union.
Graphic and layout design: Giorgio Grasso for Democracy Essentials
Cover photo: Ezequiel Scagnetti
Interior photos: Victor Idrogo (pp. 3, 6-7, 17); Ezequiel Scagnetti (p. 22)
CREDITS
3
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
I. SUMMARY
II. BACKGROUND
III. INTERNATIONAL LAW
AND NATIONAL LA.
Much has been made of the new Web 2.0 phenomenon, including social n.docxssuserf9c51d
Much has been made of the new Web 2.0 phenomenon, including social networking sites and user-created mash-ups. How does Web 2.0 change security for the Internet? How do secure software development concepts support protecting applications?
Pages: 1
APA format
References
.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
Susfuinnble Development, Vol. 3,109-119 (1995) METHODS OF .docx
1. Susfuinnble Development, Vol. 3,109-119 (1995)
METHODS OF DEFINING
’SUSTAINABILITY’
Andrew D. Basiago, Department of Land Economy,
University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
The notion of ’sustainability’ emerged in
The Ecologist’s A Blueprint for Survival, in
1972. The quest to make modern civiliza-
tion ’sustainable’ inspired the UN’s
Stockholm Conference in 1972 and the
’global trusteeship’ of subsequent inter-
national environmental treaties. ’Sustain-
ability’ is related to ’futurity’, hence the
Brundtland Commission in 1987 defined
sustainable development as ’development
which meets the needs of the present,
without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own
needs’. ’ Sust ainabilit y’ animates ’the
precautionary principle’, affirmed by the
European Union (EU) in 1990 in its
Bergen Declaration on Sustainable Devel-
opment, which requires ecological pre-
servation in cases of scientific uncertainty
where serious or irreversible damage is
threatened. The Earth Summit in 1992
established ’sustainable development’ as
the most important policy of the 21st cen-
tury. ’Sustainability’ is at the heart of The
2. Rio Declaration on Environment and
Development and Agenda 21, accords
signed at the Earth Summit that herald a
new paradigm of society, economics and
CCC 0968-0802/95/030109-11
0 1995 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
the environment. The E U s Fifth Environ-
mental Action Programme (1993) pursues
’sustainability’ in industry, energy,
transport, agriculture and tourism.
’Sustainability’ has also been endorsed by
the Clinton Administration (1994). In the
light of these events, ’sustainability’ is
now used widely in biology, economics,
sociology, urban planning, ethics and
other domains. It is regarded as tanta-
mount to a new philosophy, in which
principles of futurity, equity, global
environmentalism and biodiversity must
guide decision-making. Far from being a
mere doctrine of development science,
’sustainability’ has emerged as a universal
methodology for evaluating whether
human options will yield social and
environmental vitality.
INTRODUCTION
he call for ‘sustainability’ has become as
commonplace in today’s world as cries of T ‘liberty’ and
‘democracy‘ once were. ‘Sus-
tainability’ is advanced as an alternative to societal
and environmental entropy. Speth (1992) contends
3. that acid rain, global warming, ozone depletion,
deforestation and desertification jeopardize global
security. ’[Ilf population growth continues to out-
pace the creation of new jobs, if pressures on
resources mount and growth proves unsustuinuble, if
social and ethnic tensions increase’, he writes, the
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
DEFINING ’SUSTAINABILITY’
effects might include ’civil unrest’, ’regional con-
flict’, ’the collapse of governments’, ’adoption of
authoritarian measures’ and ’waves of ecological
refugees‘. Speth urges the world to choose a course
of ’sustainable development’. Other commentators
describe ‘sustainability’ as the Rosetta Stone of
biodiversity conservation, development economics,
environmental justice, urban planning and envir-
onmental ethics. It is spoken of with reverence, as if
a new emancipating philosophy. In this paper,
definitions of ’sustainability’ in biology, cconomics,
sociology, planning and ethics are explored, with a
view to understanding its emergence as a general-
ized methodology of social and environmental
vitality.
ORIGINS OF ’SUSTAINABILITY’
The notion that the world’s civilization is not
‘sustainable’, that a ‘sustainable’ paradigm must
be designed, had its origins in the international
environmental law and policy of the 1970s and
1980s.
4. In A Blueprint for Survival (The Ecologist, 1972), a
distinguished panel wrote that our ‘industrial way
of life with its ethos of expansion’ is not ‘sustainable’.
The rates of growth in population and consumption
are undermining human survival prospects by
disrupting ecosystems and depleting resources.’
The panel concluded that a stable society would
cause minimum ecological disruption, practice
maximum conservation and maintain a constant
population. ’Our task is to create a society which is
sustainable and which will give the fullest possible
satisfaction of its members’, they wrote.
Apprehension in Britain that our global society is
not ‘sustainable’ was shared internationally. The
UN Conference on the Human Environment at
Stockholm (1972) brought developed and develop-
ing nations together for the first time to debate ’the
rights of humanity to a healthy and productive
environment’. Participants addressed transbound-
ary pollution, co-operative management of shared
resources and the global commons and agreed to
open their courts to transboundary proceedings.
Stockholm set the stage for later treaties protecting
the global commons, the World Heritage Conven-
tion, the Whaling Convention and the Montreal
Protocol on Ozone Depletion. These agreements
created the doctrine of ’global trusteeship’ on which
the doctrine of ‘sustainable development’ would be
founded (Boyle, unpublished comments).
’Sustainable development’ first appeared in the
World Conservation Strategy drafted by UNEP and
IUCN (1980). It should be advanced through
‘conservation’, defined as ‘the management of
5. human use of the biosphere so that it may yield
the greatest sustainable benefit to present genera-
tions while maintaining its potential to meet the
needs and aspirations of future generations’ (Eblen
and Eblen, 1994).
