The document provides sample questions and answers about measures of central tendency from Chapter 2 of Carlson's textbook. It covers key concepts like the mean, median and mode, and when each should be used depending on the measurement scale and distribution shape. The questions test understanding of computing and interpreting these measures, including through SPSS.
In this webinar, we discuss the basics of moderating effects and mediating effects. We explain the differences between moderation and mediation, when moderation and mediation are appropriate to conduct, and the statistical analyses used to test moderation and mediation.
Ee184405 statistika dan stokastik statistik deskriptif 2 numerikyusufbf
Statistika adalah suatu bidang ilmu yang mempelajari cara-cara mengumpulkan data untuk selanjutnya dapat dideskripsikan dan diolah, kemudian melakukan induksi/inferensi dalam rangka membuat kesimpulan, agar dapat ditentukan keputusan yang akan diambil berdasarkan data yang dimiliki.
DATA =============> PROSES STATISTIK ===========> INFORMASI
Statistik Deskriptif adalah suatu cara menggambarkan persoalan yang berdasarkan data yang dimiliki yakni dengan cara menata data tersebut sedemikian rupa agar karakteristik data dapat dipahami dengan mudah sehingga berguna untuk keperluan selanjutnya.
In this webinar, we discuss the basics of moderating effects and mediating effects. We explain the differences between moderation and mediation, when moderation and mediation are appropriate to conduct, and the statistical analyses used to test moderation and mediation.
Ee184405 statistika dan stokastik statistik deskriptif 2 numerikyusufbf
Statistika adalah suatu bidang ilmu yang mempelajari cara-cara mengumpulkan data untuk selanjutnya dapat dideskripsikan dan diolah, kemudian melakukan induksi/inferensi dalam rangka membuat kesimpulan, agar dapat ditentukan keputusan yang akan diambil berdasarkan data yang dimiliki.
DATA =============> PROSES STATISTIK ===========> INFORMASI
Statistik Deskriptif adalah suatu cara menggambarkan persoalan yang berdasarkan data yang dimiliki yakni dengan cara menata data tersebut sedemikian rupa agar karakteristik data dapat dipahami dengan mudah sehingga berguna untuk keperluan selanjutnya.
It is a consolidation of basic probability concepts worth understanding before attempting to apply probability concepts for predictions. The material is formed from different sources. ll the sources are acknowledged.
Forecasting techniques, time series analysisSATISH KUMAR
Forecasting techniques, time series analysis
Introduction
Meaning
Definition
Features of forecasting
Process of forecasting
Importance of forecasting
Advantages of forecasting
Limitations of forecasting
Methods of forecasting
Conclusion
It is a consolidation of basic probability concepts worth understanding before attempting to apply probability concepts for predictions. The material is formed from different sources. ll the sources are acknowledged.
Forecasting techniques, time series analysisSATISH KUMAR
Forecasting techniques, time series analysis
Introduction
Meaning
Definition
Features of forecasting
Process of forecasting
Importance of forecasting
Advantages of forecasting
Limitations of forecasting
Methods of forecasting
Conclusion
A measure of central tendency (also referred to as measures of center or central location) is a summary measure that attempts to describe a whole set of data with a single value that represents the middle or center of its distribution. The are some limitations to using the mode. In some distributions, the mode may not reflect the centre of the distribution very well. When the distribution of retirement age is ordered from lowest to highest value, it is easy to see that the centre of the distribution is 57 years, but the mode is lower, at 54 years.
Introduction to Statistics -
Sampling Techniques, Types of Statistics, Descriptive Statistics,
Inferential Statistics,
Variables and Types of Data: Qualitative, Quantitative, Discrete,
Continuous, Organizing and Graphing Data: Qualitative Data, Quantitative Data
PUH 6301, Public Health Research 1 Course Learning OuTatianaMajor22
PUH 6301, Public Health Research 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VI
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
4. Evaluate strategies for data analysis to determine the best statistical tests needed for research
methods.
4.1 Determine the four levels of measurement as valid research statistical techniques in the public
health research process.
4.2 Explain why proper data and statistical analysis is important.
4.3 Describe the basic types of statistic tests.
Course/Unit
Learning Outcomes
Learning Activity
4.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 28
Chapter 29
Chapter 30
Chapter 31
Chapter 33
Blog: “Descriptive vs. Inferential Statistics: What’s the Difference?
