1. The document discusses cells and their structures. It describes the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and lists the major organelles in plant and animal cells.
2. Microscopes allow us to see cells. Early pioneers like Hooke, van Leewenhoek, Schwann, and Schleiden made important discoveries that led to the cell theory.
3. The endosymbiotic theory proposes that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from ancient prokaryotes that were engulfed by other cells but not destroyed, and instead survived as intracellular organelles.
Cell biology is the study of cell structure and function, and it revolves around the concept that the cell is the fundamental unit of life. Focusing on the cell permits a detailed understanding of the tissues and organisms that cells compose.
Cell biology is the study of cell structure and function, and it revolves around the concept that the cell is the fundamental unit of life. Focusing on the cell permits a detailed understanding of the tissues and organisms that cells compose.
MITOCHONDRIA ,STRUCTURE ,Mt DNA ,PROTEIN TRANSPORT,ETC,OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATIONLIFE SCIENCES
introduction, structure , functions,how proteins are transported into mitochondria,functions,electron transport chain,oxidative phosphorylation with animated videos
Mitochondria are double membranous organelle, the inner membrane is more larger than the outer one. For this reason the inner membrane of the mitochondria folds inside forming a special figure called creasteae. The inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) contains the subunits for oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). And this inner mitochondrial membrane coverd by a second membrane called the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM). We called mitochondria as a power house of cell not only they generates ATP via oxidative phosphorylation they also take part in various biochemical pathways such as- pyrimidine and purine biosynthesis, heme biosynthesis, the regulation of N2 balance in urea cycle, gluconeogenesis, keton body production and fatty acid degradation and elongation. They also take part in cell signalling via regulating the protein-protein interaction or by regulating the cellular concentration of calcium ion(Ca2+) and reactive oxygen species(ROS).
During various biological diseasesmitochondrial morphology altered, as in the case when there is lack of nutrient in our body mitochondria combine together to share their nutrient and alo their DNA and ETC components to maintain their OXPHOS. But in case of high energy demand of a part of body mitochondria undergo division or called fission because they move rapidly than lager one (Zhao et al., 2013). Fission also occur in mitotic cell to share equal amount of mitochondria to the daughter cells. Many questions arise in mitochondrial dinamics but here I am going to answer a most doubtful question- Is mitochondrial dynamics play any role in tumorigenic process? Is any oncogenic signalling play crucial role in morphological alteration of mitochondria?
Mitochondria are membrane-bound cell organelles (mitochondrion, singular), known as the power house of the cell that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell's biochemical reactions. Mitochondria generates most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), by a process called
“oxidative phosphorylation”.
CELL STRUCTURE, CELL ORGANELLES, CELL FUNCTIONS.
BRIEF IDEA ABOUT CELL STRUCTURE, CELL ORGANELLES AND THEIR FUNCTIONS, COMPARTMENTALIZATION INSIDE CELL
MITOCHONDRIA ,STRUCTURE ,Mt DNA ,PROTEIN TRANSPORT,ETC,OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATIONLIFE SCIENCES
introduction, structure , functions,how proteins are transported into mitochondria,functions,electron transport chain,oxidative phosphorylation with animated videos
Mitochondria are double membranous organelle, the inner membrane is more larger than the outer one. For this reason the inner membrane of the mitochondria folds inside forming a special figure called creasteae. The inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) contains the subunits for oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). And this inner mitochondrial membrane coverd by a second membrane called the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM). We called mitochondria as a power house of cell not only they generates ATP via oxidative phosphorylation they also take part in various biochemical pathways such as- pyrimidine and purine biosynthesis, heme biosynthesis, the regulation of N2 balance in urea cycle, gluconeogenesis, keton body production and fatty acid degradation and elongation. They also take part in cell signalling via regulating the protein-protein interaction or by regulating the cellular concentration of calcium ion(Ca2+) and reactive oxygen species(ROS).