Cousteau (1980) wrote in his Bill of Rights for
Future Generations: ’[Fluture generations have a
right to an uncontaminated and undamaged Earth ...
Each generation ... has a duty as trustee for future
generations to prevent irreversible and irreparable
harm to life on Earth...‘. This duty, ’the futurity
principle’, is the handmaiden of ’sustainability’.
The U N s World Commission on Environment
and Development (1987), chaired by Gro Harlem
Brundtland of Norway, renewed the call for
’sustainable development’ to alleviate poverty,
feed the world and safeguard the environment.
Their report, Our Common Future, defined sustain-
able development as ’development that meets the
needs of the present, without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own
needs‘ (Brundtland, 1987).
In the Bergen Declaration on Sustainable Devel-
opment, European nations endorsed ’the precau-
tionary principle’, a corollary of ’sustainability’.
This canon holds that ’where there are threats of
serious or irreversible damage, lack of full, scientific
certainty should not be used as a reason for
postponing measures to prevent environmental
degradation’ (Friends of the Earth, 1994). Under
this rule, embedded in the Single European Act as
amended by the Maastricht Treaty, a development
6. proponent has the burden of proving that the
environment will not be irreparably damaged.
Blowers (1993) describes ‘the precautionary princi-
ple’ as a means ‘to protect the future against the
harmful actions of the present’.
At the Earth Summit held in Rio de Janeiro in
June 1992, the largest gathering of world leaders in
history, over 120 nations endorsed ‘sustainable
development’ as the most important economic
and environmental policy for the 21st century. In
addition to treaties on biodiversity, world forests
and world climate, the Earth Summit produced The
Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
(UNCED, 1992). The numerous references to ’sus-
tainable development’ in its 27 principles suggests
an integration of economic development and
environmental protection. Agenda 21, a fifth
accord to come out of the Earth Summit, is ’a
blueprint on how to make development socially,
economically and environmentally sustainable’
(Keating, 1993).
The EUs Fifth Environmental Action Programme,
Towards Sustainability, called for changing ‘the
patterns of growth in the Community in such a
way as to reach a sustainable development p a t h
110 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
A.D. BASIAGO
(CEC, 1993). ’Sustainability’ has been endorsed by
the Clinton Administration, which signed the Rio
7. accords. The American Under-Secretary of State for
Global Affairs, Wirth, believes that ’sustainable
development can integrate and harmonize the
enormously powerful economic and environmental
forces at work in today’s world (Wirth, unpub-
lished remarks).
THE MANY USES, DEFINITIONS AND
DOMAINS OF ’SUSTAINABILITY’
Although the world has agreed on a new paradigm
of ‘sustainable development’, few can agree on
what ‘sustainable development’ might actually
mean. The Brundtland report defined ’sustainable
development’ as ’a process in which the exploita-
tion of resources, the direction of investments, the
orientation of technological development and insti-
tutional change are all in harmony, and enhance
both current and future potential to meet human
needs and aspirations’ (Brundtland, 1987). Frequent
references to ’sustainable development’ in the 27
principles of the Rio Declaration (UNCED, 1992)
suggest a type of development that integrates
economic growth and environmental protection.
But how is such development to be achieved?
Clearly, ‘sustainable development’ is characterized
by ‘sustainability’, but what is ‘sustainability’?
Biologists speak of ’sustainability’ when they talk
of the interaction between human and natural
systems. The biological definition of ’sustainability’
concerns itself with the need to save natural capital
on behalf of future generations, particularly the
genetic diversity contained in plant and animals
species, or ’biodiversity’. The biological definition
of ‘sustainability’ touches on the domain where
8. human urbanization meets undisturbed ecosystems
and the consequences of that interaction.
Economists speak of ‘sustainability’ when they
analyse whether the modern production system
will collapse because it will exhaust the natural
capital on which it depends. The economists’
definition of ’sustainability’ encompasses instru-
ments to internalize the environmental costs of
industrial activity in the economy by way of public
intervention in private markets. The economists’
definition of ‘sustainability’ examines how markets,
as conventionally conceived, fail to protect the
environment.
Sociologists speak of the ‘sustainability’ of indi-
viduals, families and neighbourhoods when they
establish a causal relationship between race and
the siting of toxic and hazardous enterprises in
America’s inner city ghettos. The sociological
definition of ’sustainability’ concerns itself with
the ’sustainability’ of human beings as reflected in
problems such as environmental racism. The socio-
logical definition of ’sustainability’ addresses the
domain in which human interest groups make
decisions over the use of natural resources and
other humans are affected in their daily lives, and
the equity issues that obtain.
Urban planners speak of ‘sustainability’ when
they draft creative plans to integrate cities and
nature in unprecedented ways. The urban defini-
tion of ’sustainability’ seeks to reduce notions of
‘sustainability’ to the practical planning of regions,
communities and neighbourhoods. It involves the
9. pursuit of a design science that will integrate
urbanization and nature preservation.
Environmental ethicists speak of ‘sustainability’
when they ponder whether nature has ‘rights’ and
whether the current rate of species extinction
caused by humanity is ethical. The ethical definition
of ’sustainability’ asserts that preservationist nat-
ural resource principles (also variously called
ecocentric, Gaian and precautionary) are superior
to those that are conservationist and exploitative.
The ethical definition of ’sustainability’ probes the
domain where humans ponder whether they are a
part of, or apart from, nature, and how this should
guide moral choice.
There is no precise definition of ’sustainability’.
The term has come to be used to describe a wide
variety of social concerns. Let us examine these
methods of defining ’sustainability’ further, for they
may help us to arrive at a comprehensive definition.
