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This document outlines the syllabus for a Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry course. The syllabus is divided into 5 units that cover topics such as impurities in pharmaceutical substances, acids, bases and buffers, electrolytes, dental products, gastrointestinal agents, miscellaneous compounds, and radiopharmaceuticals. Key terms related to the topics are also defined, such as acids, bases, buffers, isotonic solutions, electrolytes, cathartics, antimicrobials, expectorants, emetics, haematinics, poisons, antidotes, astringents, radiopharmaceuticals, radioactivity, half life, and radioisotopes.
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This document discusses toxicology and antidotes for poisoning. It begins by defining toxicology and its branches, including analytical, clinical, forensic, veterinary, and environmental toxicology. It then covers categories and types of poisons, as well as the medicolegal classification of poisons. General principles for treating poisoning are outlined, followed by definitions and examples of antidotes. The mechanisms of various antidotes like activated charcoal, demulsants, and chemical antidotes are explained. Finally, the need for and classification of antidotes into physical, chemical, physiological, and universal categories is described.
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The document discusses various types of poisons including gas, heavy metal, and cyanide poisoning. It provides details on the causes, symptoms, and treatments for each type. Key points include that gas poisoning can cause difficulty breathing and cyanide poisoning stops cellular respiration. The document also defines different types of antidotes including physiological, chemical, and mechanical and provides examples like sodium nitrite, sodium thiosulfate, and activated charcoal which are used to treat specific poisonings.
Introduction to pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry
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The document discusses impurities in pharmaceutical substances. It provides a history of pharmacopoeias and their role in setting standards for drugs. It then discusses sources and types of impurities that can arise during the manufacturing, purification, and storage of drugs. Impurities may come from raw materials, reagents, solvents, reaction vessels, intermediate products, or defects in the manufacturing process. The presence of impurities, even in small amounts, can influence the efficacy and safety of pharmaceutical products.
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This document reviews various sources of impurities that can arise during the development and manufacturing of drug products. It discusses impurities that originate from starting materials, solvents, intermediates, byproducts, formulation excipients, storage conditions, and processing methods. Specific examples of impurity types are provided, such as crystallization-related impurities, stereochemistry-related impurities, residual solvents, synthetic intermediates and byproducts, formulation-related impurities, degradation impurities from hydrolysis, oxidation and photolysis. The sources and formation of impurities are an important consideration in ensuring the quality, safety and efficacy of drug products.
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The document discusses impurities in pharmaceutical substances. It provides a history of pharmacopoeias and their role in setting standards for drugs. It then discusses sources and types of impurities that can arise during the manufacturing, purification, and storage of drugs. Impurities may come from raw materials, reagents, solvents, reaction vessels, intermediate products, or defects in the manufacturing process. The presence of impurities, even in small amounts, can influence the efficacy and safety of pharmaceutical products.
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This document reviews various sources of impurities that can arise during the development and manufacturing of drug products. It discusses impurities that originate from starting materials, solvents, intermediates, byproducts, formulation excipients, storage conditions, and processing methods. Specific examples of impurity types are provided, such as crystallization-related impurities, stereochemistry-related impurities, residual solvents, synthetic intermediates and byproducts, formulation-related impurities, degradation impurities from hydrolysis, oxidation and photolysis. The sources and formation of impurities are an important consideration in ensuring the quality, safety and efficacy of drug products.
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Antioxidants prevent oxidation of oxygen sensitive substances.
They protect the drug product by acting as_
reducing agent (eg. ascorbic acid, sodium bisulphite, thiourea) or
preferentially oxidized or by blocking an oxidative chain reaction (eg. Ascorbic acid esters, butylhydroxy anisole and tocopherols.) which are the true antioxidants.
They are added to pharmaceutical formulations as redox systems possessing higher oxidative potential than the drug that they are designed to protect or as chain inhibitors of radical induced decomposition.
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Pharmaceutical industries are still in the hunt of effective scavengers for free radicals from the unexplored
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medicine. Many pharmaceutical companies giving importance in plant-derived drugs mainly due to the current widespread
belief that 'Green Medicine' is safe and more dependable than the costly synthetic drugs, which have adverse side effects.
The objective of the study is isolation of Phytochemical active constituents, Antidiabetic, antimicrobial and
antioxidant activities of the rare Antidiabetic medicinal plant Epaltes divaricata (Linn.) since the selected plant has varied
medicinal properties used in Ayurveda. This valuable plant is used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine to alleviate jaundice,
diabetes mellitus, urethral discharges and acute dyspepsia. It is also regarded as a diaphoretic, diuretic and a stimulating
expectorant.