During various biological diseasesmitochondrial morphology altered, as in the case when there is lack of nutrient in our body mitochondria combine together to share their nutrient and alo their DNA and ETC components to maintain their OXPHOS. But in case of high energy demand of a part of body mitochondria undergo division or called fission because they move rapidly than lager one (Zhao et al., 2013). Fission also occur in mitotic cell to share equal amount of mitochondria to the daughter cells. Many questions arise in mitochondrial dinamics but here I am going to answer a most doubtful question- Is mitochondrial dynamics play any role in tumorigenic process? Is any oncogenic signalling play crucial role in morphological alteration of mitochondria?
Mitochondria are membrane-bound cell organelles (mitochondrion, singular), known as the power house of the cell that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell's biochemical reactions. Mitochondria generates most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), by a process called
“oxidative phosphorylation”.
CELL STRUCTURE, CELL ORGANELLES, CELL FUNCTIONS.
BRIEF IDEA ABOUT CELL STRUCTURE, CELL ORGANELLES AND THEIR FUNCTIONS, COMPARTMENTALIZATION INSIDE CELL
Aim : to study cell and it's organelle with help of electron microscope.
Cells are the basic building blocks of living things. The human body is composed of trillions of cells, all with their own specialised function.
Cells are the basic structures of all living organisms.
Cells provide structure for the body, take in nutrients from food and carry out important functions.
Cells group together to form tissues?, which in turn group together to form organs?, such as the heart and brain.
Our cells contain a number of functional structures called organelles?.
These organelles carry out tasks such as making proteins?, processing chemicals and generating energy for the cell.
The nucleus? is based at the centre of the cell and is the ‘control room’ for the cell.
The genome? is found within the nucleus.
Animal cells are eukaryotic cells or cells with a membrane-bound nucleus.
DNA in animal cells is housed within the nucleus.
In addition to having nucleus animal cells also contain other membrane-bound organelles.
Organelles have a wide range of responsibilities that include everything from producing hormones and enzymes to providing energy for animal cells.
All living things are made up of cells that make up their body structure. Some of these living things are single-celled and other organisms are made up of more than one cell.
CBCS 4TH SEM ,
CHARGING, STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF tRNA,
AMINOACYL RNA SYNTHETASE(ASR) PROOFREADING AND EDITING
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YzOVMWYLiCE
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
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How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
2. WHAT IS CELL ?
A small room in which a prisoner is
locked up or in which a monk or nun
sleeps.
3. Cell Structure:
Most cells are microscopic
and cannot be seen by the
naked eye.
Microscopes were
developed to visualize
cells.
Resolution is the minimum
distance where 2 objects
can be visually separated
-Unresolved
Wavelength of light
Refractive index of the
medium
Of the light
-The naked eye can
resolve two separate
objects separated by 200
-Unresolved
-Partially resolved
-Resolved
-Depends on:
objects separated by 200
um
Metric system:
-1 meter = 3.3 feet, 1 km =
103 m, 1cm = 10-2 m, 1mm
= 10-3 m, 1um = 10-6 m,
1nm = 10-9 m, 1 A = 10-10
m, 1pm = 10-12 m
4. microscope
Light microscope:
Can resolve two objects
100-200 nm apart
(including cells and large
sub cellular organelles)
Uses different light
sources and patterns of
image formation
Bright field d) differential
interference
V. Electron Microscope:
Uses a beam of electrons
(e-) rather than light as an
illumination source
A. Transmission Electron
Microscope (TEM)
B. Scanning Electron
Microscope (SEM)interference
Dark field e) fluorescence
c) phase contrast
Microscope (TEM)
-Electrons forming the
image focused through the
specimen
-Short wavelength of e-
beam improves the
resolution of TEM to 5 A
(.5nm)
-Can resolve small sub
cellular organelles and
large proteins
Microscope (SEM)
-Used to examine surfaces
of cells or isolated cellular
structures
-e- beam "scans" the
specimen
-Resolution 5 to 10 nm
5. History:History:
-Discovery of the cell followed by the
development of the microscope
-Discovery of the cell followed by the
development of the microscope
1665-Robert Hooke- observed cells from the
fruiting bodies of fungi
1665-Robert Hooke- observed cells from the
fruiting bodies of fungi
1665-Robert Hooke- observed cells from the
fruiting bodies of fungi
1665-Robert Hooke- observed cells from the
fruiting bodies of fungi
Anton van Leewenhoek- observed a variety
of cells and called them "animalcules"
Anton van Leewenhoek- observed a variety
of cells and called them "animalcules"
1830’s-Theodor Schwann and Matthias
Schleiden developed the cell theory
1830’s-Theodor Schwann and Matthias
Schleiden developed the cell theory
6. Cell Theory states:
All living
organisms are
All living
organisms are
composed of
cells
Cells are the
functional
units of living
organisms
Cells arise from
preexisting
cells via
division
7. Characteristics of cells:
1) Contain highly organized molecular and biochemical systems
and are used to store information
2) Use energy
3) Capable of movement
4) Sense environmental changes
5) Can duplicate (transfer genetic information to offspring)
6) Capable of self-regulation
-Most cells are microscopic (invisible to the naked eye) and thus,
a microscope is needed to view most cells.