BIOLOGICAL METHODS OF DEFINING
‘SUSTAINABILITY’
Miller (1988) uses a biological method to define
‘sustainability’ when he distinguishes ’sustainable’
natural ecosystems (e.g. marshes, grasslands, forests)
from simplified human systems (eg. cornfields,
factories, houses). A natural ecosystem ’captures,
converts and stores energy from the sun’. A
simplified human system ’consumes energy from
fossil or nuclear fuels’. A natural ecosystem
’produces oxygen and consumes carbon dioxide’.
A simplified human system ‘consumes oxygen and
produces carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil
10. fuels’. A natural ecosystem ’creates fertile soil’. A
simplified human system ’depletes or covers fertile
soil’. A natural ecosystem ’stores, purifies, and
releases water gradually’. A simplified human
system ’often uses and contaminates water and
releases it rapidly’. A natural ecosystem ‘provides
wildlife habitats’. A simplified human system
‘destroys some wildlife habitats’. A natural eco-
system ‘filters and detoxifies pollutants and waste
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 111
DEFINING ’SUSTAINABILITY‘
products’. A simplified human system ’produces
pollutants and waste’. A natural ecosystem is
’usually capable of self-maintenance and self-
renewal’. A simplified human system ‘requires
continual maintenance and renewal at great cost’.
In the light of this conflict between natural and
human systems, the biological method of defining
’sustainability’ cherishes ’biodiversity’. Wilson
(1994), the Harvard biologist who has led biodiver-
sity conservation efforts, defines biodiversity as ‘the
genetic-based variation of living organisms at all
levels’, including the variety of genes within a
species and among species and the variety of
natural ecosystems. He identifies three benefits of
biodiversity. Firstly, biodiversity maintains ecosys-
tems in a healthy condition. Ecosystems with the
greatest variety of plants and animals are the most
stable and efficient. Secondly, biodiversity contains
largely unstudied and untapped reservoirs of new
11. drugs, crops, fibres and energy sources. Thirdly,
biodiversity encompasses those natural environ-
ments that humans naturally affiliate with, which
are ’psychologically restorative’.
Wilson has developed the ‘species-area curve’ to
estimate the impact of habitat destruction on
biodiversity. This method holds that when a habitat
is reduced to one-tenth of its original size, the
number of species eventually drops in half. Apply-
ing this method to the tropical rain forests, where
more than half of the plant and animal species live,
Wilson estimates that a quarter of a per cent of
species (one in 400) is made extinct each year. He
finds this rate of current extinction not ’sustainable’
because it is between 1000 and 10,000 times faster
than before humans emerged on Earth and ’far in
excess of the rate at which new species are being
created (Wilson, 1994).
The loss of biodiversity at rapid rates in modern
times has implications for economic strength and
the quality of life. In California, one of the worlds
most biologically diverse areas and its eighth
wealthiest economy, natural resource management
methods have been introduced that define ‘sustain-
ability’ in terms of both ‘biological diversity’ and
‘social and economic viability’. THE Agreement on
Biological Diversity (California Department of Fish
and Game, 1991) recognizes the state’s rich natural
heritage as fundamental to its economy. ‘Sustain-
ing’ natural ecosystems is deemed essential to
maintaining the state’s prosperity.
California will use regional methods to conserve
the diversity of its air, water, plant communities,
12. fishes, wildlife habitat, recreation and aesthetic
values. Where past natural resource policies con-
served individual sites, species and resources, it is
now widely recognized that the full variety of life
forms in the state, the genetic diversity among them
and the communities and ecosystems they inhabit
occur across a variety of jurisdictions and owner-
ship. In a new ‘bioregional’ approach, California
will manage and protect entire ecosystems, biolo-
gical communities and landscapes (California
Department of Fish and Game, 1991).
An Executive Council will guide California’s
programme to protect biodiversity and maintain
economic vitality on a ‘bioregional’ basis. The
council may: acquire land; establish restoration
projects, mitigation and development banks, plan-
ning and zoning authorities and alternative land
management practices; assist private landowners;
direct education, monitoring and research pro-
grammes; and impose fees, incentives and regula-
tions. Measurable baselines and standards of
diversity will be crafted to direct its efforts to
conserve biological resources over time at the
landscape, ecosystem, species and genetic level
(California Department of Fish and Game, 1991).
The Clinton Administration also takes the view
that the fate of the economy and the environment
are interlinked. According to Wirth (1994), ’the
economy is inextricably tied to the environment and
totally dependent upon it’. Several major biological
systems underpin the world economy. Croplands
provide food, feed, fibre and vegetable oils. Forests
supply fuel, lumber, paper and other products.
13. Grasslands are the source of meat, milk, leather and
wool. The oceans and freshwater streams and lakes
produce food and industrial resources. These
biological systems ’provide all our food and,
along with fossil fuels and minerals, ’supply all
the new materials for industry’.
The implication of biologcal methods of defining
‘sustainability’ is that biological systems form the
foundation of all economic activity. If these systems
fail, so does the economy.
ECONOMIC METHODS OF DEFINING
‘ SUSTAINABILITY’
Economic methods of defining ‘sustainability’ make
a similar connection between biology and econom-
ics. Milbrath (1989) writes that modern economies
inexorably expand. To create jobs for workers
displaced by productivity, they must grow. Even-
tually, they choke on abundant wastes or deplete
the natural resource systems on which they rely.
This dilemma will worsen in severity over the next
50 years as the population doubles and people
strive for higher living standards. Resources used to
sustain growth, especially fossil fuels, will become
scarce. Many wastes cast into the environment
based on unnatural compounds will not be
absorbed by the biosphere. ‘We have built an
112 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
economic system that cannot sustain its trajectory’,
he fears.