The methanol extract of Epaltes divaricata L. showed excellent antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi.
Phytochemical analysis was carried out for the same extract by two different standard methods and which confirmed the
presence of steroids, triterpenoids and phenolic compounds. Decreasing of postprandial hyperglycemia is a therapeutic
approach for treating diabetes mellitus. This can be achieved in current trends through the inhibition of carbohydrate
hydrolyzing enzymes such as alpha glucosidase and alpha amylase. Agents with α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory
activity are very useful as oral anti hypoglycemic agents for the control of hyperglycemia in patients who have diabetes
mellitus. In this study the methanol extract exhibited above 50% of inhibition in all standard concentration.
CLASSICAL AND CONTEMPORARY RELEVANCE OF DOOSHI VISHA
1. The document discusses the classical and contemporary relevance of Dooshi visha, or cumulative toxicity, according to Ayurveda. It describes Dooshi visha as a transformed state of poison that remains in the body for a long time due to low potency.
2. Contemporary factors like agricultural pollution from pesticides, environmental pollution, and long term drug use can lead to a state similar to Dooshi visha over time. Oxidative stress from these toxins can cause similar conditions as described in classical texts.
3. Treatment of Dooshi visha and cumulative toxicity focuses on biopurification therapies like Vamana or Virechana as well as herbal formulations mentioned in classical texts
Toxicology copy.pptx
Household products like cleaning solutions, fuels, medicines, and cosmetics are implicated in most poisonings, which often occur at home. Certain animals secrete venomous toxins through bites and stings, while some plants are poisonous to humans and animals. Toxicology is the study of how natural or man-made poisons cause harmful effects in living organisms. Key aspects of toxicology include environmental, occupational, regulatory, food, clinical, descriptive, forensic, analytical, and mechanistic toxicology.
Fish pharmacology Ashish sahu
This document provides an overview of fish pharmacology. It begins with definitions of pharmacology and fish pharmacology. It then discusses the history of pharmacology and different classifications of drugs. The document outlines various branches of pharmacology and routes of drug administration in fish, including enteral, parenteral, and topical methods. It also describes common drugs used in aquaculture for purposes like pond preparation, disease treatment, and breeding induction. The document lists some sex control drugs, immuno-stimulants, and osmo-regulators. It finishes with banned antibiotics in aquaculture and references.
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INTRODUCTION
- 1. PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY Mrs. Sayali D. Powar (M.Pharm.)
- 2. UNIT 1 1.Impurities in pharmaceutical substances UNIT 2 2.Acids, Bases and Buffers 3.Major extra and intracellular electrolytes 4.Dental products UNIT 3 Gastrointestinal agents- 5. Acidifiers 6. Cathartics 7. Antacid 8. Antimicrobials UNIT 4 Miscellaneous compounds- 9. Expectorants 10. Emetics 11. Haematinics 12. Poison and Antidote 13.Astringents UNIT 5 14. Radiopharmaceuticals: PIC: SYLLABUS
- 5. Terminology WORD DEFINATION Acids Substance which gives H+ ions in water Bases Substance which gives OH- ions in water Buffers Solution which resists changes in pH when acid or alkali is added to it Isotonic solutions Solutions having same Osmolarity Electrolytes Electrolytes are essential minerals—like sodium, calcium, and potassium—that are vital to many key functions in the body Dental products The substances used to produce effect on teeth and in dental cavity is called as dental products. Dentifrices Substance that enhance the removal of stains and dental plaque by toothbrushes Desensitizing agents Substances used to decreases hypersensitivity of the teeth Gastrointestinal agents Drugs used for their effects on the gastrointestinal system Acidifiers These are inorganic chemicals which produce or become acid. Antacid Substance that are used to neutralize excess stomach acid
- 6. TERMINOLOGY Cathartics Cathartic is a substance that accelerates defecation Antimicrobials A drug used to treat a microbial infection Expectorants Substance which promotes the secretion of sputum by the air passages Emetics Agent that produces nausea and vomiting Haematinics Substance that increases the hemoglobin content of the blood Poison Substance that is capable of causing the illness or death of a living organism when introduced or absorbed. Antidote Substance taken or given to counteract a particular poison. Astringents Substance that will cause body tissues to shrink, and helps to control bleeding and secretions Radiopharmaceuticals Radiopharmaceuticals are the radioactive substances or radioactive drugs for diagnostic or therapeutic interventions Radio activity Radioactivity is the spontaneous emission of radiation in the form of particles or high energy photons resulting from a nuclear reaction Half life The time required for a quantity to reduce to half of its initial value Radio isotopes Elements having same atomic number but have different mass number