It is a small presentation, which should be studied or seen in the first lecture of R.C.C. It tells about why to and where to use R.C.C. It is acquainted with some pictorial descriptions.
Reinforced cement concrete (RCC) uses steel reinforcement within concrete to improve its tensile strength. Concrete is strong under compression but weak under tension. Steel reinforcement provides high tensile strength due to its high tensile capacity and good bond with concrete. Steel also has a higher elastic modulus, allowing it to resist forces better than concrete alone under the same extension. Cement is a binder that hardens when mixed with water, and can be classified as hydraulic or non-hydraulic. Hydraulic cement can set even when wet or underwater due to additions like fly ash that allow curing in wet conditions. Portland cement is the most common type and consists mainly of tricalcium silicate, dicalcium sil
Reinforced concrete uses steel reinforcement bars embedded in concrete to resist tensile stresses that concrete cannot withstand on its own. The document discusses the composition, properties, and uses of plain cement concrete (PCC) and reinforced cement concrete (RCC). It explains that PCC is a mixture of cement, sand, aggregate and water, while RCC includes steel reinforcement to improve the concrete's tensile strength. The document also covers reinforcement techniques, types of reinforcing steel, mix proportions, characteristics of concrete structures, and ready-mix concrete.
The document discusses various techniques for underwater construction including caissons, cofferdams, and concrete placement methods. Caissons are watertight retaining structures used for foundations in deep water, while cofferdams are temporary structures used to create a dry work area for shallow water projects. Common concrete placement techniques include the tremie method, pump method, toggle bags, and bagworks. The tremie method, where concrete is poured below the water through a pipe, is the standard for placing high-quality underwater concrete in major structures.
Ferrocement is a thin reinforced concrete made of cement mortar and wire mesh. It is strong, durable, and low-cost. Common applications include walls, floors, roofs, water tanks, bridges, and marine structures. Ferrocement is 2-5 cm thick and has a cement mortar mix reinforced with steel mesh or rods. It was invented in the 1850s and methods of construction include skeletal armature, closed mould, integral mould, and open mould. Ferrocement is used Residential buildings, marine applications, water and sanitation infrastructure, agriculture, renewable energy, and other structures.
This document discusses the materials and design considerations for plain and reinforced concrete structures according to the National Building Code of India. It outlines the types of cement, aggregates, water, admixtures, and reinforcement that can be used. It also covers mix design and proportioning, durability requirements, and factors to consider when selecting reinforced concrete as a construction material such as its economy, suitability for structural and architectural functions, low maintenance needs, availability of materials, rigidity, and fire resistance.
This document provides information on designing and detailing steel reinforcement in combined footings. It begins by defining a combined footing as a single spread footing that supports two or more columns in a straight line. It then discusses types of combined footings and provides steps for their design including proportioning the footing size, calculating shear forces and bending moments, and designing the longitudinal and transverse reinforcement. The document concludes by providing an example problem demonstrating how to design a combined footing with a central beam.
The document discusses reinforced cement concrete (RCC) structures. It describes two types of building structures - load bearing, where walls transmit loads directly to the ground, and framed structures, where loads are transferred through RCC beams, columns, and slabs. It also discusses design loads on buildings including dead loads from structural weight and live loads. Common RCC structural elements like beams, slabs, shear walls and elevator shafts are described. Raw materials, advantages, specifications, common ratios, one-way and two-way slabs, and examples of RCC structures are covered.
This document discusses precast concrete construction. Some key points:
- Precast concrete elements are cast and cured off-site then transported for assembly, allowing more efficient production and quality control.
- Elements include slabs, beams, columns, and wall panels that are joined on-site through embedded bolts, plates, and grouted connections.
- The precasting process involves casting concrete around prestressing strands to add strength, then cutting sections and transporting them for erection.
