Introduction to MANET By Mr.Darwin Nesakumar A,M.E.,(P.hD) AP/ECE, R.M.K.Engineering College

Introduction to MANET
By
Mr.Darwin Nesakumar A, M.E.,(P.hD)
Assistant Professor
Department of ECE
R.M.K.Engineering College
Sunday, 12 July 2020 Introduction to MANET 1
Education is the only weapon to eradicate ignorance. - Dr.B.R.Ambedkar, P.hD
Welcome

Basic ‘Wh’ Questions
• What is meant by Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET)?
• Why MANET is required?
• Where MANET’s are used?
• What are the uniqueness of MANET?
• What are the issues and Challenges of MANET?
• What are the applications of MANET?

WIRED NETWORK
 Reliable – Data will not be lost
 Dedicated Path (Single Path)
 100% Data is secured
 Peer to Peer Communication
 Predefined Topology

WIRELESS NETWORK
 Not Reliable – Data may be lost
 Multipath Propagation
 Fading and Shadowing Effects
 Not dedicated Path _ maintaining
the path is a challenge

Question 1
Which of the following is true for Wired Network?
a) Dynamic Topology
b) Peer – Peer Communication
c) Fading and shadowing effects
d) None of the above

Answer for Question 1
b) Peer – Peer Communication

Question 2
Which Network has Multipath Propagation?
a) Wireless Network
b) Wired Network

a) Wireless Networks

Question 3
Wireless Network has predefined topology.
a) FALSE
b) TRUE

a) FALSE

Local Area Network (LAN)
 Range - 100m - 500m
 When the devices are interconnected or
connected to a LAN, it becomes accessible
between each other.
 Ex. Home Router, Phone, Computer and TV
connected to single network (Home Network)
via Cables/Wifi/Bluetooth, Hotspot Etc.

Metro Politian Network (MAN)
 Range - 5km – 50 km
 It interconnects users with computer
resources in a geographic area or region
larger than that covered by even a large
local area network (LAN) but smaller
than the area covered by a wide
area network (WAN).
 Inclusion of many LANs
 Ex.Cable TV

Wide Area Network (WAN)
 Range - 100km -1000km /10,000 km
 It is a telecommunications network that
extends over a large geographical area for
the primary purpose of
computer networking. WANs are often
established with leased
telecommunication circuits.
 Inclusion of many MANs and LANs
 Ex .Internet

Few other networks
PAN–Personal Area Network – Personal Devices
 Upto 10m
 Ex. Bluetooth, TV Remote, AC Remote
SAN-Storage Area Network –Storage space will be shared
 Ex. Google Drive – Max 15GB)
BAN-Body Area Network -Recent Network
 Ex. SMART Watches, SMART Gadgets used in Medical Applications
 To Monitor/ to provide the security to old age people
 Few or less than a meter

Question 1
What is the range of PAN Network?
a) 5km to 50 km
b) 10m to 100m
c) 100m to 500m
d) Upto 10 meters

d) Upto 10 meters

Question 2
WAN stands for
a) Wireless Ad hoc Network
b) Wide Area Network
c) Wired Area Network

b) Wide Area Network

Network Connections
NETWORK
WIRELESS
NETWORKS
INFRASTRUCTURE
NETWORK
INFRASTRUCTURE LESS
NETWORK
WIRED
NETWORKS

 Wired Networks – Connection through base station, links etc.
 Wireless Networks –Connection through air medium
 Infrastructure Wireless Networks
 Centralized node acts as server (Ex. WiFi)
 Centralized Communication
 Static Server – A node is dedicated to act as server
 Single Hop Communication ( Single Point Network – Connection is made between
sender and receiver directly without using any intermediate nodes)
 Non – Cooperative Communication
 External Component is required to make connection ( Ex. WiFi Router)

 Infrastructure less Wireless Networks
 D2D ( Device to Device) Communication
 Relay Network ( Similar like Relay Game)
 Decentralized Communication ( Ex. Mobile Hotspot)
 Every device can be act as sever and client
 Cooperative Communications
 Multi hop ( Multi Point Network – Connection is made between sender and receiver
through many nodes)

