The document outlines the conceptual framework of management, highlighting its key functions such as planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling. It describes management as a dynamic, continuous, and multidimensional process that is essential for achieving organizational goals and emphasizes the importance of effective utilization of resources. Additionally, it differentiates between management and administration, discusses management as a profession, and underscores the significance of management in both organizational success and national growth.

1. Conceptual Framework of Management

2. INDEX

3. Management is the art of getting things done through others’’.
"To manage is to forecast and to plan, to organize, to command, to
co-ordinate and to control.“
Management Includes
1). Planning
2). Organising
3). Staffing
4). Directing
5). Controlling
And Co-ordination between them as essence of Manegement.
Management

4. Components of Management
Management consists of following:
1. Organizational Activity
2. Goal formation
3. Goal accomplishment and evolution
4. Implementation

5. Characteristics or features of management
1. Management is goal orientedprocess:
Management always aims at achieving the organisational
objectives. The functions and activities of manager lead to the
achievement of organisational objectives; for example, if the
objective of a company is to sell 1000 computers then manager
will plan the course of action, motivate all the employees and
organise all the resources keeping in mind the main target of
selling 1000 computers.

6. Characteristics or features of management
2. Management is Pervasive:
Management is a universal phenomenon. The use of
management is not restricted to business firms only it is
applicable in profit-making, non profit-making, business or
non-business organisations; even a hospital, school, club and
house has to be managed properly. Concept of management
is used in the whole world whether it is USA, UK or India.

7. Characteristics or features of management
3. Management is Multidimensional:
Management does not mean one single activity but it
includes three main activities:
i. Management of work
ii. Management of people
iii. Management of operations

8. Characteristics or features of management
(a) Management of work:
All organisations are set up to perform some task or goal. Management
activities aim at achieving goals or tasks to be accomplished. The task or
work depends upon the nature of Business for example, work to be
accomplished in a school is providing education, in hospital is to treat
patient, in industry to manufacture some product. Management makes sure
that work is accomplished effectively and efficiently.

9. Characteristics or features of management
(b) Management of people:
People refer to Human resources and Human resources are the most
important assets of an organisation. An organisation can win over
competitor with efficient employees only because two organisations can have
same physical, technological and financial resources but not human
resources. Management has to get task accomplished through people only.
Managing people has two dimensions:
(i) Taking care of employee’s individual needs
(ii) Taking care of group of people

10. Characteristics or features of management
4. Management is a continuous process:
Management is a continuous or never ending function. All the
functions of management are performed continuously, for
example planning, organising, staffing, directing and controlling
are performed by all the managers all the time. Sometimes, they
are doing planning, then staffing or organising etc. Managers
perform ongoing series of functions continuously in the
organisation.

11. Characteristics or features of management
5. Management is a group activity:
Management always refers to a group of people involved
in managerial activities. The management functions
cannot be performed in isolation. Each individual
performs his/her role at his/her status and department,
and then only management function can be executed.
Even the result of management affects every individual and every
department of the organisation so it always refers to a group
effort and not the individual effort of one person.

12. Characteristics or features of management
6. Management is a dynamicfunction:
Management has to make changes in goal, objectives and other
activities according to changes taking place in the environment.
The external environment such as social, economical, technical
and political environment has great influence over the
management. As changes take place in these environments, same
are implemented in organisation to survive in the competitive
world.
•

13. Characteristics or features of management
7. Intangible:
Management function cannot be physically seen but its presence
can be felt. The presence of management can be felt by seeing the
orderliness and coordination in the working environment. It is
easier to feel the presence of mismanagement as it leads to chaos
and confusion in the organisation.
For example, if the inventory of finished products is increasing
day by day it clearly indicates mismanagement of marketing and
sales.

14. Characteristics or features of management
8. Compositeprocess:
Management consists of series of functions which must be
performed in a proper sequence. These functions are not
independent of each other. They are inter-dependent on each
other. As the main functions of management are planning,
organising, staffing, directing and controlling; organising cannot
be done without doing planning, similarly, directing function
cannot be executed without staffing and planning and it is
difficult to control the activities of employees without knowing
the plan. All the functions inter-dependent on each other that is
why management is considered as a composite process of all
these functions.

15. Characteristics or features of management
9. Balancing effectiveness and efficiency:
Effectiveness means achieving targets and objectives on time.
Efficiency refers to optimum or best utilization of resources.
Managements always try to balance both and get the work done
successfully. Only effectiveness and only efficiency is not enough
for an organisation: a balance must be created in both.
For example, if the target of an employee is to produce 100 units in one month time
and achieving the target by wasting resources and mishandling the machinery, will
not be in the interest of organisation. On the other hand, if the employee spends lot
of time in handling the machine carefully and managing the resources carefully
and fails to complete the target on time, it will also not be in the interest of
organisation. Manager sees to it that this target is achieved on time-and with
optimum use of resources.