Unit VI Essay
4.2
Unit Lesson
Chapter 28
Unit VI Essay
4.3
Unit Lesson
Chapter 29
Unit VI Essay
Required Unit Resources
Chapter 28: Data Management
Chapter 29: Descriptive Statistics
Chapter 30: Comparative Statistics
Chapter 31: Regression Analysis
Chapter 33: Additional Analysis Tools
In order to access the following resource, click the link below:
The website below provides a good summary of how the public health researcher can use descriptive and
inferential statistics methods to conduct public health research.
Market Research Guy. (2011, December 1). Descriptive vs. inferential statistics: What’s the difference? [Blog
post]. http://www.mymarketresearchmethods.com/descriptive-inferential-statistics-difference/
UNIT VI STUDY GUIDE
Data Analysis Plan
http://www.mymarketresearchmethods.com/descriptive-inferential-statistics-difference/
PUH 6301, Public Health Research 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Unit Lesson
Introduction
This unit covers the statistical procedures used to analyze the data collected from research tools. During this
stage of research, you may begin to draw conclusions and be able to answer the research question(s) and
sub-question(s) you developed in Unit I. Use statistics in this stage of research to manipulate the data and
make it understandable for others to read. Shi (2008) encourages researchers to know and understand basic
statistics and statistical procedures. The data analysis phase of research is important because it makes sense
of the data that can be used for future research studies (Jacobsen, 2021).
Data Management
Data management is the entire process of keeping a record of all the results of clinical assessments
conducted during a research study (Jacobsen, 2021). Record keeping includes listing details on potential
articles, pulling information from patient charts, tracking responses from surveys, or recording assessment
results from cohorts or studies. It is vital that those responsible for collecting and keeping data maintain
confidentiality and the integrity of data sets from all outside sources. Once researchers enter the data into the
spreadsheet or database, the data should be recoded and double-checked prior to beginning statistical
ana ...
5University of Maryland University CollegeSTAT200 - Assignm.docxShiraPrater50
5
University of Maryland University College
STAT200 - Assignment #1: Descriptive Statistics Data Analysis Plan
Identifying Information
Amber Wilson
Stat 200 6755
Dr.Barnes
11/4/19
Scenario:
I am a student conducting a research to determine the main factors contributing expenditures of a given family. Data given provide information on income, expenditure on food, family size, annual expenditure and expenditure on entertainment.
The selected variables are shown in the table below.
Table 1. Variables Selected for the Analysis
Variable Name in the Data Set
Description
(See the data dictionary for describing the variables.)
Type of Variable
(Qualitative or Quantitative)
Variable 1: “Income”
Annual household income in USD.
Quantitative
Variable 2: “Family Size”
Total Number of People in Family (Both Adults and Children)
Quantitative
Variable 3: “Annual Expenditure”
Total Amount of Annual Expenditures in USD
Quantitative
Variable 4: “Food”
Total Amount of Annual Expenditure on Food in USD
Quantitative
Variable 5: “Entertainment”
Total Amount of Annual Expenditure on Entertainment in USD
Quantitative
Reason(s) for Selecting the Variables and Expected Outcome(s):
1. 1. Variable 1: “Income” – Help to determine the total amount the family has before spending.
2. 2. Variable 2: “Family size” – Helps to determine whether big or small families have more expenditure.
3. 3. Variable 3: “Annual Expenditure” – It gives the total expenditure of the families given.
4. 4. Variable 4: “Food” – It shows the total amount families spend on food. It will ease comparison of food expenditure between families.
5. 5. Variable 5: “Entertainment” – It shows the amount spends on entertainment. It can lead to determination of luxurious families.
Data Set Description:
The data used in this study contains income, family size, annual expenditure, food and entertainment. Income, annual expenditure, food and entertainment are all continuous variables reporting income and expenditures in US dollars.
Proposed Data Analysis:
Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion
Complete Table 2. Numerical Summaries of the Selected Variables and briefly explain why you choose those measurements. Note: The information for the required variable, “Income,” has already been completed and can be used as a guide for completing information on the remaining variables.
Table 2. Numerical Summaries of the Selected Variables
Variable Name
Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion
Rationale for Why Appropriate
Variable 1:
“Income”
· ● Number of Observations
· ● Median
· ● Sample Standard Deviation
I am using median for two reasons:
1. 1. If there are any outliers or the data is not normally distributed, the median is the best measure of central tendency.
2. 2. The variable is quantitative.
