This document provides an overview of a course on counseling and psychotherapy. It discusses the objectives of the course, which are for students to understand counseling and psychotherapy principles, techniques, and strategies. It also covers the philosophical foundations of different counseling theories and compares counseling and psychotherapy. Theories are grouped into psychodynamic, experiential, action-oriented, systems-oriented, and postmodern approaches. Stages of the counseling process and categories of counseling approaches are defined.

1. Counseling and Psychotherapy
Cesar Chester O. RReelllleevvee,, EEdd DD,, RRGGCC

2. Course Description
This course provides the idea and
knowledge of counseling and
psychotherapy. It is concerned with the
understanding of the individual and the
principles, techniques, methods and
strategies of counseling and
psychotherapy. To assist the individuals
in making intelligent choices and
adjustment to his/her environment and
society is also a major concern of the
course

3. Course Objective
It is expected at the end of the course, the
students should be able to have a clear
concept of counseling and psychotherapy.
Likewise students should have the
understanding of the working principles,
techniques, methods and strategies
behind counseling and psychotherapy. It
is also expected that students gain rich
experience on psychological counseling
and psychotherapy through actual actual
application or simulation

4. Philosophical Foundation of Theories
Theoretical models for counseling have
their origins in the values and beliefs of
person who in turn, have converted these
into a philosophy and a theoretical model
for counseling. These values and beliefs
form a rationale for what one does, how
one does it, and under what
circumstance. It predicts probable
outcomes for different sets of conditions.

5. Philosophical…
Theory summarizes the information base
on philosophy and draws conclusion.
…theories provide guidelines that have
been tested by experienced counselors.
They explain behaviors. They may
predict desirable or undesirable
outcomes in given
circumstances(Gibson & Mitchell, 2003).

6. Philosophical…
Philosophy has asked significant
questions that led to the understanding
of what a human being is and how
he/she must be handled. This is why
Philosophy is a very important
foundation of Guidance Counseling
…Materialism believed that humans
were entirely physical.
Determinist asserted that all human choices
were determined by the laws of nature.

7. Philosophical…
Rationalism emphazised that reasons,
innate ideas, and deductions guide
knowledge.
Empiricism underscored that experience
was the source of knowledge.
Positivism concentrated on natural phenoma
or facts that were objectively observable.
Existentialism focused on the uniqueness of
human beings and highlighted this as the
only reality.

8. Philosophical…
Every counseling practitioner should have a
philosophy of human beings and how their
problems evolve in order to establish a
philosophy of helping. The goals that
should be pursued, the role that the
counselors should play, the techniques
that could be employed, and the steps that
must be taken must be based on such a
philosophy and must then be a part of
one’s Counseling Philosophy (Villar, 2009)

9. CCoouunnsseelliinngg vveerrssuuss PPssyycchhootthheerraappyy
RA 9258, Article I Sec. 3 (a):
Guidance and Counseling
-is a profession that involves the use of an
integrated approach to the development of a
well-functioning individual primarily by helping
him/her to utilize his/her potentials to the fullest
and plan his/her future in accordance with
his/her abilities, interests and needs.It includes
functions such as counseling subjects,
particularly subjects given in the licensure
examinations, and other human development
services.

10. CCoouunnsseelliinngg vveerrssuuss PPssyycchhootthheerraappyy
REPUBLIC ACT No. 10029, Article III (b):
Practice of Psychology
- consists of the delivery of psychological services
that involve application of psychological
principles and procedures for the purpose of
describing, understanding, predicting and
influencing the behavior of individuals or groups,
in order to assist in the attainment of optimal
human growth and functioning. The delivery of
psychological services includes, but is not
limited to:

11. CCoouunnsseelliinngg vveerrssuuss PPssyycchhootthheerraappyy
REPUBLIC ACT No. 10029, Article III (b):
Practice of Psychology
(1) psychological interventions: psychological
counseling, psychotherapy, psychosocial
support, coaching, psychological debriefing,
group processes and all other psychological
interventions that involve the application of
psychological principles to improve
psychological functioning of individuals, families,
groups and organizations;

12. CCoouunnsseelliinngg vveerrssuuss
PPssyycchhootthheerraappyy
Psychotherapy
(American Psychological Association)
- is a collaborative treatment based on the
relationship between an individual and a
psychologist. Grounded in dialogue, it
provides a supportive environment that
allows you to talk openly with someone
who’s objective, neutral and
nonjudgmental.