Reinforced cement concrete (RCC) uses steel reinforcement within concrete to improve its tensile strength. Concrete is strong under compression but weak under tension. Steel reinforcement provides high tensile strength due to its high tensile capacity and good bond with concrete. Steel also has a higher elastic modulus, allowing it to resist forces better than concrete alone under the same extension. Cement is a binder that hardens when mixed with water, and can be classified as hydraulic or non-hydraulic. Hydraulic cement can set even when wet or underwater due to additions like fly ash that allow curing in wet conditions. Portland cement is the most common type and consists mainly of tricalcium silicate, dicalcium sil
Reinforced concrete uses steel reinforcement bars embedded in concrete to resist tensile stresses that concrete cannot withstand on its own. The document discusses the composition, properties, and uses of plain cement concrete (PCC) and reinforced cement concrete (RCC). It explains that PCC is a mixture of cement, sand, aggregate and water, while RCC includes steel reinforcement to improve the concrete's tensile strength. The document also covers reinforcement techniques, types of reinforcing steel, mix proportions, characteristics of concrete structures, and ready-mix concrete.
The document discusses various techniques for underwater construction including caissons, cofferdams, and concrete placement methods. Caissons are watertight retaining structures used for foundations in deep water, while cofferdams are temporary structures used to create a dry work area for shallow water projects. Common concrete placement techniques include the tremie method, pump method, toggle bags, and bagworks. The tremie method, where concrete is poured below the water through a pipe, is the standard for placing high-quality underwater concrete in major structures.
Ferrocement is a thin reinforced concrete made of cement mortar and wire mesh. It is strong, durable, and low-cost. Common applications include walls, floors, roofs, water tanks, bridges, and marine structures. Ferrocement is 2-5 cm thick and has a cement mortar mix reinforced with steel mesh or rods. It was invented in the 1850s and methods of construction include skeletal armature, closed mould, integral mould, and open mould. Ferrocement is used Residential buildings, marine applications, water and sanitation infrastructure, agriculture, renewable energy, and other structures.
This document discusses the materials and design considerations for plain and reinforced concrete structures according to the National Building Code of India. It outlines the types of cement, aggregates, water, admixtures, and reinforcement that can be used. It also covers mix design and proportioning, durability requirements, and factors to consider when selecting reinforced concrete as a construction material such as its economy, suitability for structural and architectural functions, low maintenance needs, availability of materials, rigidity, and fire resistance.
This document provides information on designing and detailing steel reinforcement in combined footings. It begins by defining a combined footing as a single spread footing that supports two or more columns in a straight line. It then discusses types of combined footings and provides steps for their design including proportioning the footing size, calculating shear forces and bending moments, and designing the longitudinal and transverse reinforcement. The document concludes by providing an example problem demonstrating how to design a combined footing with a central beam.
The document discusses reinforced cement concrete (RCC) structures. It describes two types of building structures - load bearing, where walls transmit loads directly to the ground, and framed structures, where loads are transferred through RCC beams, columns, and slabs. It also discusses design loads on buildings including dead loads from structural weight and live loads. Common RCC structural elements like beams, slabs, shear walls and elevator shafts are described. Raw materials, advantages, specifications, common ratios, one-way and two-way slabs, and examples of RCC structures are covered.
This document discusses precast concrete construction. Some key points:
- Precast concrete elements are cast and cured off-site then transported for assembly, allowing more efficient production and quality control.
- Elements include slabs, beams, columns, and wall panels that are joined on-site through embedded bolts, plates, and grouted connections.
- The precasting process involves casting concrete around prestressing strands to add strength, then cutting sections and transporting them for erection.
This site visit report summarizes Ng Bee Yee's visit to a construction site in Bandar Bukit Raja, Selangor. The objectives of the visit were to understand construction processes, identify building materials and technologies used, and observe construction equipment. Key activities included examining the construction of columns and beams through reinforced concrete formwork and placement of rebar. Temporary structures, cranes, and other machinery used to facilitate efficient construction were also documented. The report concludes that the hands-on experience of a site visit provided valuable practical learning that enhanced understanding beyond classroom theories.
The document discusses site works and setting out for construction projects. It covers site analysis to explore site characteristics, site investigation for systematic inquiry before construction, site preparation with considerations for access, storage and safety. It also discusses the setting out process to lay out the building outline on site, including establishing reference lines, square lines, checking diagonals, and locating excavation lines. The goal is to ensure construction follows the design plans and account for any site issues.
This document provides specifications for different classes of buildings and roads. It defines specifications as describing the nature, materials, and workmanship for a construction project. Building specifications are classified as general or brief (covering foundation, walls, roofing, etc. for different classes) and detailed. It provides the general specifications for various components like foundation, walls, roofing, flooring and finishing for first, second, third and fourth class buildings. Road specifications include details for subgrade, soiling, intercoat, topcoat, brick edging and considerations for heavy traffic or weak subgrade.