Question 1
Infrastructure Network has which of the following?
a) Centralized Server
b) Decentralized Server
c) Centralized Client
d) Decentralized Client

a) Centralized Server

Question 2
Which is the best example for Infrastructure Network?
a) Bluetooth
b) WiFi

b) WiFi

Question 3
Infrastructure less wireless networks has multi hop
communication.
a) TRUE
b) FALSE

a) TRUE

Question 4
Which network has cooperative communications?
a) Infrastructure less Wireless Networks
b) Infrastructure Wireless Networks

a) Infrastructure less Wireless Networks

Evolution of MANET
• ALOHAnet developed in 1970
This protocol communications scheme in which each source (transmitter) in a network sends data
whenever there is a frame to send. If the frame successfully reaches the destination (receiver), the
next frame is sent. If the frame fails to be received at the destination, it is sent again.
• Ethernet developed in 1980
Ethernet is a standard communication protocol embedded in software and hardware devices.
It is used for building a local area network. The local area network is a computer network that
interconnects a group of computers and shares the information through cables or wires.
• In 1994, Bluetooth proposed by Ericsson to develop a short-range, low-power, low- complexity,
and inexpensive radio interface.
• WLAN 802.11 spec. is proposed in 1997 – WANET or MANET is proposed early 1990s.
2

What is MANET ?
M –> MOBILE - Devices are dynamic in nature
A –> AD HOC - Temporary / On fly / On demand /Spontaneous
NET –> NETWORK - Two or more devices are connected
Connection between the devices through
Wired Channel
Wireless Channel

ABSS without anAP is called an ad hoc network;
a BSS with anAP is called an infrastructure network.
3Sunday, 12 July 2020 Introduction to MANET 32
Ad hoc network
BSS ( Basic Service Set ) Consists
of the different nodes in the
network ( Ex.Mobile, Laptop etc.)
AP ( Access Point ) is acted as a
central controller / Server to all
the devices connected in the
network (Ex.Router)

Ad hoc networks
 Temporary network composed of mobile nodes without pre-existing communication infrastructure,
such as Access Point (AP) and Base Station (BS).
 Each node plays the role of router for multi-hop routing. – (Each node –> Server - Transceiver)
 Self-organizing network without infrastructure networks
 Started from DARPA PRNet in 1970 (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Packet Radio Network)
 Cooperative nodes (wireless)
 Each node decode-and-forward packets for other nodes
 Multi-hop packet forwarding through wireless links
 Proactive/reactive/hybrid routing protocols
 Most works based on CSMA/CA to solve the interference problem
Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance Protocol (IEEE 802.11 MAC)
4

Ad hoc networks
 An ad hoc wireless network
 collection of two or more devices equipped with wireless communications
and networking capability.
 Such devices can communicate with another node that is immediately within
their radio range or one that is outside their radio range.
 For the latter scenario, an intermediate node is used to relay or forward the
packet from the source toward the destination.
 Since an ad hoc wireless network does not rely on any fixed network entities,
the network itself is essentially infrastructure- less.
 There is no need for any fixed radio base stations, no wires or fixed routers.
 5
 Sunday, 12 July 2020  Introduction to MANET  34

(cont…)
 An ad hoc wireless network is self-organizing and adaptive.
 This means that a formed network can be de-formed on-the- fly without the need for
any system administration.
 The term "ad hoc" tends to imply "can take different forms" and "can be mobile,
standalone, or networked.“
 Ad hoc nodes or devices should be able to detect the presence of other such devices and
to perform the necessary handshaking to allow communications and the sharing of
information and services. [Hidden Terminal Problem]

Hidden Terminal
Problem
 Node A is hidden to C and vice versa.
 The transmission range of access point A
reaches at B, but not at access point C,
similarly transmission range of access
point C reaches B, but not at A. These
nodes are known as hidden terminals.
 The problem occurs when nodes A and C
start to send data packets simultaneously
to the access point B. Because the access
point A and C are out of range of each
other and resultant they cannot detect a
collision while transmitting.

To avoid hidden terminal problem
Request To Send (RTS)/Clear To Send (CTS) Process
 When A has to send data to B, it begins by sending an RTS frame to B to request permission to
send it a frame. When B receives this request, it may decide to grant permission, in which case it
sends the CTS frame back.
 Upon receipt of the CTS, A now sends its frame and starts an ACK timer. Upon correct receipt of
the data frame, B responds with an ACK frame leading to the closure of data transfer operation
between A & B. In case A's ACK timer expires before the ACK gets back to it, the whole protocol is
run again.

Wireless Ad-hoc Network
 A wireless ad-hoc network is a decentralized type of wireless network.
 The network is ad hoc because it does not rely on a pre- existing infrastructure, such
as routers in wired networks or access points in managed (infrastructure)
wireless networks.
 Each node participates in routing by forwarding data for other nodes, and so the
determination of which nodes forward data is made dynamically based on the network
connectivity.
 In addition to the classic routing, ad hoc networks can use flooding for
forwarding the data.