14. The effect of failed economic methods on biolo-
gical systems, of creating a false dichotomy between
the economy and the environment, is most evident
in the plight of many developing nations. Repetto
(1992) observes that deforestation in Costa Rica has
damaged its earning potential, despite the fact that
the value of some tree species has quadrupled in
recent decades. In the Philippines, soil erosion from
deforestation has reduced hydroelectric output and
thwarted the irrigation of lowland rice paddies.
Repetto (1992) contends that present accounting
methods are inadequate to inform the policy
choices that developing nations must make to deal
with the crisis of environment and development
because they assign no economic value to changes
in natural resource stocks. Nations ’fell forests,
degrade soils, pollute groundwater, and hunt their
fish and wildlife to extinction’, but ‘these losses are
not factored into measured income’. They must be if
policy-makers are to be able to plan for ‘sustain-
ability’ or ’be held accountable for the wholesale
disruption of natural systems now underway’
(Repetto, 1992).
Repetto (1992) thinks that a method that accounts
for environmental assets is needed. Under the U N s
System of National Accounts (SNA), adopted after
the Second World War to chart global economic
development, a false dichotomy between the
economy and the environment misguides policy.
The asset value of natural resources is not recog-
nized. This departs from classical economics, in
which natural resources, human resources and
invested capital are accounted for. The SNA
15. concentrates on labour and invested capital only.
Development is deemed the product of savings and
gains in physical capital, such as plant and
equipment. These are valued as ‘income-producing
capital and their depreciation is written off as a
charge against the value of production’, but the loss
of natural resources ‘entails no such charge against
current income’. Low income countries, for whom
natural resources are ‘principal assets’, are encour-
aged to view natural resources as ’abundant’ and
’free gifts of nature’ rather than as forms of capital.
Consequently, some are achieving current yields at
the cost of future production, mistaking impover-
ishment for progress. National economic growth is
overstated when the loss of natural capital is not
accounted for. A superior method would measure
the depreciation of natural resource assets as the
capitalized present value of reductions in future
income from their use (Repetto, 1992).
Gilman (1994a) ascribes the failure of conven-
tional development accounting methods to depreci-
ate natural resources to the ’dangerously
A.D. BASIAGO
outmoded nature of economic thinking in general.
A ’sustainable economics’ is emerging that might
better serve as a guide for the 21st century.
According to Gilman, conventional economic
concepts ‘provide the basis on which those in
power all over the world ... justify the destruction
of the Earth. Their ’continued dominant use’ has
‘become seriously outdated and destructive’.
Conventional economics recognizes only three
16. ’factors of production’: land, labour and manufac-
tured capital. ‘Land encompasses ‘raw materials,
such as minerals and timber’. ‘Labour’ includes
‘all direct human inputs into economic activity’.
‘Manufactured capital’ consists of ’buildings, tools
and equipment’. In ’economic activity’, ’labour’
uses ‘manufactured capital’ to convert ‘land into
’goods and services‘, which are either ’consumed
to produce ’utility’ and ’welfare’ or ‘invested in
production (Gilman, 1994a).
An ‘Earth-friendly approach would embrace five
forms of ’capital’ : environmental, human, socio-
organizational, manufactured and credit capital.
Environmental capital includes not just ’land, but
‘all natural systems, including the atmosphere,
biological systems and even the sun’. Human
capital includes not just ’labour’, but the ’health,
knowledge, skills and motivations’ of individuals.
Socio-organizational capital encompasses the meta-
physical dimension of culture: all ’habits, norms,
roles, traditions, regulations [and] policies’; all ‘law,
government, the feeling of community, the
dynamics within families.. . art and knowledge’.
Manufactured capital includes all ’buildings, tools
and equipment’, all household durable goods and
anything made but not yet returned to the environ-
ment. Finally, credit capital includes all ‘money and
debt’ (Gilman, 1994a).
These forms of capital interact in complex ways.
Firstly, how environmental capital is used affects
environmental, human and manufactured capital.
Acid rain from sulphur dioxide negatively affects
environmental capital (lakes and forests), human
capital (respiratory health) and manufactured capital
17. (buildings). Secondly, some environmental capital,
such as solar energy, is ’self-maintaining’ and ’self-
building’. This could be ‘of enormous human
benefit’. Thirdly, important forms of environmental
capital (e.g. the tropical rain forests) cannot be
replaced with other forms. Fourthly, human and
socio-organizational capital tend to be enhanced or
multiplied with use. Sharing of knowledge and
skills is socially optimum. Fifthly, although the
value of manufactured capital lies in use, its least
adverse impact occurs during use. Thus everything
that can be done, such as ’long-life designs, easy
repair and good recycling’, to prolong product life
span (from the initial extraction of raw materials to
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 113
DEFINING ’SUSTAINABILITY’
their ultimate disposal, when most damage to other
forms of capital occurs) maximizes the net value of
manufactured capital. Lastly, although credit can
effectively allocate productivity, it can also burden
the future with today’s extravagance and usually
concentrates wealth. A rational framework adapted
to these interactions may be the path to a ’sustain-
able’ economy (Gilman, 1994a).
A major restructuring of the economy is implied
by economic methods of defining ‘sustainability’.
To be implemented, society would have to account
for the biological ramifications of economic activity
in unprecedented ways.
18. SOCIOLOGICAL METHODS OF
DEFINING ’SUSTAINABILITY’
The failure to integrate economics and the environ-
ment has had profound social consequences. In the
USA, decisions to sacrifice environmental quality
for economic development have sparked charges of
racism and cast into doubt whether practices that
burden poor, minority communities with environ-
mental costs for the benefit of the majority are
’sustainable’.
