This document provides an overview of a two-day workshop on pharmacology for hearing and speech sciences led by Dr. Ghulam Saqulain. The workshop aims to provide pharmacological knowledge required for managing patients with speech, language, and hearing problems. The first day covers topics like the branches of pharmacology, drug nomenclature, sources of drug information, and classes of drugs that can cause issues like ototoxicity and tinnitus. The second day addresses treatment of conditions like dysarthria, dysphonia, stuttering and drug treatment of pervasive developmental disorders. It also covers pharmacological concepts like absorption, bioavailability, and metabolism of drugs.

1. Pharmacology for Hearing &
Speech Sciences
DR. GHULAM SAQULAIN
M.B.B.S., D.L.O., F.C.P.S
HEAD OF DEPARTMENT OF
ENT
CAPITAL HOSPITAL,
ISLAMABAD

3. Speaker’s Intro
M.B.BS Dow Medical College, Karachi 1989.
Diploma in Otolaryngology Karachi University 1991
Fellowship of The College of Physicians & Surgeons from CPSP 1999.
Experience 24 years
◦ Civil Hospital Karachi
◦ National Institute of Rehab Medicine HOD
◦ Capital Hospital CDA HOD
◦ Resource Person Special Education department of AIOU
◦ Visiting faculty for SLP &HS Isra University

4. Pharmacology for
Hearing & Speech
Sciences
DR. GHULAM SAQULAIN
M.B.B.S., D.L.O., F.C.P.S
HEAD OF DEPARTMENT OF ENT
CAPITAL HOSPITAL, ISLAMABAD

5. This workshop aims at
providing pharmacological knowledge required in the
management of patients with speech language and
hearing problems. This includes basic general
pharmacological knowledge as well as relevant clinical
pharmacology.
Numerous patients present to speech language
pathologists and audiologists, with drug induced speech
language, swallowing and hearing problems. Some also
require pharmaceutical products to help treat their
conditions in addition to therapies. The objective of this
two days workshop is to disseminate this core
knowledge

6. First Day Program
10.00-11.30 Session 1:
Pharmacology & its Branches/ Divisions
Drug and drug nomenclature
Standard sources of drug information
Sources and active principles of drugs.
11.30-12.00 Tea
12.00-01.30 Session 2:
◦ Dosage forms and doses of drugs.
◦ Drug administration
◦ Drugs in Pregnancy /Causing Disabilities in Newborn
01.30-02.00 Lunch
02.00-04.00 Session 3:
Classes/ Groups of Drugs
Ototoxicity
Tinnitus

7. Second Day Program
09.00-11.00 Session 4:
Dysarthria
Dysphonia
Stuttering
Drug treatment of Pervasive Developmental Disorders
11.00-11.30 Tea
11.30-01.30 Session 5:
◦ Absorption of drugs
◦ Bio availability
◦ Plasma half-life of drugs
◦ Steady state concentration
◦ Swallowing Disorders
01.30-02,00 Lunch
02.00-04.00 Session 6:
◦ Pro-drug, Biotransformation of drugs, enzyme induction & inhibition and Entero-hepatic
circulation.
◦ Aphasia

8. Session 1
Pharmacology & its Branches/ Divisions
Drug and drug nomenclature, Prescription
Standard sources of drug information
Sources and active principles of drugs.

9. What is Pharmaceutical Care?
“ A practice in which a practitioner takes
responsibility for a patient’s drug related needs
and holds him or herself accountable for
meeting these needs.”
Linda Strand 1997

10. Pharmaceutical Care
“ Are you competent to provide this care.”
Medical & Dental council registration is
mandatory & only qualified person is
entitiled for this registration
Linda Strand 1997

11. Your Responsibilities
• Identify actual and potential drug related
problems
• Resolve actual drug related problems
• Prevent potential drug related problems
• Refer back the patient to his / her healthcare
provider

12. Pharmacology Basics
GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY

13. What is Pharmacology?
(Greek “Pharmacon” – drug, “logos” - teaching)
Pharmacology is the study of the effects of chemical substances on living
systems, and the study of the effects of living systems on chemical
substances.