The document discusses different types of bricks used in construction. It describes the manufacturing process which involves preparing clay, moulding, drying, and burning bricks either in clamps or kilns. Bricks are categorized as burnt or unburnt, with burnt bricks further divided into four classes based on their quality. The document provides details on the water absorption rates and compressive strengths of different brick classes. It also outlines qualities of good bricks and lists some major brick manufacturing plants in Pakistan.
Concrete admixtures are added ingredients beyond cement, water, and aggregates that are used to modify the properties of fresh and hardened concrete. The main types of admixtures are air entrainers, water reducers, set retarders, set accelerators, and plasticizers. Air entrainers add microscopic air bubbles that increase durability in freezing environments. Water reducers allow a reduction in water while maintaining workability, increasing strength. Set retarders delay setting for hot weather, while set accelerators increase early strength for cold weather. Plasticizers make low-slump concrete flowable. Admixtures are selected and dosed to achieve specific concrete properties for construction needs.
A footing when used for two columns or more than two columns is called combined footing. Combined footing is mainly two types:
Rectangular Combined Footing
Trapezoidal Combined Footing
Advanced material of construction..ppt24545452SHUBHAM DABHADE
This document discusses different types of building materials including stones, bricks, tiles, cement, and glass claddings. It describes the common uses of different stones such as basalt, granite, and limestone in construction. It also outlines different types of bricks and tiles, and classifies various cements. Glass claddings are discussed as an increasingly popular building material that provides benefits such as energy efficiency but also has disadvantages like higher costs.
This document discusses defects that can occur during the brick manufacturing, construction, and post-construction processes. It outlines defects in size, shape, raw materials, appearance and constituents for bricks manufactured. Defects during construction include issues from weather, material storage and being labor intensive. Post-construction defects include efflorescence, staining and deposits. General brick defects are also outlined. The document concludes with remedies for defects like using fly ash or compressed cement soil bricks for more sustainable alternatives.
The document discusses the design of staircases. It begins by defining key components of staircases like treads, risers, stringers, etc. It then describes different types of staircases such as straight, doglegged, and spiral. The document outlines considerations for designing staircases like dimensions, loads, and structural behavior. It provides steps for geometric design, load calculations, structural analysis, reinforcement design, and detailing of staircases. Numerical examples are also included to illustrate the design process.
This document discusses foundations for buildings. It defines a foundation as the lowest supporting layer that transfers structural loads safely into the ground. Foundations increase stability by taking the structure deep into the ground. They are generally made of materials like brick, stone, or concrete. Foundations are designed based on soil type, site conditions, construction type, and economic factors. Foundations are categorized as either shallow or deep. Shallow foundations include footings that support columns directly on soil, while deep foundations transfer loads through weak soil using piles. Common shallow footing types are isolated, combined, continuous, strap, grillage, and raft foundations.
Slab is a thin concrete structure used for flooring that can be square, rectangular, or circular. Slabs vary in thickness from 4-6 inches depending on load and are made of cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, and reinforcement bars. There are several types of slabs including one-way slabs which carry load in one direction, two-way slabs which carry load in two directions, joist slabs which have concrete ribs for support, and precast slabs which are constructed off-site and transported. Other slab types include flat plates, flat slabs, waffle slabs, hollow core slabs, and composite slabs which incorporate a steel deck.
Stones have been used in construction for thousands of years in buildings all over the world. They are classified geologically based on their mode of formation as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic rocks. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma, sedimentary rocks form from compressed sediments, and metamorphic rocks form from changes to existing rocks. Stones are also classified chemically based on their dominant composition of silica, calcareous, or argillaceous minerals. Structurally, stones can occur as massive unstratified rocks, stratified layered rocks, or foliated banded rocks. Many historical structures were constructed of stone and it remains an important building material.
This document discusses various methods for underwater construction. It describes wet construction using water tight retaining structures like caissons and cofferdams to create dry environments for building bridge piers, buildings, and dams. It also discusses the challenges of underwater construction when water depths increase and the objectives of maintaining structural stability. Furthermore, it outlines techniques for underwater concreting using tremie pipes, pumps, and toggle bags to place concrete below the water surface.