8. Prokaryotic Cells- small and primitive bacteria and blue-green algae (cyanobacteria)
Greek: Pro=before karyon=nucleus
-Lacks specialized internal membrane-bound compartments known as organelles
-Cell membrane- functions in transport, the movement of substances in and out of the
cell, and in energy production (breakdown of large molecules, photosynthesis)
-Cell wall- gives structural strength (rigidity) to the cell
-Capsule- jelly-like substance which protects the cell wall from environmental damage
-Nucleiod- contains a single circular molecule of DNA (stores genetic information)
-Cytoplasm- region surrounding the nucleiod and within the cell membrane
-Contains ribosomes and RNA (site of protein synthesis)
-Vacuole (vesicles)(blue-green algae)-site of photosynthesis (storage)
-Flagellum- protein fiber the functions in movement
Eukaryotic Cell- (eu=true karyon=nucleus)
1.Possesses a complex membrane system1.Possesses a complex membrane system
2.Has a true nucleus
3.Distinct membrane-bound intracellular compartments called organelles
-Nucleus- dark-staining body within the cell by enclosed an intracellular membrane called
the nuclear envelope
-Nuclear envelope contains pores, which are filled with a ring of proteins called annulus
-Contains DNA in the form of chromatin fibers
-DNA is linear (linear DNA + proteins = chromosome)
-Nucleolus- a cell organelle in the nucleus that disappears during part of cell division.
Contains rRNA genes
-Nucleus also contains RNA (mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA)
-Transcription- conversion of genetic information from DNA to RNA occurs in the nucleus
-DNA replication-duplication of genetic material
9. Cytoplasm: major portion of the protoplasmic substance within the cell membrane
a.Ribosomes-a cytoplasmic particle that contains RNA and protein and is involved in
the process of protein synthesis
-Translocation-process which takes place in the cytoplasm and converts genetic
information in RNA into proteins
-Ribosomes can either be freely suspended in the cytoplasm or attached to intracellular
membranes
a.Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)- a network of intracellular membranes where secreting
proteins are synthesized
-Rough ER- the ER + ribosomes
-Smooth ER- the ER without ribosomes
- Functions in the breakdown of fats attached to the rough ER in the Golgi complex
a.Golgi apparatus-a membranous organelle that packages and sorts newly synthesized
secretory proteins
b.Lysosome- organelle which contains digestive enzymesb.Lysosome- organelle which contains digestive enzymes
e. Mitochondrion-semiautonomous eukaryotic cell organelle
-Site of respiration
-Consists of an outer membrane and a convoluted inner membrane
-Site of ATP production within the cell
a.Microbody-organelle within a cell containing specialized enzymes whose functions
involve hydrogen peroxide (peroxisome)
b.Microtubules-composed of tubulin
Microfilaments-composed of actin
-Both (g and h) are involved in cellular movement
Intercellular-includes flagella and cilia
Intracellular- cytoplasmic streaming
17. Functions of major intracellular compartments:
•Nucleus - contains main genome, DNA and RNA synthesis.
•Cytosol - most protein synthesis, glycolysis and metabolic pathways
synthesizing amino acids, nucleotides.
•Endoplasmic reticulum - synthesis of membrane proteins, lipid synthesis.
•Golgi apparatus - covalent modification of proteins from ER, sorting of
proteins for transport to other parts of the cell.