16. Functions of Management
Planning – Planning is first function performed by every
Manager. Planning refers to “deciding in advance what
to do, how to do, when to do, and who is going to do it.
Planning bridges the gap between where we stand today
and where we want to reach”. Every manager starts with
deciding in advance the objectives of an enterprise and
how to accomplish these objectives. Planning is the base
of all other function of management.

17. Functions of Management - Planning
Planning -
“ Thinking before action ”
In brief , Planning is mental exercise done by
a manager, through which a line of thinking
and a course of action is pointed out in
Advance before using the existing resources
of organisation.

18. Functions of Management
Organising -
After setting up of plans next function of every manager is to
organise the activities and establishing an organisational
structure to execute the plan. Setting up organisational structure
means deciding the framework of working how many units and
sub-units or department are needed, how many posts or
designations are needed in each department, how to distribute
the authority and responsibility among different people. Once
these decisions are taken an organisational structure gets set up.

19. Functions of Management - Organising
Organising-
In organising function,
“The management is concerned with the
determination of the total work-load which
is necessary for the attainment of objectives
and a suitable division of such work among
individuals”.

20. Functions of Management
Staffing-
Staffing is the third step or function of a manager. It
Refers to recruiting, selecting, appointing the employees,
assigning them duties, maintaining fair relations and
taking care of grievances of employees. It also includes
training and developing the employees, deciding their
Remuneration, promotion, increment, etc., evaluating the
performance, maintaining personal records of records
of employees .

21. Functions of Management - Staffing
Staffing-
“Staffing implies the selection and placement
Of most able and competent person on each
position provided in the organisational
Structure. Staffing means placement of the
right man on the right job at the right time. ”.

22. Functions of Management
Directing -
Once the employees are appointed there is need to
instruct them and get the work done. Directing refers to
giving instructions to employees by motivating them,
supervising the activities of employees, communicating
with them. Managers acts as leader and guide them to
right direction, so directing function includes,
supervising, motivating, communicating and leadership.

23. Functions of Management - Directing
Directing-
“It is the stage where the manager guides
his subordinates towards best attainment of
common objectives”.

24. Functions of Management - Directing
There are four aspects of Directing Function.
1. Leadership
2. Motivation
3. Communication
4. Supervision

25. Functions of Management
Controlling –
This the last function of managers. In this function
managers try to match the actual performance with the
planned performance and if there is no match between
both then managers try to find out the reasons of
deviation and suggest corrective measures to come on
path of plan. Controlling functions refer to all the
performance measurements and follow up actions that
Keep the actual performance on the path of plan.

26. Functions of Management - Controlling
Controlling –
“It implies that the actions of people working
throughout the enterprise are according to
plan or not”.

27. Level of Management
There are three Levels of Management
1. Top level management
2. Middle level management
3. Supervisory level, operational level or
Lower level management.

28. Level of Management
Top Level Management
Top level management consists of Chairman, Board of
Directors, Managing Directors, General Manager,
President, Vice President, Chief Executive Officer(C.E.O.),
Chief Financial Officer (C.F.O.) and Chief Operating
Officer etc. It includes group of crucial persons essential
for leading and directing the efforts of other people.

29. Level of Management - Top Level Management
Main functions of top level management are :
A. Determining the objectives of enterprise.
B. Framing of plans and policies.
C. Organising activities to be performed by persons
working at middle level.
D. Assembling all the resources such as finance, fixed
assets.
E. Responsible for welfare and survival of the
organisation.
F. Affair with outside world such as meeting
government officials etc.

30. Level of Management
Middle Level Management
This level of management consists of department heads
such as purchase department head, sales department
head, finance manager, marketing manager, executive
officer, plant superintendent, etc. People of this group
are responsible for executing plans and policies made by
top level. They act as a linking pin between top and lower
level management.

31. Level of Management - Middle Level Management
Main functions of middle level management are :
A. Interpretation of policies made by top level
management.
B. Organising the activities of their department.
C. Finding out or recruiting/selecting and appointing the
required employees.
D. Motivating the persons to perform their best ability.
E. Controlling and instructing the employees.
F. Cooperate with other departments for smooth
functioning.
G. Implementing the plans formed by top level.

32. Level of Management
Lower Level Management
This level of management consists of supervisors,
superintendent, foreman, sub-department executives;
Clerk, etc. managers of this group actually carry on the
work or perform the activities according to the plans of
top and middle level management. Their authority is
limited. The quality and quantity of output depends
upon the efficiency of this level of managers. They pass
on the instruction to workers and report to the middle
level management.