ADVANCED TECHNIQUES IN CONSTRUCTIONS IN HIGH RISE BUILDINGSASHOK KUMAR TIWARY
The document summarizes a technical seminar on advanced construction techniques for high-rise buildings. It defines high-rise buildings according to different standards, and discusses the need for high-rises due to increasing population density. Various construction methods are described, including slip forming, jump forming, and tunnel forming. Main equipment used includes tower cranes and concrete pumps. Advantages of high-rises include accommodating more people and businesses while using less land area. Disadvantages include higher construction costs and accessibility issues if elevators fail.
This document provides an overview of concrete technology. It discusses the composition of concrete including cement, water, and aggregates. It also describes the process of making concrete including batching, mixing, transporting, placing, compacting, curing, and finishing. Batching can be done by volume or weight, with weight batching being more precise. Concrete is mixed either by hand or using stationary mixers and is transported using various methods before being placed, compacted to remove air, and cured to allow further hydration. Finishing operations are the last steps to achieve the required surface.
This document provides an introduction and overview of reinforcement bar (rebar), including:
1) It describes the different types of steel used for rebar based on carbon content, including mild steel.
2) It explains the differences between deformed bar and tor steel, with deformed bar being more cost effective.
3) It lists several top steel manufacturing companies in Bangladesh and the grades of rebar they produce.
4) It outlines the typical applications of Grade 40 and Grade 60 rebar and their differences in yield strength and ultimate strength.
1. Concrete is a composite material made by mixing cement, fine and coarse aggregates, and water.
2. The document discusses the history and development of concrete, including the first American concrete street and the Hoover Dam project.
3. It provides details on the composition, types, properties, and uses of concrete in construction.
Steel structures have high strength-to-weight ratios and enable long column-free spans, making them popular for offices, multifamily housing, and industrial buildings. However, steel is more expensive and requires skilled labor and maintenance. Reinforced concrete (RCC) structures are less flexible than steel but offer advantages like low floor-to-floor heights, fire resistance without additional protection, and minimal maintenance needs. The choice between steel and RCC depends on the building type, location, budget, and schedule. Steel is well-suited for high-rises and temporary structures while RCC is commonly used in buildings, bridges, dams, tanks, and coastal infrastructure.
The document provides information about a course on reinforced concrete structures design and drawing. The course aims to introduce students to limit state design concepts and impart knowledge on designing structural elements like slabs, beams, and columns. The course outline details the various units that will be covered, including introduction to limit state design methodology, design of beams, shear and torsion, slab design, column design, and footing design.
This site visit report summarizes Ng Bee Yee's visit to a construction site in Bandar Bukit Raja, Selangor. The objectives of the visit were to understand construction processes, identify building materials and technologies used, and observe construction equipment. Key activities included examining the construction of columns and beams through reinforced concrete formwork and placement of rebar. Temporary structures, cranes, and other machinery used to facilitate efficient construction were also documented. The report concludes that the hands-on experience of a site visit provided valuable practical learning that enhanced understanding beyond classroom theories.
The document discusses site works and setting out for construction projects. It covers site analysis to explore site characteristics, site investigation for systematic inquiry before construction, site preparation with considerations for access, storage and safety. It also discusses the setting out process to lay out the building outline on site, including establishing reference lines, square lines, checking diagonals, and locating excavation lines. The goal is to ensure construction follows the design plans and account for any site issues.
This document provides specifications for different classes of buildings and roads. It defines specifications as describing the nature, materials, and workmanship for a construction project. Building specifications are classified as general or brief (covering foundation, walls, roofing, etc. for different classes) and detailed. It provides the general specifications for various components like foundation, walls, roofing, flooring and finishing for first, second, third and fourth class buildings. Road specifications include details for subgrade, soiling, intercoat, topcoat, brick edging and considerations for heavy traffic or weak subgrade.
The document discusses different types of bricks used in construction. It describes the manufacturing process which involves preparing clay, moulding, drying, and burning bricks either in clamps or kilns. Bricks are categorized as burnt or unburnt, with burnt bricks further divided into four classes based on their quality. The document provides details on the water absorption rates and compressive strengths of different brick classes. It also outlines qualities of good bricks and lists some major brick manufacturing plants in Pakistan.