The evidence establishing a linkage between
racial discrimination and environmental injury is
convincing. Black and Hispanic neighbourhoods in
Los Angeles have high concentrations of air toxins
from polluting industries and high rates of cancer,
emphysema and respiratory problems (Mann,
1991). Chicago’s Southside is /a minefield of toxic
hazards‘, including ‘abandoned factories, toxic
waste dumps, industrial air pollution, and tainted
water’ (Nelson, 1987). Chavis (1987) found that
three out of five of the largest commercial hazar-
dous waste landfills in the USA are located in
predominantly black or Hispanic communities. He
concluded that ’race proved to be the most
significant among variables tested in association
with the location of commercial hazardous waste
facilities’. A 1990 study by Greenpeace discovered
that hazardous waste incinerators are 89% more
common in America’s minority communities than
nationally (Reynoso, 1994).
Hamilton (1991) believes this correlation between
race, toxins and land use results from ‘a conscious
political strategy’. With ‘the environmental crisis
19. escalating and space for waste decreasing’,hazar-
dous waste companies, ’fearing organized opposi-
tion from more privileged constituencies’, target
communities with residents not ‘likely to oppose
waste sites’ - ’the elderly, those without advanced
education, poor people on fixed incomes, and
working people of moderate wages’. These are
communities of colour. ’Sustainability’ involves not
merely ’growth management’ and ‘conservation’,
but addressing the economic inequality that
contaminates ’lands and populations’.
Braile (1994) avers that the disproportionate
share of environmental hazards that fall on poor
and minority communities cannot be blamed on
intentional racism. There is no proof that commu-
nities hosting ’locally undesirable land uses’ are
predominantly poor or minority when the facilities
are sited. After a facility is sited, property values
decline. The poor (who tend to be minorities) move
in, and the wealthy (who tend to be white) move
out. Anderton repeated Chavis’ 1987 study and
found hazardous waste facilities correlated not with
race, but with areas where many industrial workers
live (Braile, 1994). The implication of these findings
is that rather than focus narrowly on race,
society should address how ‘market dynamics’
spread environmental risks and the failed tech-
nologies that create such risks in the first place.
Whichever interpretation prevails, established in
American publications is a method of defining
‘sustainability’ as the socially equitable sharing of
environmental harm. This method does not merely
work social equity. It addresses the general envir-
20. onmental degradation that comes first at the
expense of underprivileged populations.
A s an alternative to such inequality, Farmer
(1995) has developed a model of ’sustainable‘
economies. She writes that ’sustainable’ economies
are ’holistic’, ‘diverse’, ‘fractal’ and ‘evolutionary’.
These economies account for the sociological
ramifications of economic activity.
’Sustainable’ economies are ’holistic’ in the sense
that they are based on both supply- and demand-
side capital flows, promote independence and a
diversified capital base, encourage subsistence
farming for domestic production and reindustria-
lize for diversity. They are based on inclusionary
models. “on-sustainable’ economies embrace
supply-side economics, promote overdependence
on export production and foreign capital and
encourage rapacious resource use such as defor-
estation. They are based on exclusionary models
(Farmer, 1995).
A ’sustainable’ economy is ‘diverse’ if it ’strives
for a diversified economic base at every scale’.
’Sustainable’ economies diversify work and tasks,
foster biodiversity through such practices as refor-
estation and habitat reclamation, farm to meet
diverse agricultural needs, conserve fertile soil,
encourage domestic agricultural production and
seek to democratize ownership. ”on-sustainable’
economies specialize work and tasks in a manner
that creates an alienated labour force and rote work,
favour single-crop exports that reduce land fertility,
practice overgrazing and desertification and seek to
21. 114 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
A.D. BASIAGO
concentrate corporate ownership of capital (Farmer,
1995).
A ‘sustainable’ economy is ‘fractal’ if ’non-
hierarchical organizational structures occur at all
scales of economics’. ’Sustainable‘ economies have
policies of labour-intensive, appropriate technology
based production for full employment, whereas
’non-sustainable’ economies seek ’surplus’ labour
and environmental resources because they are
viewed as essential for ever-expanding markets in
a ‘zero sum’ society (Farmer, 1995).
A ‘sustainable’ economy is ‘evolutionary’ if it
grows towards ’diversity, equity and democracy,
conservation of resources and the greatest potential
quality of life’. ’Sustainable’ economies are founded
on the equitable distribution of wealth and
resources, proportional benefits and burdens, the
democratization of decisions regarding production,
distribution and consumption and direct or parti-
cipatory democracy. The hierarchy of such an
economy is ‘flat’. “on-sustainable’ economies
tend towards conformity, inequality, autocracy,
depletion of resources and declining quality of
life. They are founded on the concentration of
wealth, a rising gap between the rich and poor,
downward pressure on wages and unemployment.
The hierarchy of such an economy is autocratic,
with key decisions concentrated in few ‘hands - the
22. ‘pyramid of corporate capitalism (Farmer, 1995).
Farmer’s thinking tracks a growing body of
publications that attempts to frame an ethos of the
’sustainable’ society. Under this view, it is shallow
to speak only of the ’sustainability’ of plants and
animals and of ecological processes. Economic
patterns that have deleterious biological effects
also affect human beings in negative ways. The
goal must be a world in which both humans and
nature thrive. Thus ‘sustainability’ encompasses the
condition of humans within the economy.
PLANNING METHODS OF DEFINING
’SUSTAINABILITY’
Millichap (1993) identifies the temporal dimension
of ‘sustainable development’ (a concern for future
generations) and its spatial dimension (a concern
for the global environment) as long-established
concerns of city and regional planning. Futurity
emerged in planning in the public health legislation
of the Victorian era. Environmentalism was evident
first as a regard for neighbourhood amenity, but has
been widened to encompass the Earth under the
influence of urban planning policies concerned with
such phenomena as pollution and habitat destruc-
tion.