33. Level of Management - Lower Level Management
Main functions of Lower level management are :
A. Representing problems of workers.
B. Maintaining good working condition and developing
healthy relations between superior and subordinate.
C. Looking for safety of workers.
D. Helping the middle level management in recruiting,
selecting and appointing the workers.
E. Communicating with workers and welcoming their
suggestion.
F. They try to maintain precise standard of quality.
G. They are responsible for boosting the morale of the workers

34. MANAGEMENTAND ADMINISTRATION
It is said that there is not exact difference between
management and administration.
There is another school that asserts management is
quite different from administration.
The third school is of the opinion, that management
includes administration.
According to Horence and Tead, Administration is the
process of thinking and Management is the process
and agency of actual operation

35. Basis Management Administration
Meaning Management is an art of getting
things done through others by
directing their efforts towards
achievement of pre determined
goals.
It is concerned with
formulation of broad
objectives, plans & policies.
Nature Management is an executing
function.
Administration is a decision
making function.
Process
.
Management decides who should
do it & how should he do it.
Administration decides what
is to be done & when it is to be done
Function Management is a doing function
because managers get work
done under their supervision.
Administration is a thinking function
because plans & policies are
determined under it.
Level Middle & lower level function. Top level function.

36. Management as a Profession
Profession can be defined as an occupation backed by
specialised knowledge and training, in which entry is
restricted.

37. Management as a Profession
The mainfeatures of profession are:
1. Well definedBody of knowledge:
In every profession there is practice of systematic body of
knowledge which helps the professionals to gain
specialised knowledge of that profession. In case of
management also there is availability of systematic body
of knowledge. There are large numbers of books available
on management studies. Scholars are studying various
business situations and are trying to develop new
principles to tackle these situations.
So presently this feature of profession is presentin management
also.

38. Management as a Profession - Features
2. Restricted Entry:
The entry to a profession is restricted through an
examination or degree. For example a person can
practice as Doctor only when he is having MBBS degree.
Whereas there is no legal restriction on appointment of a
manager, anyone can become a manager irrespective of
the educational qualification. But now many companies
prefer to appoint managers only with MBA degree.
So presentlythis feature of professionis not present in
management but very soon it will be includedwith statutory
backing.

39. Management as a Profession - Features
3. Presence of professional associations:
For all the professions, special associations are
established and every professional has to get himself
registered with his association before practicing that
profession. For example, doctors have to get themselves
registered with Medical Council of India, lawyers with
Bar Council of India etc.

40. In case of management various management associations
are set up at national and international levels which have
some membership rules and set of ethical codes, for
example, AIMA in New Delhi, National Institute of
Personal Management at Calcutta etc., but legally it is
not compulsory for managers to become a part of these
organisations by registration.
So presentlythis feature of professionis not present in
management but very soon it will be includedand get statutory
backing also.
3. Presence of professionalassociations

41. Management as a Profession - Features
4. Existence of ethical codes:
For every profession there are set of ethical codes fixed by
professional organisations and are binding on all the
professionals of that profession. In case of management
there is growing emphasis on ethical behaviour of
managers. All India Management Association (AIMA)
has devised a code of conduct for Indian managers. But
legally it is not compulsory for all the managers to get
registered with AIMA and abide by the ethical codes.
So presentlythis feature of professionis not present in
management but very soon it will be includedwith
statutory backing.

42. Management as a Profession - Features
5. Service Motive:
The basic motive of every profession is to serve client with
dedication. Whereas basic purpose of management is
achievement of management goal, for example for a business
organisation the goal can be profit maximization. But nowadays
only profit maximisation cannot be the sole goal of an enterprise.
To survive in market for a long period of time, a businessman
must give due importance to social objectives along with
economic objectives.
So presentlythis feature of professionis not present but verysoon
it will be included.

43. Significance of Management
1. Accomplishment of goals:
It is the management which determines the goals of the
organization and of various departments and functional
groups. The goals are communicated to the employees to
seek their cooperation. All organizational activities are
directed towards the organizational objectives. Clear-cut
definition of goals is essential for the success of every
organization.

44. Significance of Management
2. Effective Utilization of Resources:
Management ensures optimum utilisation of resources.
Through planning and organisation, management
eliminates all types of wastages and achieves efficiency in
all business operations. Management motivates workers
to put in their best performance. This would lead to the
effective working of the business.

45. Significance of Management
3. Order to Endeavour or Efforts:
Management deals with integration of human and non-
human resources in order to achieve organizational
objectives. It directs and coordinates the activities of
individuals and groups in the use of materials, methods
and machines. It, thus, brings order to endeavors of
different groups.

46. Significance of Management
4. Sound Organization:
Management establishes sound organisation for the
accomplishment of the desired objectives. It clarifies
authority-responsibility relationships among various
positions in the enterprise. It fills various positions with
persons having the right qualification and training.
Management also provides the workers with proper
environment and encourages the spirit of cooperation.

47. Significance of Management
5. Provides Vision and Foresight:
Management keeps itself in touch with the external
environment and supplies vision and foresight to the
enterprise. It helps in predicting what is going to happen
in future which will influence the working of the
enterprise. It also takes steps to ensure that the
enterprise is able to meet the demands of changing
environment.

48. Significance of Management
6. National Growth and Prosperity:
Efficient management of resources is equally important
at the national level. According to Peter Drueker,
“Management is the crucial factor in economic and social
development.” The development of a country virtually
depends on the quality of management of its resources.
Efficient management of resources is a key to growth of
the economy and prosperity and better standard of living
of the general public.