•Mitochondria and chloroplasts (plants) - ATP synthesis.•Mitochondria and chloroplasts (plants) - ATP synthesis.
•Lysosomes - degradation of defunct intracellular organelles and material
taken in from the outside of the cell by endocytosis.
•Endosomes - sorts proteins received from both the endocytic pathway and
from the Golgi apparatus.
•Peroxisomes - oxidize a variety of small molecules.
18. The endosymbiosis theory
postulates that
The mitochondria of eukaryotes evolved from aerobic bacteria
(probably related to the rickettsias) living within their host cell.
The chloroplasts of eukaryotes evolved from endosymbiotic
cyanobacteria (autotrophic prokaryotes).
Eukaryotic cilia and flagella may have arisen from
endosymbiotic spirochetes. The basal bodies from which
eukaryotic cilia and flagella develop would have been able to
create the mitotic spindle and thus made mitosis possible.
19. The evidence for mitochondria and chloroplasts
Both mitochondria and chloroplasts can arise only from preexisting mitochondria and chloroplasts. They
cannot be formed in a cell that lacks them because nuclear genes encode only some of the proteins of
which they are made.
Both mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own genome and it resembles that of prokaryotes not
that of the nuclear genome.
• Both genomes consist of a single circular molecule of DNA.
• There are no histones associated with the DNA.
Both mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own protein-synthesizing machinery, and it more closely
resembles that of prokaryotes than that found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotes.
• The first amino acid of their transcripts is always fMet as it is in bacteria (not methionine [Met] that is
the first amino acid in eukaryotic proteins).
• A number of antibiotics (e.g., streptomycin) that act by blocking protein synthesis in bacteria also
block protein synthesis within mitochondria and chloroplasts. They do not interfere with protein
synthesis in the cytoplasm of the eukaryotes.
• Conversely, inhibitors (e.g., diphtheria toxin) of protein synthesis by eukaryotic ribosomes do not —
sensibly enough — have any effect on bacterial protein synthesis nor on protein synthesis within
mitochondria and chloroplasts.
• The antibiotic rifampicin, which inhibits the RNA polymerase of bacteria, also inhibits the RNA
polymerase within mitochondria. It has no such effect on the RNA polymerase within the eukaryotic
nucleus.
20. Endosymbiotic theory of mitochondria and chloroplast
According to Serial Endosymbiotic Theory(SET) ,mitochondria were acquired by a
symbiotic event.
It is still uncertain what prokaryote the mitochondrial ancestor was, but their
genomes resemble those of proteobacteria..We can speculate about the details of its
structure.
The Mitochondrion: A Metabolic Acquisition
In the changing atmosphere of the early earth, oxygen was toxic, a
metabolic waste product accumulating in the atmosphere. Life on the
surface of the planet was a battle of novel metabolic strategies:surface of the planet was a battle of novel metabolic strategies:
organisms that became able to tolerate and eventually metabolize
oxygen had a selective advantage.
When the ancestor of modern-day mitochondria-containing eukaryotes
acquired an endosymbiont that used oxygen to metabolize sugars with
a high energy yield, it gained this evolutionary “edge.” The abundance
of eukaryotic life exploiting this metabolic advantage today is a tr tribute
to the potential impact of endosymbiotic events.
21. Theory for mitochondria
acquisition
Phagocytic theory
Host
predatory theory-the endosymbiont is the aggressor
The predatory prokaryote attaches to and subsequently burrows
through the outer layer of the host's plasma membrane,Host
it is microaerophilic, wall-less, and has arginine and lysine-
rich histonelike proteins that coil and protect its genetic
material from acid and heat shock in the extreme
environments that it inhabits.
archaean acquired or
developed the cytoskeletal
structure required for
phagocytotic activity
Thermoplasma (for its
lack of a cell wall and
histone-like proteins)
Sulfolobus (for its
metabolic pathways
Paracoccus is a model
because it has
cytochromes and
ubiquinones look like
those in the ETC
oxidative metabolism of
mitochondria.
through the outer layer of the host's plasma membrane,
eventually inhabiting the periplasmic space.
aggressor fails to destroy its prey and persists inside the host as an
endosymbiont