Millichap contends that what relevance
’sustainability’ has to land use planning is found
in the interplay of its future and spatial dimensions.
Policies aimed at the spatial dimension can help to
protect the future dimension. For example, compact
city forms that allow for efficient transport reduce
23. carbon dioxide emissions and thus serve to protect
future generations from global warming (Millichap,
1993).
This dynamic is found in the work of Calthorpe.
Calthorpe (1993), a prominent urban designer
whose ideas have become associated with ’sustain-
ability’, is a critic of the modern metropolis in the
USA. The USA continues to build ’post-World War
I1 suburbs’, he writes, ’as if families were large and
had only one breadwinner, as if the jobs were all
downtown, as if land and energy were endless, and
as if another lane on the freeway would end traffic
congestion’. The result is ’suburban sprawl’.
Calthorpe (1993) blames sprawl for serious urban
ills. Environmental stress, traffic congestion, unaf-
fordable housing, loss of open space, burdensome
lifestyles for working families, isolation of the
elderly and family breakdown are by-products of
fractured settlement patterns. Zoning laws segre-
gate social groups and isolate people from activities
in inefficient networks of congestion and pollution.
Sprawl has brought congestion, high housing and
transportation costs, lost productivity associated
with long commuting times and declining air
quality. Inner city ills linked to sprawl include
‘decay, job flight, racial isolation, disinvestment,
and isolation of services, as capital moves to cheap,
clean, suburban l a n d . Sprawl ‘increases pollution,
saps inner-city development, and generates enor-
mous costs’ (Calthorpe, 1993).
As an alternative to sprawl, ’the next American
metropolis’ would place housing, parks, and
schools within walking distance of jobs, shops,
24. transit and civic services. In a modern version of the
traditional American town, cities would have
’walkable streets’ and town centres with integrated
commercial, recreational and civic uses. Commu-
nities would be designed to re-emphasize the public
domain. Town commons, with shops, parks, civic
buildings and a village green, would return.
Americans would again enjoy ‘diverse and
human-scaled communities’ (Calthorpe, 1993).
At the heart of Calthorpe’s vision is the ’pedes-
trian pocket’ or ‘transit-oriented development’.
Pedestrians, Calthorpe believes, are the catalyst of
a sense of community. Neighbourhoods of mixed
commercial and residential uses would be built
around transit stops as ’armatures for controlling
growth. Land use patterns would put riders and
jobs within an easy walk of stations. This strategy
would promote open space and public transit.
Reduced car use would benefit working families.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 115
DEFINING ’SUSTAINABILITY’
Less land would be consumed, less traffic gener-
ated, less pollution produced (Calthorpe, 1993).
An urban plan based on a network of such
neighbourhoods would limit sprawl and channel
development back to the city or around suburban
transit stations. This would create order in the
‘balkanized metropolis’. Major natural features
would form a system of parks, trails and cycle
25. ways throughout the metropolis and greenbelts
would preserve open space at the edge of the
repon. Nature preserves in the form of ‘leftover
land, small and large parks, preserved river banks,
open shorelines, and meadow ridges’ would dot the
city. Urban growth boundaries would be set to
preserve major natural resources at the edge of the
metropolis. These boundaries would be large
enough to accommodate growth for the next
generation, but small enough to encourage in-fill,
redevelopment and density, hallmarks of ‘sustain-
ability’ (Calthorpe, 1993).
Berkebile, a leading American proponent of
’sustainability’, believes that contemporary cities
are not ’sustainable’ because of the world view on
which they are based. The dominant design
philosophy seeks to bend nature to its will and
break everything into its smallest components. In
transport, for example, the pursuit of speed and
convenience have led to wasted resources, poor air
quality, ozone depletion and isolated communities
(Gilman, 1994b).
Berkebile conceives of ’sustainability’ in terms of
‘restorative design’. This ethic ’seeks to imitate the
efficiency and diversity of nature’. In ’restorative
design’, biodiversity would be improved by return-
ing land to natural habitat. Wherever possible,
paved surfaces would be replaced with urban
forestry and wildlife corridors. Solar aquatic and
other decentralized wastewater treatment systems
would be used. Old buildings, with ‘embodied
energy’, would be restored rather than destroyed.
New buildings would use daylight, solar and waste
energy as well as natural ventilation and cooling
26. from adjacent forests. City edges would be softened
and integrated with the surrounding reaches.
Urban centres would be made more efficient,
accessible and friendly (Gilman, 1994b).
‘Restorative design’ is a WAY of designing.
Restorative designers would consider how to
restore the environment with each design. They
would ask questions such as ‘How can we improve
the quality of life without diminishing the oppor-
tunities of future generations?’ and ’How can we
design to operate on current solar income?’ They
would create buildings and neighbourhoods that
embrace the climate, the sun, the earth, water and
landscape and that combine the best of new energy
technologies. They would include in the design
process representatives of unrepresented ‘stake-
holders’: the air, water, soil, flora and fauna; the
ecosystems on which they depend; and the human
communities affected by development (Gilman,
1 994b).
In The Hunnover Principles, ’a guide to the search
for sustainability’, McDonough (1992) urges
designers to ‘insist on the rights of humanity and
nature to coexist in a healthy, supportive, diverse,
and sustainable condition’. They must recognize
that ’the elements of human design interact with
and depend upon the natural world. All aspects of
human settlement are to be considered ‘in terms of
existing and evolving connections between spiritual
and material consciousness’. For ‘sustainability’ to
emerge, designers must ’accept responsibility for
the consequences of design decisions upon human
well-being, the viability of natural systems, and
27. their right to co-exist’. Upholding the futurity
principle must involve creating ’safe objects of long-
term value’. Future generations are not to be
burdened ’with requirements for maintenance or
vigdant administration of potential danger due
to the careless creation of products, processes, or
standards‘. We must eliminate ‘the concept of waste’
from industry, for in nature, ’there is no waste’.