Concrete admixtures are added ingredients beyond cement, water, and aggregates that are used to modify the properties of fresh and hardened concrete. The main types of admixtures are air entrainers, water reducers, set retarders, set accelerators, and plasticizers. Air entrainers add microscopic air bubbles that increase durability in freezing environments. Water reducers allow a reduction in water while maintaining workability, increasing strength. Set retarders delay setting for hot weather, while set accelerators increase early strength for cold weather. Plasticizers make low-slump concrete flowable. Admixtures are selected and dosed to achieve specific concrete properties for construction needs.
A footing when used for two columns or more than two columns is called combined footing. Combined footing is mainly two types:
Rectangular Combined Footing
Trapezoidal Combined Footing
Advanced material of construction..ppt24545452SHUBHAM DABHADE
This document discusses different types of building materials including stones, bricks, tiles, cement, and glass claddings. It describes the common uses of different stones such as basalt, granite, and limestone in construction. It also outlines different types of bricks and tiles, and classifies various cements. Glass claddings are discussed as an increasingly popular building material that provides benefits such as energy efficiency but also has disadvantages like higher costs.
This document discusses defects that can occur during the brick manufacturing, construction, and post-construction processes. It outlines defects in size, shape, raw materials, appearance and constituents for bricks manufactured. Defects during construction include issues from weather, material storage and being labor intensive. Post-construction defects include efflorescence, staining and deposits. General brick defects are also outlined. The document concludes with remedies for defects like using fly ash or compressed cement soil bricks for more sustainable alternatives.
The document discusses the design of staircases. It begins by defining key components of staircases like treads, risers, stringers, etc. It then describes different types of staircases such as straight, doglegged, and spiral. The document outlines considerations for designing staircases like dimensions, loads, and structural behavior. It provides steps for geometric design, load calculations, structural analysis, reinforcement design, and detailing of staircases. Numerical examples are also included to illustrate the design process.
This document discusses foundations for buildings. It defines a foundation as the lowest supporting layer that transfers structural loads safely into the ground. Foundations increase stability by taking the structure deep into the ground. They are generally made of materials like brick, stone, or concrete. Foundations are designed based on soil type, site conditions, construction type, and economic factors. Foundations are categorized as either shallow or deep. Shallow foundations include footings that support columns directly on soil, while deep foundations transfer loads through weak soil using piles. Common shallow footing types are isolated, combined, continuous, strap, grillage, and raft foundations.
Slab is a thin concrete structure used for flooring that can be square, rectangular, or circular. Slabs vary in thickness from 4-6 inches depending on load and are made of cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, and reinforcement bars. There are several types of slabs including one-way slabs which carry load in one direction, two-way slabs which carry load in two directions, joist slabs which have concrete ribs for support, and precast slabs which are constructed off-site and transported. Other slab types include flat plates, flat slabs, waffle slabs, hollow core slabs, and composite slabs which incorporate a steel deck.
Stones have been used in construction for thousands of years in buildings all over the world. They are classified geologically based on their mode of formation as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic rocks. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma, sedimentary rocks form from compressed sediments, and metamorphic rocks form from changes to existing rocks. Stones are also classified chemically based on their dominant composition of silica, calcareous, or argillaceous minerals. Structurally, stones can occur as massive unstratified rocks, stratified layered rocks, or foliated banded rocks. Many historical structures were constructed of stone and it remains an important building material.
This document discusses various methods for underwater construction. It describes wet construction using water tight retaining structures like caissons and cofferdams to create dry environments for building bridge piers, buildings, and dams. It also discusses the challenges of underwater construction when water depths increase and the objectives of maintaining structural stability. Furthermore, it outlines techniques for underwater concreting using tremie pipes, pumps, and toggle bags to place concrete below the water surface.
ADVANCED TECHNIQUES IN CONSTRUCTIONS IN HIGH RISE BUILDINGSASHOK KUMAR TIWARY
The document summarizes a technical seminar on advanced construction techniques for high-rise buildings. It defines high-rise buildings according to different standards, and discusses the need for high-rises due to increasing population density. Various construction methods are described, including slip forming, jump forming, and tunnel forming. Main equipment used includes tower cranes and concrete pumps. Advantages of high-rises include accommodating more people and businesses while using less land area. Disadvantages include higher construction costs and accessibility issues if elevators fail.