13. CCoouunnsseelliinngg vveerrssuuss
PPssyycchhootthheerraappyy
Psychotherapy
(Engler and Goleman, 1992)
- Is the general name for a variety of
psychological interventions designed
to help people resolve, emotional,
behavioral, or interpersonal problems
of various kinds and improve the
quality of their lives.

14. CCoouunnsseelliinngg vveerrssuuss
PPssyycchhootthheerraappyy
Guidance, Counseling,and Psychotherapy: Variations on
the same Theme? (Neukrug, 2012)
Counseling is a professional relationships
that empowers diverse individuals,
families, and group to accomplish
mental health, wellness, education, and
career goals. (ACA, 2010)

15. …counseling vs psychotherapy
Over the years there have plethora of definitions of
counseling that suggest it could be anything from
a problem-solving, directive, and rational
approach to helping normal people
– an approach that is distinguishable from
psychotherapy (Williamson, 1950, 1958);
- to a process that is similar to but less intensive
than psychotherapy (Nugent & Jones, 2005);
- to an approach that suggests that there is no
essential difference between the two (Neukrug:
Patterson, 1986).

16. …counseling vs psychotherapy
The word Guidance appeared around 1600 and
was defined as “the process of guiding an
individual”. Early Guidance work involved
individuals giving moralistic and direct advice.
This definition continued until the twentieth
century, when the vocational guidance
counselors used the word to describe the act of
“guiding” an individual into a profession and
offering suggestion for life skills.
With the development of psychoanalysis near the
end of the nineteenth century came the word
psychotherapy. Meaning “caring for the soul”,
the world derived from the Greek words psyche

17. …counseling vs psychotherapy
meaning spirit or soul, and therapeutikos,
meaning caring for another (Kleinke, 1994)
During the early part of 20th century, vocational
guidance counselors became increasingly
dissatisfied with the word guidance and its heavy
emphasis on advice giving and morality.
Consequently, the word counseling was adopted
to indicate that vocational counselors, like the
psychoanalysts who practiced psychotherapy,
dealt with social and emotional issues.

18. …counseling vs psychotherapy
As mental health workers became more prevalent
during the mid-1900, they too adopted the word
counseling, rather used the word guidance with
its moralistic implications, or psychotherapy,
which was associated with psychoanalysis.
In the training of counselors today, the word
guidance has tended to take a back seat to the
word counseling, while the worlds counseling
and psychotherapy are generally used
interchangeably in textbooks (e.i. Theory and
Practice of Counseling and Psychotherpy, Corey)

19. …counseling vs psychotherapy
Despite the lack of distinction made in most texts, a
differentiation between counseling and
psychotherapy is likely to be made by the
average person, perhaps by many counseling
students, and even by professors of counseling.
Acknowledging this common usage, one model of
understanding these terms would place guidance
and psychotherapy on opposite extremes, with
counseling falling somewhere midway on the
continuum.

20. …counseling vs psychotherapy
GGUUIDIDAANNCCEE CCOOUUNNSSEELLININGG PPSSYYCCHHOOTTHHEERRAAPPYY
Short-term
Modifying
behavior
Surface
issues
Here and now
Preventive
Conscious
Helper-centered
Long-term
Personality
reconstruction
Deep-seated
issues
There and then
Restorative
Unconscious
Helpee-centered

21. …counseling vs psychotherapy
Comparison of Mental Health Professionals
(Neukrug, 2012)
Whether we call it guidance, counseling, or
psychoterapy, in todays world we find a number
of professionals practicing it. In fact, although
difference in the training of mental health
professionals exist, over the years their
professional duties have begun to overlap (Todd
& Bohart, 2006).