’Human designs should, like the living world,
derive their creative forces from perpetual solar
income’, the principles state.
An advisor to President Clinton on ’sustainable
development’, McDonough envisions a new indus-
trial order. Consumer items would be designed for
total compost. Goods would be designed to return
to the soil. Offices and warehouses would be
generic. Consumables such as televisions would
be brought back to distributors for composting. All
carcinogenic, mutagenic, toxic or radioactive pro-
ducts would be unmarketable. Shoes would not be
tanned with chromium. Nickel would be taken out
of coinage. Soaps would be designed for suitability
with local water conditions and manufactured in
the inner city to foster employment. Fossil fuel use,
which consumes capital reserves to meet current
operating costs, would be eliminated. Solar energy
would be the primary energy of civilization
(McDonough, unpublished remarks).
Planners define ‘sustainability’ in terms of settle-
ment patterns that will allow civilization to survive
and even thrive. In their work, ‘sustainability’ is
reduced to a theory of urbanization.
ETHICAL METHODS OF DEFINING
28. ‘SUSTAINABILITY’
Scherp (1994) shows that when notions of ‘sustain-
able development‘ are adapted to national
116 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
accounting systems, three ethical models of ‘sus-
tainability’ emerge. In these models, ‘sustainability’
constitutes nature preservation, conservation (or
stewardship) of natural resources, or merely eco-
nomic development that plans for resource sub-
stitution.
Under the first model, the ‘conservation of natural
capital’ approach, caution is taken to prevent the
total stock of natural capital from declining over
time on the grounds that many non-renewable
natural resources do not have human-made
substitutes (Scherp, 1994). Ozone holes cannot be
plugged. The three species that are lost every hour
to tropical deforestation cannot be brought back into
existence by genetic engineering. This model har-
monizes with the precautionary principle, invoked
to protect all irreplaceable natural capital from
development in the face of scientific uncertainty.
In the second model, ‘the total stock of all forms
of wealth must not diminish. In this model, human
and natural capital can be used as substitutes for
one another. The environment can be degraded and
its wealth depleted so long as human capital exists
to clean up the damage or substitute for exhausted
natural capital, and so long as prices accurately
29. express the trade-off (Scherp, 1994). A wetland is
drained to prevent disease and its natural filtration
properties lost, but affordable sewage technology is
implemented. Elephants are removed from their
tropical dry savannah habitat and placed in zoos so
that land can be developed for housing. In other
words, ’sustainability’ will be achieved if human
capital replaces all natural capital lost to develop-
ment.
The third model is ‘the concept of environmental
functions or services’. This model holds that natural
resources offer rival functions and ’sustainability’ is
merely a matter of preserving possible uses or
functions of the environment for future generations.
The underlying premise of this model is that not all
natural functions are necessary to support human
life (Scherp, 1994). The river is polluted to dredge
gravel for roads. The wolf is slain to save the flock.
’Sustainability’ will be achieved if the wise or
’sustainable use’ of resources leads to appropriate
choices between economic development and the
environment, because not all natural capital is
necessary for human survival.
These methods of defining ‘sustainability’ have
profound implications for how natural resource
use is to be governed. Pierce and Turner (1990)
describe the first model, which seeks to prevent
the total stock of natural capital from declining
over time, as ’preservationist’. It implies that
environmental standards protecting ‘entire eco-
systems and geographical zones’ must be imposed
on economic activity in a ’pre-emptive’ manner.
A.D. BASIAGO
30. Precautionary standards protecting biodiversity
and ecological processes must be met before the
economic feasibility of projects can be analysed.
According to Rees (1990), this model is the view
advanced by Pearce in Blueprint for a Green
Economy. Present generations, who should leave
future generations a stock of environmental assets
no less than they inherited, are instead shifting
‘the burden of environmental risks to future
generations’. ’Sustainable development’ requires
that humans learn to keep the stock of natural
capital constant and live on the interest that
natural capital generates.
The second model, which has as its goal that the
total stock of afl wealth - natural and human -
should not diminish over time, Pierce and Turner
(1990) describe as ‘conservationist’. It is concerned
not with the preservation of nature, but with the
’sustainability‘ of ’resources productivity’. The
emphasis here is on conserving and expanding the
productivity of the economy and doing so in a
manner that can be sustained indefinitely.
According to Millichap (1993), Britain’s environ-
mental strategy This Common Inheritance embraces
this model by equating ’sustainable development’
with ’stewardship’, our ‘moral duty’ to serve as
’custodians’ of natural resources. Stewardship is
exemplified, he suggests, in the policies which
allow development in green belts only if a national
or regional need is met or important environmental
benefit gained and no alternative site exists.
The third model, which contemplates preserving
31. possible uses or functions of the environment, is
seen by Pierce and Turner (1990) as essentially
‘exploitative’. It involves merely a promise by living
generations to future generations that the produc-
tive capacity of the economy has been expanded.
Shiva (1992) distinguishes the first model from
the second and third by posing two interpretations
of ’sustainability’. The first meaning of ’sustain-
ability’, that of nature, involves ’a recovery of the
recognition that nature supports our lives’ and is
‘the primary source of sustenance’. This meaning
implies ’maintaining the integrity of nature’s pro-
cesses, cycles and rhythms’. The second meaning of
‘sustainability’, that of markets, implies only ‘main-
taining supplies of raw materials for industrial
production’. This is conventional ‘conservation’, or
‘making available sustained yields of raw materials
for development...’.
