This document discusses phonetics and phonology. It defines phonetics as the study of human sound making, especially sounds used in speech. Phonology is defined as the study of the sound system of a language. It discusses vowels and consonants, and describes their place and manner of articulation. It provides the International Phonetic Alphabet chart and describes various speech organs involved in the production of sounds. It also includes charts of English short vowels and consonant classification based on voicing, place and manner of articulation.

2. 1
 Phonetics and phonology .
 Accents and Dialect .
 Difference between Consonants and Vowels.
 Phonetics ’ Criterias .
 The International Phonetic Alphabet Chart.
 Vowels .
 English Short Vowels Charts .

3. 2
Phonology : is the scientific study of the sound system in a particular
language. It is the study of the abstract side of the sound in a language. It
is the concrete realization of phonetics .
Phonetics : is the science which studies the characteristics of human sound
making, especially those sounds used in speech, and provides methods for
their description, classification and transcription . (Crystal, 2003, p : 236 )

4. 3
Accents : - They are pronounced differently by people from different
geographical places , from different social classes , of different ages and
different educational backgrounds . ( Pronunciation differences only )
Dialect : - is a variety of a language which is different from others not
just in pronunciation but also in such matters as vocabulary , grammar
and word order .(Peter Roach,2000, p : 2)

5. 4
Vowels Consonants

6. 5
Glottis ( vocal folds )
larynx
pharynx
Soft palate (velum)
Hard palate
Alveolar
ridge
tongue
Lower teeth
upper teeth
upper lip
Lower lip
nose
Pharynx : - is a tube
which begins just above
the larynx , and at its
top end it is divided in
to two being:
1. The back of the
mouth .
2. The Beginning of the
way through the
nasal cavity .
Velum (soft palate ) : -
it can move ,it can be
raised so that it forces
the air to go into the
mouth only . It also can
be lowered so that the
air goes through the
nasal cavity . The other
important thing it that
it can be touched by the
back of the tongue .
The hard palate ( The
roof of the mouth ) : -
is the highest part of
the palate which is
smooth curved surface .
It occurs between the
alveolar ridge and the
beginning of the soft
palate.
The alveolar ridge : - is
that part of the gums
immediately behind the
upper front teeth .
The tongue : - is a very
important articulator and it
can be moved in to many
different places and
different shapes . The
tongue is divided in to five
parts :
1. tip
2. Blade
3. Front
4. Back
5. Root
tip
Front
Blade
Back
Root
The teeth : - behind the
lips which is in contact
with the tongue and for
most speech sounds
with the upper side
teeth
The lips : - can take up
different positions; they
can be brought together
firmly . So that they be
completely block the
mouth ; the lower can
drawn inwards and slightly
upwards to touch the front
upper teeth. There are
three shapes of lips :
spread , rounded and
neutral.

7. 6
 Voicing .
 Place of Articulation .
 Manner of Articulation .
Voicing
Voiced ( + v )
Voiceless ( - v )
Place of Articulation
 Bilabial
 Labiodental
 Dental (interdental)
 Alveolar
 Palatal
 Velar
 glottal
Manner of Articulation
 Stops
 Fricatives
 Affricates
 Nasals
 Liquids
 Glides

8. 7
Complete clousure and then sudden
release
/t / , / d/ ,
/ p / , / b/ , /k/ , /g /

9. 8
Blocking the air stream and having the air
released through a narrow opening.
/ Ѳ / , / ð / , /f / , / v/ ,
/s/ , /z / , /ʃ / , /Ȝ / , / h/

10. 9
A combination of stops and fricatives
the stop released slowly the fricative is
heard
/ t ʃ / , /dȜ /

11. 10
The velum is lowered allowing air to flow
out through the nose .
/ m/ , /n / , /ŋ /

12. 11
Letting the air stream flow around the
sides of the tongue as it makes contacts
with the alveolar ridge .
/ l/ , /r /

13. 12
The tongue is moving with a glide
/ w/ , /j /

14. 13
- v t p f  s ʃ k t̠ʃ
+ v d b v ð z Ȝ g dȜ
Place
of
Articulation
Manner of
Articulation
Stops
Bilabial
Alveolar
Stops
Labiodental
Fricatives Fricatives
Dental
Fricatives
Alveolar
Fricatives
Alveo -
Palatal
Velar
Stops Affricates
Alveo -
Palatal

15. 14
- v
m n ŋ w j
h
+ v l,r
Place
of
Articulation
Manner of
Articulation
Alveolar
Lateral
Bilabial
Nasals
Alveolar
Nasals Nasals
Velar
Glides
Bilabial
Glides
Palatal
Fricatives
Glottal

16. 15
Vowels : are sounds in which there is no obstruction to the flow of air as
it passes from the larynx to the lips ( /a / , / e / , / i / , / u/ , /o /.
 Place of articulation , manner of articulation and voicing are not
useful when trying to describe vowels .
 Vowels are all made in the mouth (place) .
 With little or no air flow constriction ( manner )
 And are always voiced in English .

17. 16
Vowel sounds are classified in terms of :
 Tongue height .
 Tongue backness .
 lip rounding .
 Tenseness .
[i] [] [æ]
[i] [u]

18. 17
Short vowels are only relatively short ; as they have a single perceived
auditory quality. Sound Example
ɪ
æ
ʊ
ɒ
ʌ
e
ə
ship
hat
foot
socks
cup
bed
Teacher

19. 18
 David Crystal, 2003 , A Dictionary of Linguistics & Phonology, 5 th ed . ,
UK , Blackwell .
 Peter Roach , 2000 , English Phonetics & Phonology , 3th ed . , UK
Cambridge .

20. Thank you