I am using sample standard deviation for three reasons:
1. 1. The data is a sample from a larger data set.
2. 2. It is the most commonly used measure of dispersion.
3. 3. ...
Homework 1
Introduction to Statistics
Be sure you have reviewed this module/week’s lesson and presentations before proceeding to the homework exercises. Number all responses. Review the “Homework Instructions: General” document for an example of how homework assignments must look.
Homework 1 does not include any SPSS output and consists only of Part I.
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Introduction to Statistics An Active Learning Approach 2nd Edition by Carlson and Winquist Solution Manual
1. Reading Questions
Carlson, An Introduction to Statistics, 2e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Reading Questions
Chapter 2: Central Tendency
1. What measure of central tendency is used when data are measured on a nominal scale?
a. Mean
b. Median
*c. Mode
2. What is the median for this set of scores? 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5
a. 3
*b. 4
c. 5
3. What measure of central tendency should be used with ordinal data?
a. Mean
*b. Median
c. Mode
4. What measure of central tendency is obtained by adding all of the scores and then dividing by
the number of scores?
*a. Mean
b. Median
c. Mode
2. Reading Questions
Carlson, An Introduction to Statistics, 2e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
5. What measure of central tendency is the value that has half of the scores above it and half of
the scores below it?
a. Mean
*b. Median
c. Mode
6. What measure of central tendency should be used when the data are interval and there are
extreme scores in the distribution?
a. Mean
*b. Median
c. Mode
7. Extreme scores are also called:
*a. outliers
b. modes scores
8. What measure of central tendency should be used when a distribution of scores measured on
the interval or ratio scale of measurement is skewed?
a. Mean
*b. Median
c. Mode
9. When a distribution of scores is skewed, the median and mean will be similar.
True
*False
10. What does ∑X tell you to do?
3. Reading Questions
Carlson, An Introduction to Statistics, 2e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
*a. Sum the scores (Xs)
b. Compute the mean
11. What does N represent?
*a. The number of scores
b. Measurement categories
12. A statistical formula is:
*a. a helpful set of instructions indicating how to compute something.
b. a bunch of meaningless symbols I should skip when I’m reading.
13. Which of the following is the best way to compute the mean for the following data?
X f
3 4
2 7
1 5
*a. M = (3(4) + 2(7) +1(5))/16
b. M = (3+2+1)/3
c. M = ((3+2+1) + (4 + 7 +5))/6
14. The sample mean is represented by:
*a. M.
b. μ.
c. both M and μ.
15. The population mean is represented by:
4. Reading Questions
Carlson, An Introduction to Statistics, 2e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
a. M.
*b. μ.
c. both M and µ.
16. Find the median of this list of scores: 5, 6, 4, 7, 8. [Hint: what is the first step to finding the
median?]
a. 4
b. 5
*c. 6
17. Find the median of this frequency table of scores:
X f
3 4
2 7
1 5
0 1
a. 1
*b. 2
c. 3
18. Find the mode of this set of scores:
X f
3 4
5. Reading Questions
Carlson, An Introduction to Statistics, 2e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
2 7
1 5
0 1
a. 1
*b. 2
c. 3
19. When entering data into SPSS, you can enter a frequency table of the data; you do not have
to enter each score individually.
True
*False
20. What is the mean of these data?
*a. 73.0
b. 75
c. 70
6. 1. c.
2. a.
3. a.
4. b.
5. b.
6. b.
7. e.
8. e.
9. a.
10. b.
11. b.
12. a.
13. a.
14. a.
15. b.
16. d.
17. c.
7. 1. c.
2. b.
3. b.
4. a.
5. b.
6. b.
7. a.
8. b.
9. b.
10. a.
11. a.
12. a.
13. a.
14. a.
15. b.
16. c.
9. ACTIVITY 2-1
1. X f
------------
5 1
4 3
3 3
2 2
1 1
2. Frequency bar graph of the data.
3. 3.1; Answers are in the activity in the paragraph after question 3.
4. 3; Answers are in the activity in the paragraph after question 3.
5. Both 3 and 4
6. Mean
7. Mode
8. Median
9. Mean
10. Median
11. Median
12. A
13. C
14. C. The mode is the only option because it is nominal data. It is fine as a measure of
central tendency, but it misses the most important aspect of the data. Although 460
correctly disagreed with the false statement, “Do you agree that patients’ memories of
past events are improved by hypnosis?”, 408 psychologists agreed with this false
statement.