Hence the ethical methods of defining ’sustain-
ability’ imply a choice between a philosophical
revolution and the status qua. The revolution would
require giving the environment unprecedented
standing. In the status quo of capitalism, ’sustain-
ability’ concerns the mere substitutability of
resources.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 117
DEFINING ‘SUSTAINABILITY’
’SUSTAINABILITY’ AS A METHODOLOGY
32. When we examine ’sustainability’ in these different
realms, we find that it is used to describe a
constellation of ideas. In biology, ‘sustainability’
has come to be associated with the protection of bio-
diversity. In economics, ‘sustainability’ is advanced
by those who favour accounting for natural resources.
In sociology, ‘sustainability’ involves the defence of
environmental justice. In planning, ’sustainability’
is the process of urban revitalization. In environ-
mental ethics, ’sustainability’ means, alternatively,
preservation, conservation or ’sustainable use’ of
natural resources.
These ideas do not describe a particular social
end-state. Rather, they all relate in some way to the
vitality of natural and human systems. It is as if
‘sustainability’ is not a tangible goal, but an organ-
izing principle governing activity at all levels of a
system, a quality that characterizes social alterna-
tives that will yield vitality.
‘Sustainability’ therefore seems less a doctrine
enshrined in the rarefied reaches of political
philosophy and more a research methodology
belonging to the workaday world of applied social
science. Perhaps, as a method, ‘sustainability’ is like
the empirical method in the physical and natural
sciences, which sets up a schema for asking
important questions, but does not provide, a priori,
an answer. Rather, ’sustainability’ acts as a kind of
selection pressure identifymg which social options
are valid, but not necessarily which are optimum.
This becomes even more evident when we break
‘sustainability’ down into its essential components.
Broadly speaking, ’sustainability’ is embodied in
33. four principles: futurity (a concern for the welfare of
future generations), equity (the fair sharing of
economic benefits and burdens within and between
generations), global environmentalism (a recogni-
tion of the global dimension of ecological problems
associated with use or depletion of natural capital
by one or some at the cost of others) and
biodiversity (the maintenance of the integrity of
ecological processes and systems).
These principles of ‘sustainability’ only have
meaning as criteria in a process of inquiry asked
at the initial stages of development. Will the
development leave on behalf of future generations
an undiminished stock of natural capital? Is it
equitable, now and for the future? What will be its
impact on the global environment? Will biodiver-
sity be lost? ‘Sustainability’ channels economic
development towards outcomes advantageous to
life.
The operation of ‘sustainability’ as a research
methodology might best be demonstrated by the
following scenario. Imagine that a hospital is
needed in a remote location of a national park to
prevent deaths that have occurred there and that
will continue if the hospital is not built. Imagine
also that destroying a meadow to build the hospital
will cause the extinction of an endangered plant
species, the medicinal properties of which are
unknown. The ’sustainability analysis’ might pro-
ceed as described in the following list.
Futurity. The hospital should be built,
because a hospital enhances the welfare of
34. future generations, or not built, because
future generations have a right to any
benefits the plant might possess.
Equity. The hospital should be built, so as
not to burden the present generation with
preventable deaths, or not built, so as not to
burden future generations with the depri-
vation of any benefits the plant might
possess.
Global environmen talism. The hospital should
be built, because its impact on the global
environment will be negligible, or not built,
because the meadow to be lost is a small but
essential component of the global environ-
ment.
Biodiversity. The hospital should be built,
because human genetic diversity is part of
overall biodiversity and the hospital will
save many patients who will go on to
reproduce, or not built, because plant
species diversity is a more critical form of
biodiversity.
The implications of ’sustainability’ as an analy-
tical tool are profound when applied to reality.
Consider the outcome if Western nations had
performed a ’sustainability analysis’ before decid-
ing to rush food aid to famine victims in the Sahel.
(i) Futurity. The humanitarian effort is defen-
sible, because future generations benefit by
inheriting a world in which starving people
are fed.
(ii) Equity. The humanitarian effort is defensi-
ble, because it is not fair for human beings to
35. starve to death in a world of agricultural
surplus.
(iii) Global environmentalism. Food aid to the
Sahel is not defensible, because it will
sustain communities engaged in ecologi-
cally destructive practices with global rami-
fications.
(iv) Biodiversity. Food aid to the Sahel is not
defensible, because these practices involve a
net loss of biodiversity.
In this manner, ’sustainability ‘ may come to be
applied to a wide variety of human activities.
118 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
A.D. BASIAGO
’Sustainability analysis’ may amount to a new
decisional paradigm in which only those options
are supported that increase social and environ-
mental vitality.
CONCLUSIONS
The advent of ‘sustainability’ represents something
substantial. Our planetary civilization has grown to
the point where it is beginning to jeopardize its
natural life support systems. A protocol, ’sustain-
ability’, has been crafted to guarantee the main-
tenance of the earths resources. ‘SustainabiIity’ is a
methodology designed to maximize the vitality of
36. social and environmental systems. ’Sustainability’
requires applying four criteria - futurity, equity,
global environmentalism and biodiversity - to the
development process. These ’sustainability’ criteria
act as constraints on untoward forms of develop-
ment. They are premised on the belief that
humanity will only succeed in a cosmic sense if it
finds a way to meet human needs, while at the same
time maintaining the integrity of biological systems,
accounting for the loss of natural resources from the
economy, working social equity, regenerating
human settlements and conserving natural capital.
The very breadth of objectives to which ’sustain-
ability’ is put - in realms biological, economic,
social, urban and ethical - suggests that in
‘sustainability‘, humanity has found a method
to govern universal functioning aboard the Earth
‘island.
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BIOGRAPHY
Andrew D. Basiago
Department of Land Economy
University of Cambridge
19 Silver Street
Cambridge CB3 9EP, UK
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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 119