22. Six Stages
Stage One: Relationship building
Stage Two: Assessment and diagnosis
Stage Three: Formulation of counseling
goals
Stage Four: Intervention and problem
solving
Stage Five: Termination and Follow Up
Stage Six: Research and evaluation

23. 5 General Categories of Counseling and
Psychotherapy Approaches
(Corey, 2009)
1. Psychodynamic Approaches
2. Experiential and Relationship-
Oriented Approaches
3. Action-Oriented Therapies
4. Systems-Oriented Approaches
5. Postmodern Approaches

24. Psychodynamic Approaches
a. Psychoanalytic therapy – is based largely on
insight, unconscious motivation, and
reconstruction of personality
b. Adlerian therapy – differs from psychoanalytic
theory in many respects but it can broadly be
considered an analytic perspective. It focus on
meaning, goals, purposeful behavior, conscious
action, belonging and social interest.

25. Experiential and Relationship Oriented-Approaches
a. Existential approach – stress the concern for what it
means to be fully human. It suggests certain themes
that are part of the human condition such as freedom
and responsibility, anxiety, guilt, awareness of being
finite, creating meaning in the world and shaping one’s
future by making active choices.
b. Person-centered approach – which is rooted in
humanistic philosophy, places emphasis on the basic
attitudes of the therapist. It maintains the quality of the
client-therapist relationship.
c. Gestalt therapy – which offers range of experiment to
help clients gain awareness of what they are
experiencing in the here and now – that, is the present.

26. Action-Oriented Therapies
a. Reality Therapy – focuses on clients’ current
behavior and stresses developing clear plans
for new behavior.
b. Behavior Therapy – puts a premium on doing
and taking steps to make concrete changes
c. Rational Emotive Behavior therapy and
Cognitive therapy – highlight the necessity of
learning how to challenge dysfunctional beliefs
and automatic thoughts that lead to behavioral
problems.

27. Systems Perspective
The system orientation stresses the
importance of understanding
individuals in the context of the
surroundings that influence their
development.
a. Feminist Therapy
b. Family Therapy

28. Post Modern Approaches
Challenges the basic assumptions of
most of the traditional approaches by
assuming that there is no single truth
and reality is socially constructed
through human interaction.
a. social constructionism
b. solution-focused brief therapy
c. narrative therapy

29. Note: Discussant of Counseling
Theories/Therapy/Psychotherapy
Framework of discussions:
• Proponent/s
• View of Human/Theory of Personality
• Sources/Nature of Difficulty/Maladjustment
• Goal of Counseling
• Role of Counselor
• Counseling Strategies
• Steps in Counseling
• Contributions/Limitations

30. References:
Corey, Gerald (2009). Theory and Practice of
Counseling and Psychotheraphy. Brooks/Cole
Cengage Learning
De Jesus, Evangeline M. (2006) Counseling
Psychology. Educational Publishing House
Engler, Jack and Goleman, Daniel (1992). The
Consumer’s Guide to Psychotherapy. Simon &
Schuster/Fireside
Gibson, Robert L and Mitchell, Mariannne H.
(2003). Introduction to Counseling and
Guidance. Pearson Education Inc.

31. References:
Neukrug, Ed (2012) An Introduction to Counseling
Profession. The World of the Counselor.
Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning
Nytsul, Michael S. (2010) Introduction to
Counseling An Art and Science Perspective.
Pearson Higher Ed USA
Villar, Imelda Virginia G. (2007) Implementing
Comprehensive Guidance Counseling Program
in the Philippines. Aligned Transformatioon
Publication.

32. References:
http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/understanding-psychotherapy.
aspx
http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2010/ra_
10029_2010.html