15. A
16. B
17. B
18. There are 16 scores total.
10. 19. 10 (answer is in the text)
20.
21. The sum for all negative deviation scores = -8
The sum for all positive deviation scores = +8
22. 0
23. 5; Answer in text
24. 2-5 = -3
3-5 = -2
3-5 = -2
4 – 5 = -1
4 – 5 = -1
4 – 5 = -1
4 – 5 = -1
4 – 5 = -1
4 – 5 = -1
25. -13
26. 6-5 = 1
6-5 = 1
6-5 = 1
7-5 = 2
7-5 = 2
8-5 = 3
8-5 = 3
Scores Below the Mean
Score Deviation
(X-M)
8 8-10 = -2
8 8-10 = -2
9 9-10=-1
9 9-10=-1
9 9-10=-1
9 9-10=-1
∑(X-M) = -8
Scores At the Mean
Score Deviation
(X-M)
10 10-10=0
10 10-10=0
10 10-10=0
∑(X-M) = 0
Scores Above the Mean
Score Deviation
(X-M)
11 11-10 = 1
11 11-10 = 1
11 11-10 = 1
11 11-10 = 1
11 11-10 = 1
11 11-10 = 1
12 12-10 =2
∑(X-M) = 8
11. 27. 13
28. 0
29. A
30.
X f
2 0
3 2
4 5
5 1
6 1
7 0
8 1
31. 4 and 6
32. 4.5 (average of 4 and 5, the middle two numbers); 2, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6,
33. M = 45/10 = 4.5
34.
Score Deviation Scores: (X M)
2 2-4.5 = -2.5
3 3-4.5 = -1.5
4 4-4.5 = -.5
4 4-4.5 = -.5
4 4-4.5 = -.5
5 5-4.5 = .5
5 5-4.5 = .5
6 6-4.5 = 1.5
6 6-4.5 = 1.5
6 6-4.5 = 1.5
35. 0
36. C
37. B
13. An Introduction to Statistics
An Active Learning Approach
Chapter 2: Central Tendancy
Carlson and Winquist, An Introduction to Statistics: An Active Learning Approach, 2e, SAGE Publishing, 2018. 2
14. Topics to Cover
• Compute and interpret the mean, the
median, and the mode
• Identify when to use the mean, the
median, or the mode when describing a
distribution’s central tendency
Carlson and Winquist, An Introduction to Statistics: An Active Learning Approach, 2e, SAGE Publishing, 2018. 3
15. Central Tendency
• The “center” of scores
– Mean
• the arithmetic average
– Median
• the middle score
– Mode
• the most frequently occurring score
Carlson and Winquist, An Introduction to Statistics: An Active Learning Approach, 2e, SAGE Publishing, 2018. 4
16. Figure 2.1: When to Use Measures of Central Tendency
Carlson and Winquist, An Introduction to Statistics: An Active Learning Approach, 2e, SAGE Publishing, 2018. 5
17. Figure 2.2: A Bar Graph of Symmetrical Data (Correct Answers)
and a Bar Graph of Negatively Skewed Data (Classes Attended)
Carlson and Winquist, An Introduction to Statistics: An Active Learning Approach, 2e, SAGE Publishing, 2018. 6
18. Computing the Mean
• Add the scores and divide by the number
of scores
• Statistical formula:
• M - sample mean
• ∑X - sum of x
• N - number of scores
Carlson and Winquist, An Introduction to Statistics: An Active Learning Approach, 2e, SAGE Publishing, 2018. 7
19. Computing the Mean
• Example
Carlson and Winquist, An Introduction to Statistics: An Active Learning Approach, 2e, SAGE Publishing, 2018. 8
20. Computing the Mean
• Computing the mean from a frequency
distribution
• ∑(Xf) – multiply each score by the number
of people who had the score to get ∑X
Carlson and Winquist, An Introduction to Statistics: An Active Learning Approach, 2e, SAGE Publishing, 2018. 9
21. Table 2.1: Frequency Distribution Table of Variable Scores
Carlson and Winquist, An Introduction to Statistics: An Active Learning Approach, 2e, SAGE Publishing, 2018. 10
22. Computing the Mean
• Computing the mean from a frequency
distribution
• Example
Carlson and Winquist, An Introduction to Statistics: An Active Learning Approach, 2e, SAGE Publishing, 2018. 11
23. Computing the Mean
• Computing the population mean
• Statistical formula:
• - population mean; Greek letter “myoo”
Carlson and Winquist, An Introduction to Statistics: An Active Learning Approach, 2e, SAGE Publishing, 2018. 12
24. Find the Median
• The median is the midpoint of a
distribution of scores.