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET)
Backbone
Mobile nodes
Access points
MANETWireless Mobile Network

Mobile Ad-hoc Network
 Self-configuring network of mobile routers (and associated hosts)
connected by wireless links
 This union forms a random topology
 Routers move randomly free
 Topology changes rapidly and unpredictably
 Standalone fashion or connected to the larger Internet
 While MANETs are self contained, they can also be tied to an
IP-based global or local network – Hybrid MANETs

Ad hoc Networks Types
 MANET – Mobile Ad hoc Network – Mobile Devices
Self-configuring, self-organizing, infrastructure-less network of mobile devices connected
without wires
 VANET –Vehicular Ad hoc Network – Communication Vehicles
Communication between vehicles and roadside equipment - Artificial intelligence that helps
vehicles to behave in intelligent manners during vehicle-to-vehicle collisions, accidents.
Vehicles are using radio waves to communicate with each other, creating communication
networks instantly on-the-fly while vehicles move along roads.

Ad hoc Networks Types
 WSN –Wireless Sensor Networks –Sensor Devices
 SPAN -SmartPhone Ad hoc Networks
Smartphones to create peer-to-peer networks without relying on cellular carrier
networks, wireless access points, or traditional network infrastructure
 iMANET - Internet-based Mobile Ad-hoc Networks
supports Internet protocols such as TCP/UDP and IP. The network uses a network-
layer routing protocol to link mobile nodes and establish routes distributed and
automatically.

Advantages of MANET
 More Flexibility
 Better in Stability
 It is considered a robust network because its non- hierarchical distributed control and
management
 Heterogeneous in nature ( Mobile, Laptop, Tablet etc.)
 It can be turn up and turn down in a very short time
 It can be more economical

Question 1
Ad hoc network doesn't have Access Point (AP).
a) FALSE
b) TRUE

b) TRUE

Question 2
To Solve the Interference problem ad hoc networks uses
a) CDMA
b) CSMA/CA
c) CSMA/CD

b) CSMA/CA

Question 3
Ad hoc is NOT a self Organizing and Adaptive Network.
a) FALSE
b) TRUE

a) FALSE

Question 4
Which one of the primary method is used to avoid hidden terminal
terminal problem
a) RTS/CTS Process
b) Anti hidden terminal protocol
c) Anti fading Process

a) RTS/CTS Process

Question 5
Which one of the following is Heterogeneous in nature?
a) MANET
b) SONET
c) None of the above

a) MANET

MANET Applications
Applications Descriptions/Services
Tactical Networks •Military communication, operations
•Coordination of military object moving at high speeds such as fleets
of airplanes or ships
•Automated battlefields
Sensor networks •Collection of embedded sensor devices used to collect real time data
to automate everyday functions. Data highly correlated in time and
space, e.g., remote sensors for weather, earth activities; sensors for
manufacturing equipments.
•Can have between 1000 -100,000 nodes, each node collecting sample
data, then forwarding data to centralized host for processing using low
homogeneous rates.
Emergency
services
•Search, rescue, crowd control, and commando operations as well as
disaster recovery , for e.g. Early retrieval and transmission of patient data (
record, status, diagnosis ) from /to the hospital
•Replacement of a fixed infrastructure in case of earthquakes, hurricanes, fire etc.

MANET Applications
Applications Descriptions/Services
Commercial
environments
• E-commerce, e.g., electronic payments from anywhere (i.e., in taxi)
• Business: dynamic access to customer files stored in a central location
on the fly provide consistent databases for all agents
Mobile office - AADHAAR
•Vehicular services:
transmission of news ,road conditions ,weather, music
local ad hoc network with nearby vehicles for road/accident guidance
Home and
enterprise
networking
•Home/office wireless networking(WLAN), e.g., shared whiteboard ,application,
use PDA to print anywhere – Bus, Super Market
•Personal area network (PAN)
Educational
applications
•Set up virtual classrooms or conference rooms
•Set up ad hoc communication during conferences, meetings, or
lectures

MANET Applications
Applications
Entertainment
Descriptions/Services
Multiuser games – PUBG
Robotic pets
Outdoor internet access
Location- aware Follow- on services, e.g., automatic call forwarding, transmission of the
Services actual workspace to the current location
Information services
push, e.g., advertise location-specific services, like gas stations
pull, e.g., location-dependent travel guide; services ( printer, fax,
phone, server, gas stations) availability information; caches,
intermediate results, state information, etc.

Issues in Ad-Hoc
 Ad hoc wireless devices can take different forms (for example, palmtop, laptop, Internet mobile
phone, etc.), the computation, storage,and communications capabilities and interoperability of
such devices will vary tremendously.
 Ad hoc devices should not only detect the presence of connectivity with neighbouring
devices/nodes, but also identify what type the devices are and their corresponding attributes.
 Due to the presence of mobility, routing information will have to change to reflect changes in
link connectivity.
 The diversity of ad hoc mobile devices also implies that the battery capacity of such devices will
also vary. Since ad hoc networks rely on forwarding data packets sent by other nodes, power
consumption becomes a critical issue.