This document provides an overview of concrete technology. It discusses the composition of concrete including cement, water, and aggregates. It also describes the process of making concrete including batching, mixing, transporting, placing, compacting, curing, and finishing. Batching can be done by volume or weight, with weight batching being more precise. Concrete is mixed either by hand or using stationary mixers and is transported using various methods before being placed, compacted to remove air, and cured to allow further hydration. Finishing operations are the last steps to achieve the required surface.
This document provides an introduction and overview of reinforcement bar (rebar), including:
1) It describes the different types of steel used for rebar based on carbon content, including mild steel.
2) It explains the differences between deformed bar and tor steel, with deformed bar being more cost effective.
3) It lists several top steel manufacturing companies in Bangladesh and the grades of rebar they produce.
4) It outlines the typical applications of Grade 40 and Grade 60 rebar and their differences in yield strength and ultimate strength.
1. Concrete is a composite material made by mixing cement, fine and coarse aggregates, and water.
2. The document discusses the history and development of concrete, including the first American concrete street and the Hoover Dam project.
3. It provides details on the composition, types, properties, and uses of concrete in construction.
Steel structures have high strength-to-weight ratios and enable long column-free spans, making them popular for offices, multifamily housing, and industrial buildings. However, steel is more expensive and requires skilled labor and maintenance. Reinforced concrete (RCC) structures are less flexible than steel but offer advantages like low floor-to-floor heights, fire resistance without additional protection, and minimal maintenance needs. The choice between steel and RCC depends on the building type, location, budget, and schedule. Steel is well-suited for high-rises and temporary structures while RCC is commonly used in buildings, bridges, dams, tanks, and coastal infrastructure.
The document provides information about a course on reinforced concrete structures design and drawing. The course aims to introduce students to limit state design concepts and impart knowledge on designing structural elements like slabs, beams, and columns. The course outline details the various units that will be covered, including introduction to limit state design methodology, design of beams, shear and torsion, slab design, column design, and footing design.
The document discusses principles and concepts related to reinforced cement concrete (RCC). It describes RCC as concrete in which steel reinforcement is embedded to take tensile stresses. The steel is generally round bars of diameters between 6mm to 32mm. RCC is equally strong in tension, compression, and shear. It also discusses RCC mix proportions, uses of RCC in foundations, beams, slabs etc., load transfer, mixing of concrete, formwork, curing and stripping times.
Roller compacted concrete (RCC) is a no-slump concrete that is compacted and consolidated using a vibratory roller. It does not require forms, reinforcing steel, or finishing. RCC is tough, durable, strong, and resistant to freezing and thawing. It can be used for industrial facilities, dams, airports, roads, and other infrastructure projects. RCC costs 25-50% less than conventional concrete due to faster construction without forms or rebar. However, its mix design and curing require careful control to prevent cracking from hydration heat or drying.
This document provides information on three types of building construction:
1. Wall bearing or load bearing construction, where walls carry the entire load of the roof and structure down to the foundation. This type is commonly used for residential or 1-2 story buildings and is economical.
2. Reinforced cement concrete (RCC) construction, which is used for most high-rise buildings. In RCC, load is transferred from slabs to beams to columns and down to the foundation. Steel bars are embedded in concrete to increase tensile strength. Proper placement and curing of concrete is important.
3. Pre-engineered buildings (PEB), which are designed by manufacturers using standardized materials and fabrication
Reinforcement concrete and properties of matrial VIKAS4210607
The document discusses the properties and characteristics of reinforced concrete and its constituent materials - concrete and steel reinforcement. It provides information on:
- Concrete is composed of cement, aggregate and water that hardens over time to form a durable stone-like material. Reinforced concrete includes steel reinforcement to increase its tensile strength.
- The properties of concrete and steel depend on their composition and standards. Concrete properties include compressive strength and shrinkage properties. Steel properties include yield strength.
- Permissible stresses values for concrete and steel under different loads and grades are defined in codes based on material testing. Reinforced concrete exploits the composite action of concrete and steel to form an efficient structural material.
Steel reinforcement is a key component of reinforced concrete structures. Cold twisted deformed (CTD) rebars were widely used in India from the 1970s due to their higher yield strength compared to plain mild steel, allowing for less steel to be used. However, CTD rebars have inherent problems including inferior ductility, weldability, and increased corrosion due to residual stresses and higher carbon content. Thermomechanically treated (TMT) rebars, introduced in the 1980s, provide higher strength with better ductility, weldability, bendability, and corrosion resistance compared to CTD rebars. TMT rebars have now become the dominant rebar type used in India.
