Introduction cg
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Computer graphics involves the display, manipulation, and storage of visual data using a computer. It includes input/output devices and interfaces that allow for the creation and management of graphical content. Computer graphics has applications in user interfaces, business/scientific visualization, CAD/CAM design, simulation, cartography, multimedia, virtual reality, and more. It relies on standards, programming libraries, basic drawing primitives, and concepts like transformations, projections, surface modeling, and animation.
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Geometric modelling was introduced in the 1960s using electronic drafting boards to draw 2D designs. In the 1970s, wireframe and surface models were developed, and by the mid-1980s, solid models could be drawn. Current practices include high data associativity, digital mock-up software allowing different models to be combined, and file formats like STEP and IGES enabling engineering data exchange. Geometric modelling has benefited design through automation, increased productivity, 3D visualization, and electronic data transfer for manufacturing.
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This document provides information about the CSE 402 course Introduction to Computer Graphics taught by Professor G. Sasi Kumar. The course will cover fundamental concepts of computer graphics through lectures and assignments. Students will be evaluated based on homework, a midterm exam, quizzes and presentations, and a final exam. Reference materials for the course include textbooks and literature on the history and applications of computer graphics.
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introduction cad.ppt
CAD (computer-aided design) involves using computers to aid in engineering design. It allows for 2D and 3D modeling/drafting, visualization, analysis such as finite element method simulations, and integration with CAM (computer-aided manufacturing). CAD modeling involves defining objects, their relationships, properties, and orientations. Models are visualized through display/projection techniques and can be analyzed for properties and optimized. CAD requires input devices, output displays, and data storage of curves, surfaces and solids that make up models.
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This document provides an introduction to computer-aided design (CAD). It discusses how CAD integrates computer science techniques into engineering design using hardware and software for 2D and 3D drafting and modeling of curves, surfaces, solids, and assemblies. It also covers CAD applications for analysis using techniques like finite element analysis, simulation, and optimization. The document lists common CAD display and visualization techniques as well as required modeling approaches and how CAD data is structured and related. It concludes with discussions of typical CAD input/output devices, display technologies, and hardcopy output options.
introduction cad.ppt
CAD (computer-aided design) involves using computers to aid in engineering design. It allows for 2D and 3D modeling and visualization of products. Key aspects of CAD include modeling objects like curves, surfaces and solids; displaying and visualizing the models; and various applications like analysis, simulation and integration with CAM. Data is stored about the objects, surfaces, and curves that make up 3D solids. Displays include CRTs refreshed via a frame buffer, while inputs include mice, tablets, and other devices. Outputs include flatbed and drum plotters as well as various printers.
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Graphics are used to represent and manipulate image data through displays and processing of physical world image data. Common applications include user interfaces, maps, medical imaging, and more. 2D graphics include pixel art, sprites, and vector graphics. Sprite graphics involve independent objects composed together on a screen. Vector graphics use shapes and colors rather than pixels. 3D graphics provide three-dimensional models and rendering to generate 2D images from 3D data involving geometry, viewpoints, textures, lighting, and shading. OpenGL is a widely used cross-platform 2D and 3D graphics API that interacts with GPUs for hardware-accelerated rendering.
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
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accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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Introduction cg
- 2. Computer graphics involves display , manipulation and storage of pictures and experimental data for proper visualization using a computer
- 3. CG comprises • Display devices • Input devices • Output devices • Interfacing devices video I/O
- 4. Applications • GUI – Menus – Icons – Curser – Dialog boxes – Scroll bars – Buttons – Grids (Used to align an object in 2D Graphics) – Valuators (Sliders) – Sketching (Paint) – 3-D interface (Used to manipulate 2D object as 3D Object on 2D Devices)
- 5. • Plotting in business – Used show the economical type of data like growth rate , expenditure etc. • Office automation – Editing documents , handling statistical data making presentation • Desktop publishing – Designing documents and presentation • Plotting in science & technology – Used to draw almost every data in graphical forms
- 6. • Web/business/commercial publishing and advertisements – Adds, Video screens etc. • CAD/CAM design – VLSI, Construction, Circuits • Scientific visualization – Animation in genetic engineering, biological sciences • Entertainment – Movies, Games etc.
- 7. • Simulators and simulation studies – Various mechanical and chemical processes – Study of nuclear explosions – Study of disaster management – Flight Simulations of space shuttle ,car driving • Cartography – Creation of maps, Civil engineering, geology etc. • Multimedia – Cobines audeo, video and tetx pictures
- 8. • Virtual reality • Process monitoring – Monitor Chemical/ Mechanical processes by sensors and alerting in case of something wrong • Digital image processing – Enhancing image quality • Education and training – Students, professionals etc
- 9. Graphics standards • GKS (graphical kernel system) – By ISO and ANSI • SRGP (Simple Raster Graphics Package) • PHIGS (Programmers Hierarchical Interactive Graphics System) • OpenGL
- 10. Various Compilers • Visual c/C++ • Visual Basic • Borland C/C++ • Borland Pascal • Turbo C • Turbo Pascal • JAVA’s graphical libraries, API
- 11. Basic output primitives for drawing pictures • Polyline • Filled polygons (Enclosed regions) • Ellipse (Arc) • Text (Style and orientation) • Raster Image
- 12. Computer graphics systems • Active (Having control on displayed data ) • Passive (Does not have any control on displayed data)
- 13. Concepts and principles of CG • Display Systems – Storage Displays, Random Scan, Raster refresh displays, CRT basics, video basics , Flat panel displays • Transformations – (2-D and 3-D) Translation, Rotation, Reflection, Shearing – Viewing/projections
- 14. • Scan Conversion and clipping – Drawing of points, lines, circles etc. Area filling, filling style, Clipping algorithms, anti aliasing etc. • Hidden Surface Removal – Back face removal, Z buffer sorting, painter’s algorithm, Ray tracing etc. • Shading and Illumination • Phong’s shading model, Shadows and background, Color models etc. Concepts and principles of CG cont.
- 15. • Solid Modeling – Wire frame, Boundary representation, Constructive solid geometry • Curves and surfaces – Bezier curves, Hermite curves etc. • Graphics architecture – Display processors, Multi processors systems etc. • Miscellaneous – Animation, Projection and viewing, Image file formats etc Concepts and principles of CG cont.