14. Pharmaceutical explosion
Nowadays there are over 350 thousand drugs
in the world which are used for different
diseases

15. 200 000 people in U.S.A. die from side effects of drugs
annually
76,6 billion $ are spared in U.S.A. annually to treat
complications attached to drugs usage

16. Take 5th place among causes of mortality on the Earth after
cardiac-vascular diseases, malignant tumors, lungs diseases,
traumas
Among stationary patients frequency of SE after introduction of
drugs makes 2-40 %

17. Doctors:
◦ Overdosing
◦ Administration of drugs to patients with allergy
◦ Mixing up names of the drugs
Medical nurses:
◦ Introduction of other drug by a mistake
◦ Violation of drug introduction regime
◦ Mistake in medical form
◦ Mixing up names of the drugs

18. Branches/Divisions

19. Pharmacotherapeutics
It is the usage of drugs in everyday
medical therapy.
Pharmacokinetics—(what the body does to the drug)
◦ It is the branch of pharmacology that deals with drug dose, routes of
administration and absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion.

20. The Life Cycle of a Drug
(pharmacokinetics)
Absorption
Distribution
Degradation
Excretion

21. Pharmacodynamics—(what the drug does to the body)
◦ It is a branch of pharmacology that deals with the mechanism of action,
pharmacological effects, indication and contraindication of use and adverse effects
of drugs.

22. What is Pharmacy?
Pharmacy deals with the preparation and dispensing of medications.
Although pharmacy is also frequently considered a subdivision of
pharmacology, this area has evolved into a distinct professional
discipline.
Care must be taken not to use the terms “pharmacy” and
“pharmacology” interchangeably, because these are quite different
areas of study.

23. What is a DRUG
The term "drug" means [any] articles intended for use in the diagnosis,
cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease in man or other
animals.

24. What is Drug NOMENCLATURE?
There are three categories of drug names for a drug:
◦Chemical Name
◦ E.g 1) Acetyl Salicylic Acid
2) 7-Chloro-1,3-dihydro-1-methyl-5-phenyl-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one
◦Generic Name
◦ E.g 1) Acetyl- salicylic acid
2) Diazepam
◦Trade Name
◦ E.g 1) Aspirin
2) Valium

25. What is a PRESCRIPTION
Prescription is composed of :
◦Date: Validity of a prescription
◦Patient information
◦℞ is a symbol meaning "prescription". It is sometimes transliterated as "Rx"
or just "Rx". This symbol originated in manuscripts as an abbreviation of the
Late Latin verb recipe, "to take" or "take thus”. Literally, the Latin word
recipe means simply "Take...."
◦Drug information
◦Directions for the pharmacist
◦Directions for the patient
◦Refil information
◦Doctors information

26. Standard sources of drug
information/Drug
Pharmacopoeia
Its an official book of drugs published under legal authority of the Govt.
of the country. It is prepared by a pharmacopoea commission and its
committees of experts appointed by the Govt.
It is a book published by authority of recognized body which contains
list of drug, their properties, description, preparation and method of
prescribing.
Drugs listed in pharmacopoeias are called official drugs
It describes the standards and specifications of drugs including physical
properties, tests for their identity, purity and potency.
Drugs manufactured and sold must conform to above criteria
It is revised every five years:
◦The new drugs which are safer and more effective are included
◦The less useful and unsafe drugs are deleted.

27. Pharmacopoeias are published by many countries of the world
◦ Eg., British Pharmacopoeia – BP
◦ United states Pharmacopoeia – USP
◦ European Pharmacopoeia – EP
◦ International Pharmacopoeia – PI
◦ National Formulary NF

28. Pakistan National Formulary PNF
1. It is a publication of the drugs registered by Federal Ministry of
Health, Govt. of Pakistan to be marketed in the country
2. It includes all drugs manufactured in Pakistan and imported from
abroad.