Reinforced concrete is concrete that is strengthened with rebar or steel reinforcement. It is stronger than plain concrete due to its ability to withstand both compressive and tensile stresses. The steel reinforcement provides tensile strength, while the concrete primarily resists compressive forces and protects the rebar from corrosion. Proper placement of the rebar within the formwork prior to pouring concrete is important to achieve the structural strength of the reinforced concrete. Testing of the concrete is also done to ensure it meets the required strength standards. Reinforced concrete has many advantages over plain concrete, including higher strength, durability, resistance to fire and weathering, and lower lifetime maintenance costs.
Reinforced cement concrete (RCC) is a composite material made of cement concrete reinforced with steel bars. Some key points:
- François Coignet built the first reinforced concrete structure, a four story house in Paris in 1853.
- RCC is used in the construction of columns, beams, footings, slabs, dams, water tanks, tunnels, bridges, walls and towers due to its high strength and durability.
- The steel reinforcement provides tensile strength, while the concrete primarily resists compressive forces and protects the steel from corrosion. Together they form a very strong, stable structural material.
This document provides an overview of steel reinforcement used in reinforced concrete structures. It discusses the history and development of reinforcement in India, starting from the use of mild steel bars with a yield strength of 250 MPa, to the introduction of cold twisted deformed bars with higher yield strengths of around 405 MPa in the 1970s. However, CTD bars have issues with ductility, weldability, and corrosion resistance. In the 1980s-1990s, thermomechanically treated bars were developed that can achieve even higher strengths up to 600 MPa, while also having better properties compared to CTD bars. The document outlines the manufacturing processes for various bar types and highlights some issues regarding quality and standards in India.
comparison between Post tensioned slab and conventional slab03065661166
This document compares post-tensioned slabs and conventional reinforced concrete slabs. Post-tensioned slabs have tendons tensioned after the concrete sets, allowing for thinner slabs that deflect and crack less than reinforced concrete slabs under load. However, post-tensioned slabs require more skilled labor and specialized equipment during construction. Reinforced concrete slabs are simpler to build but thicker and have higher dead loads than equivalent post-tensioned slabs. The document concludes that post-tensioned slabs are generally more economical for large, heavy construction while reinforced concrete slabs are suitable for smaller projects.
Comparison of reinforced concrete and prestressed concreteSpice Shuvo
This document compares reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete. Reinforced concrete uses steel reinforcement embedded in concrete to increase its tensile strength. Prestressed concrete applies compression to concrete before loading to counteract tensile stresses when in use. For construction, reinforced concrete requires steel bars and formwork while prestressed concrete uses steel tendons stressed after the concrete reaches strength. Prestressed concrete allows for thinner sections, reduced self-weight, and less deflection compared to reinforced concrete. However, it requires higher quality materials and specialized equipment. In summary, the document outlines the key differences in material composition and behavior between the two composite concrete materials.
Introduction;
Reinforced brick masonry (RBM) consists of brick masonry which incorporates steel reinforcement embedded in mortar.
This masonry has greatly increased resistance to forces that produce tensile and shear stresses.
The reinforcement provides additional tensile strength, allowing better use of brick masonry's inherent compressive strength.
The two materials complement each other, resulting in an excellent structural material.
HISTORY;
Brick masonry is one of the oldest forms of building construction, and reinforcement has been used to strengthen masonry since 1813.
...
1 CE133P Introduction to Reinforced Concrete Design (Robles) 2.pdfjoerennelapore
This document provides an introduction to reinforced concrete design. It defines reinforced concrete as a composite material of concrete and steel reinforcement. Concrete provides compressive strength while steel provides the tensile strength lacking in concrete. The document discusses the advantages and disadvantages of using reinforced concrete, properties of concrete and steel, stress-strain relationships, design codes, and concepts like shrinkage and creep.
This document discusses and compares load bearing structures and framed structures, as well as reinforced concrete (RCC) structures and steel structures. Load bearing structures transmit loads directly through walls to the foundation, while framed structures use a rigid frame of beams and columns to support loads. RCC structures use concrete and steel reinforcement, providing high durability but lower tensile strength compared to steel structures, which have a stronger and lighter frame but higher corrosion risk. Both structure types are discussed in terms of their load transfer methods, materials, construction advantages, and differences.