• Begin by putting scores in order from
lowest to highest.
Carlson and Winquist, An Introduction to Statistics: An Active Learning Approach, 2e, SAGE Publishing, 2018. 13
25. Find the Median
• When N is odd, there is one middle score.
• 7, 7, 6, 6, 6, 5, 4, 3, 1
• When N is even, compute the average of the
two middle scores. Add 70 and 80, then
divide by 2. The median is 75.
•
40, 50, 60, 70, 70, 80, 80, 90, 90, 100
Carlson and Winquist, An Introduction to Statistics: An Active Learning Approach, 2e, SAGE Publishing, 2018. 14
26. Table 2.3: Frequency Distribution Table for a Larger Set of Scores
With Median Identified.
Carlson and Winquist, An Introduction to Statistics: An Active Learning Approach, 2e, SAGE Publishing, 2018. 15
27. Find the Mode
• The mode is the most frequently occurring
score in the distribution.
• To locate the mode in the frequency
distribution table, you look for the
measurement category (X value) with the
highest frequency.
Carlson and Winquist, An Introduction to Statistics: An Active Learning Approach, 2e, SAGE Publishing, 2018. 16
28. Table 2.4: Frequency Distribution Table for a Larger Set of Scores
With the Mode Bolded
Carlson and Winquist, An Introduction to Statistics: An Active Learning Approach, 2e, SAGE Publishing, 2018. 17
29. SPSS
Compute and interpret the mean, the median, and the mode
Carlson and Winquist, An Introduction to Statistics: An Active Learning Approach, 2e, SAGE Publishing, 2018. 18
30. SPSS Data File
• To compute measures of central tendency
using SPSS, you will need to begin by
entering the data.
• You cannot enter a frequency distribution
table into SPSS; instead you must enter
individual scores.
Carlson and Winquist, An Introduction to Statistics: An Active Learning Approach, 2e, SAGE Publishing, 2018. 19
31. Table 2.5: Frequency Distribution Table of the Variable Called
Scores.
Carlson and Winquist, An Introduction to Statistics: An Active Learning Approach, 2e, SAGE Publishing, 2018. 20
32. Figure 2.3: SPSS Screenshot of the Data Entry Screen of the
Variable Labeled Test Scores.
Carlson and Winquist, An Introduction to Statistics: An Active Learning Approach, 2e, SAGE Publishing, 2018. 21
33. Obtaining Measures of Central
Tendency Using SPSS
• Click on the Analyze menu. Choose
Descriptive Statistics and then
Frequencies (see Figure 2.4).
• Move the variable(s) of interest into the
Variable(s) box (see Figure 2.5).
• Make sure the Display Frequency Tables
box is checked if you want a frequency
distribution table. Uncheck the box if you
do not want a frequency table.
Carlson and Winquist, An Introduction to Statistics: An Active Learning Approach, 2e, SAGE Publishing, 2018. 22
34. Obtaining Measures of Central
Tendency Using SPSS
• Click on the Statistics button.
• Click on the boxes for mean, median, and
mode, and then click on the Continue
button (see Figure 2.6).
• Click OK.
Carlson and Winquist, An Introduction to Statistics: An Active Learning Approach, 2e, SAGE Publishing, 2018. 23
35. Figure 2.4: SPSS Screenshot of the Analyze Menu for Descriptive
Statistics.
Carlson and Winquist, An Introduction to Statistics: An Active Learning Approach, 2e, SAGE Publishing, 2018. 24
36. Figure 2.5: SPSS Screenshot of Choosing the Variables for
Descriptive Statistics.
Carlson and Winquist, An Introduction to Statistics: An Active Learning Approach, 2e, SAGE Publishing, 2018. 25
37. Figure 2.6: SPSS Screenshot of Choosing Measures of Central
Tendency.
Carlson and Winquist, An Introduction to Statistics: An Active Learning Approach, 2e, SAGE Publishing, 2018. 26
38. Figure 2.7: SPSS Output for the Central Tendency of the Variable
Score.
Carlson and Winquist, An Introduction to Statistics: An Active Learning Approach, 2e, SAGE Publishing, 2018. 27