A network connects devices together to share information and services. A computer network allows sharing of documents, email, websites, databases, music and other resources. Protocols like IP and HTTP facilitate communication across networks. The OSI and DoD models are reference models that provide standards for protocol communication. Networks can be local area networks (LANs) covering a small area like a building, or wide area networks (WANs) spanning large distances. Network architectures include peer-to-peer, client/server, and mainframe/terminal, with client/server being the most common today.
The OSI Model (Open Systems Interconnection Model) is a conceptual framework used to describe the functions of a networking system. The OSI model characterizes computing functions into a universal set of rules and requirements in order to support interoperability between different products and software. In the OSI reference model, the communications between a computing system are split into seven different abstraction layers: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application.
TCP/IP Model helps you to determine how a specific computer should be connected to the internet and how data should be transmitted between them. It helps you to create a virtual network when multiple computer networks are connected together. The purpose of the TCP/IP model is to allow communication over large distances.
What is Computer Network? What is Networking? Application of Networks. Network criteria. Types of Network. LAN, MAN, WAN, Workstation, Workgroup, Domain.
The OSI Model (Open Systems Interconnection Model) is a conceptual framework used to describe the functions of a networking system. The OSI model characterizes computing functions into a universal set of rules and requirements in order to support interoperability between different products and software. In the OSI reference model, the communications between a computing system are split into seven different abstraction layers: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application.
TCP/IP Model helps you to determine how a specific computer should be connected to the internet and how data should be transmitted between them. It helps you to create a virtual network when multiple computer networks are connected together. The purpose of the TCP/IP model is to allow communication over large distances.
What is Computer Network? What is Networking? Application of Networks. Network criteria. Types of Network. LAN, MAN, WAN, Workstation, Workgroup, Domain.
This includes short description about modern computer network technologies like: 5G Technology, Artificial intelligence (AI), Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality, IoT, Edge/cloud computing, WIFI-6, SDN, SD-WAN, DevOps etc.
This includes short description about modern computer network technologies like: 5G Technology, Artificial intelligence (AI), Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality, IoT, Edge/cloud computing, WIFI-6, SDN, SD-WAN, DevOps etc.
AAA is a standard based framework used to control who is permitted to use network resources (through authentication), what they are authorised to do (through authorization) and capture the actions performed while accessing the network (through accounting).
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2. What is a Network?
Α network is simply defined as something that connects things together for a
specific purpose. The term network is used in a variety of contexts, including
telephone, television, computer, or even people networks. A computer
network connects two or more devices together to share a nearly limitless
range of information and services, including:
• Documents
• Email and messaging
• Websites
• Databases
• Music
• Printers and faxes
• Telephony and videoconferencing
3. Protocols are rules that govern how devices communicate and share
information across a network. Examples of protocols include:
• IP – Internet Protocol
• HTTP - Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
• SMTP – Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Multiple protocols often work together to facilitate end-to-end network
communication, forming protocol suites or stacks.
Network reference models were developed to allow products from
different manufacturers to interoperate on a network. A network reference
model serves as a blueprint, detailing standards for how protocol
communication should occur.
The Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) and Department of Defense
(DoD) models are the most widely recognized reference models.
4. Basic Network Types
Network types are often defined by function or size. The two most common
categories of networks are:
• LANs (Local Area Networks)
• WANs (Wide Area Networks)
A LAN is generally a high-speed network that covers a small geographic
area, usually contained within a single building or campus. A LAN is
usually under the administrative control of a single organization. Ethernet is
the most common LAN technology.
A WAN can be defined one of two ways. The book definition of a WAN is a
network that spans large geographical locations, usually to connect multiple
LANs. This is a general definition, and not always accurate.
A more practical definition of a WAN is a network that traverses a public or
commercial carrier, using one of several WAN technologies. A WAN is often
under the administrative control of several organizations (or providers), and
does not necessarily need to span large geographical distances.
5. Basic Network Types (Continued)
A MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) is another category of network,
though the term is not prevalently used. A MAN is defined as a network that
connects LAN’s across a city-wide geographic area.
An internetwork is a general term describing multiple networks connected
together. The Internet is the largest and most well-known internetwork.
Some networks are categorized by their function, as opposed to their size.
A SAN (Storage Area Network) provides systems with high-speed, lossless
access to high-capacity storage devices.
A VPN (Virtual Private Network) allows for information to be securely
sent across a public or unsecure network, such as the Internet. Common uses
of a VPN are to connect branch offices or remote users to a main office.
6. Network Architectures
A host refers to any device that is connected to a network. A host can also
be defined as any device assigned a network address.
A host can serve one or more functions:
• A host can request data, often referred to as a client.
• A host can provide data, often referred to as a server.
• A host can both request and provide data, often referred to as a peer.
Because of these varying functions, multiple network architectures have
been developed, including:
• Peer-to-Peer
• Client/Server
• Mainframe/Terminal
In a basic peer-to-peer architecture, all hosts on the network can both
request and provide data and services. For example, two Windows XP
workstations configured to share files would be considered a peer-to-peer
network.
7. Network Architectures (continued)
Peer-to-peer networks are very simple to configure, yet this architecture
presents several challenges. Data is difficult to manage and back-up, as it is
spread across multiple devices. Security is equally problematic, as user
accounts and permissions much be configured individually on each host.
In a client/server architecture, hosts are assigned specific roles. Clients
request data and services stored on servers. An example of a client/server
network would be Windows XP workstations accessing files off of a
Windows 2003 server.
There are several advantages to the client/server architecture. Data and
services are now centrally located on one or more servers, consolidating the
management and security of that data. As a result, client/server networks can
scale far larger than peer-to-peer networks.
One key disadvantage of the client/server architecture is that the server can
present a single point of failure. This can be mitigated by adding
redundancy at the server layer.
8. Network Architectures (continued)
In a mainframe/terminal architecture, a single device (the mainframe)
stores all data and services for the network. This provides the same
advantages as a client/server architecture – centralized management and
security of data.
Additionally, the mainframe performs all processing functions for the dumb
terminals that connect to the mainframe. The dumb terminals perform no
processing whatsoever, but serve only as input and output devices into the
mainframe.
In simpler terms, the mainframe handles all thinking for the dumb terminals.
A dumb terminal typically consists of only a keyboard/mouse, a display, and
an interface card into the network.
The traditional mainframe architecture is less prevalent now than in the early
history of networking. However, the similar thin-client architecture has
gained rapid popularity.
9. Network Architectures (continued)
A thin-client can be implemented as either a hardware device, or software
running on top of another operating system (such as Windows or Linux).
Like dumb terminals, thin-clients require a centralized system to perform all
(or most) processing functions. User sessions are spawned and managed
completely within the server system.
Hardware thin-clients are generally inexpensive, with a small footprint and
low power consumption. For environments with a large number of client
devices, the thin-client architecture provides high scalability, with a lower
total cost of ownership.
The two most common thin-client protocols are:
• RDP (Remote Desktop Protocol) – developed by Microsoft
• ICA (Independent Computer Architecture) – developed by Citrix