This document discusses different types of concrete, including plain cement concrete (PCC) and reinforced cement concrete (RCC). PCC does not contain reinforcement and is strong under compression but weak under tension. RCC contains steel reinforcement and can withstand tensile, compressive, and shear stresses. The key ingredients of concrete are a binding material (usually cement or lime), fine aggregate (sand), coarse aggregate (stones, gravel), and water. Concrete has properties like strength, durability, impermeability, and resistance to fire and abrasion. RCC is more durable and suitable for construction of beams, columns, slabs, and foundations in seismic zones.
Distress of concrete structures & their repair techniquesZaid Ansari
This document discusses concrete distress and repair techniques. It begins by explaining that concrete structures may need repair after 25-30 years of service without maintenance. It then lists common causes of concrete distress like weathering, environmental effects, poor design/construction, and water leakage leading to corrosion. The document outlines expected service lives for different structure types. It also describes common concrete failure modes and causes of early deterioration. The remainder of the document discusses techniques for identifying distressed concrete, various repair materials and methods, and the need for trained concrete workers.
The document discusses various types of reinforcement and formwork materials used for speedy construction. It describes four main types of reinforcement - hot rolled deformed bars, mild steel plain bars, cold worked steel reinforcement, and pre-stressing steel. It also discusses four common formwork systems - table or flying formwork, column formwork, horizontal panel systems, and vertical panel systems. The formwork systems allow for faster construction through modular, engineered components that reduce time, costs, and waste compared to traditional formwork.
This presentation is about RCC. one can find most of the information about RCC with architecture in mind. Structure Design - 2 Semester 2 B. Arch Notes
Similar to INTRODUCTION TO R.C.C by MEET JOSHI (20)
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
2. INDEX
• WHAT IS RCC ?
• WHY RCC AND WHY STEEL IS USED IN IT?
• PROPERTIES OF GOOD RCC
• WHERE TO USE RCC ?
• REFERENCES
3. WHAT IS RCC?
FULL FORM: REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE
RCC stands for Reinforced Cement Concrete, which is when plain
cement concrete (mixture of cement, sand & aggregate) is
reinforced with steel bars.
• How it differs from pcc (plain cement concrete)
Plain cement concrete is mixture of sand, cement and aggregate
and reinforced cement concrete (rcc) is mixture of sand cement
and aggregate including Steel.
REINFORCED: ACCORDING TO OXFORD UNIVERSITY;
REINFORCED
MEANS TO MAKE IT STRONGER.
4. Why steel is used?
• In reinforced cement concrete, the steel (rebar)
carries all of the tensile stresses and, in some
cases some of the compressive stresses also.
• Concrete is good in resisting compression but is
very weak in resisting tension. Hence steel is
provided in the concrete wherever tensile stress
is expected. As the elastic modulus of steel is
high, for the same extension the force resisted by
steel is high compared to concrete.
5. PROPERTIES OF GOOD RCC
• It should be capable of resisting expected
tensile, compressive, bending and shear
forces.
• It should not show excessive deflection and
spoil serviceability requirement.
• There should be proper cover to the
reinforcement, so that the corrossion is
prevented.
6. • The hair cracks developed should be within
the permissible limit.
• It is a good fire resistant material.
• When it is fresh, it can be moulded to any
desired shape and size.
• Durability is very good.
• RCC structure can be designed to take any
load.
7. DEMERITS OF RCC
• R.C.C. structures are heavier than structures of
other materials like steel, wood and glass etc.
• R.C.C. needs lot of form-work, centering and
shuttering to be fixed, thus require lot of site
space and skilled labour.
• Concrete takes time to attain its full strength.
Thus, R.C.C. structures can’t be used
immediately after construction unlike steel
structures.
8. USES OF RCC
1. IN STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
i. Footings
ii. Columns
iii. Beams and lintels
16. 5. IN TALL STRUCTURES
i. Multistory buildings
ii. Chimneys
iii. Towers
17. RCC IN TALL BUILDINGS RCC IN CHIMNEYS AND
TOWERS
18. 6. IN PAVING
i. Roads
ii. Airport
7. RCC is used in building atomic plants to
prevent danger of radiation. For this purpose
rcc wall built are 1.5 m to 2.0 m thick.