Cellular and ad hoc wireless networks

Comparison of wireless cellular and wireless ad-hoc network
concepts

Differences between cellular networks and ad hoc wireless networks
Cellular Networks Ad Hoc Wireless Networks
Fixed infrastructure-based Infrastructure-less
Single-hop wireless links Multi-hop wireless links
Guaranteed bandwidth Shared radio channel
(more suitable for best-effort data traffic)(designed for voice traffic)
Centralized routing Distributed routing
Circuit-switched Packet-switched
(evolving toward packet switching) (evolving toward emulation of circuit
switching)
Seamless connectivity Frequency path break
due to mobility(low call drops during handoffs)
High cost and time of deployment Quick and cost-effective deployment
Reuse of frequency spectrum through
geographical channel reuse
Dynamic frequency reuse based on carrier
sense mechanism
7

Differences between cellular networks and ad hoc wireless networks
Easier to achieve time synchronization Time synchronization is difficult and
consumes bandwidth
Easier to employ bandwidth reservation Bandwidth reservation requires complex
medium access control protocols
Application domains include mainly civilian
and commercial sector
Application domains include battlefields,
emergency search and rescue operation, and
collaborative computing
High cost of network maintenance
(backup power source, staffing, etc.)
Self-organization and maintenance properties
are built into the network
Mobile hosts are of relatively low complexity Mobile hosts require more intelligence
(should have a transceiver as well as
routing/switching capacity)
Major goals of routing and call admission are Man aim of routing is to find paths with
to maximize the call acceptance ratio and
minimize the call drop ratio
minimum overhead and also quick
reconfiguration of broken paths
Widely deployed and currently in the third
generation
Several issues are to be addressed for
successful commercial deployment even
though widespread use exists in defense
8

Heterogeneity in Mobile Devices
(a) Heterogeneous mobile device ad hoc networks,and (b) homogeneous ad hoc network comprising
powerful laptop computers.

 The presence of heterogeneity implies that some devices are more powerful than
others, and some can be servers while others can only be clients.
 It is evident that there are differences in size, computational, power, memory, disk,
and battery capacity.
 Mobile devices can exist in many forms.There are great differences among these
devices,
 Heterogeneity can affect communication performance and the design of communication
protocols.

 Come in diﬀerent favours:
 Sensor Network
 Personal Area Network
 Traditional MobileAd Hoc Network

Characteristics of some existing mobile devices

B
A
C
D
E
Switching Center
+
Gateway
Base Station Mobile Node Path from C to E
5
A cellular networks
Sunday, 12 July 2020
Introduction to MANET
66

B
A
C
F
E D
Mobile Node Wireless Link Path from C to E
6
An ad hoc wireless networks

Wired Network
Gateway node
Transmission range
Wired link to the Internet
Wireless link
A house with rooftop transceiver
Wireless mesh networks operating in a residential zone
11

Internet
Radio relay node
LampMulti-hop radio relay link
Wired link to the Internet Coverage area
Wireless mesh network covering a highway
12

Question 1
Which of the following is true for MANET?
a) Infrastructure Network
b) Infrastructure less Network
c) Storage Network
d) Storage less Network

b) Infrastructure less Network

Question 2
MANET has Multi hop Connection.
a) TRUE
b) FALSE

a) TRUE

SUMMARY
MANETs
• Multi Hop Relaying Network
• No fixed infrastructure
• No Pre existing Infrastructure
• Dynamic changed network topology
• Nodes in the network are mobile in general
• No central Controller ( To serve as server)
• The wireless hosts in such networks
communicate with each other without
existing of fixed infrastructure and without
central controller
• Decentralized Network
• Cooperative Communications
• Heterogeneous in nature
• Device to Device Communication
• A MANET can be connected to other fixed
network or to the internet
• Limited bandwidth and power
• No peer – peer communication
• Multipath Propagation
• Proactive / Reactive Protocols
• CSMA/CA Protocol to avoid hidden terminal
problem

THANK YOU

Introduction to MANET By Mr.Darwin Nesakumar A,M.E.,(P.hD) AP/ECE, R.M.K.Engineering College

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Similar to Introduction to MANET By Mr.Darwin Nesakumar A,M.E.,(P.hD) AP/ECE, R.M.K.Engineering College

Similar to Introduction to MANET By Mr.Darwin Nesakumar A,M.E.,(P.hD) AP/ECE, R.M.K.Engineering College (20)

More from Darwin Nesakumar

More from Darwin Nesakumar (11)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Introduction to MANET By Mr.Darwin Nesakumar A,M.E.,(P.hD) AP/ECE, R.M.K.Engineering College