The document provides information about Linux operating system. It discusses the history of Linux, how it was developed by Linus Torvalds as a free and open source alternative to Unix. It describes the key components of Linux like the kernel, types of kernels (microkernel, monolithic, hybrid), features of Linux like portability, open source nature, security etc. It also discusses popular Linux distributions like Ubuntu, Red Hat, Debian, Fedora and SUSE. Finally, it mentions some methods of installing Linux like booting from a USB or burning a live CD.

1. Name :: Hassan Habib
Roll no :: (016)
Section :: SP15-BSE-2A
Presentation :: LINUX
Subject :: PP IT
TO :: Mam. Anam Zafar.

3. Outline
• O/S
• linux
• History of Linux
• Kernel
• Types of kernel
• Feature of linux
• Linux system architecture
• Linux Distribution
• How to install

4. Operating System ??
• It is medium which provide interface between
user and hardware
• It provide user an environment in which user can
execute program conveniently and efficiently.
• o/s controls allocation of resources and services
such as memory, processor , device and
information
• You can say that it is a program which start from
initial stage to ending stage

5. Operating System

6. Operating System

7. Functions of Operating System

8. LINUX

9. History
• Before taking about linux history .
We should about unix history
because linux is free unix type
o/s.
• Unix o/s system was conceived
and implemented by Thompson
and Dennis Ritchie at AT&T
laboratories in 1969 and released
in 1970 (utix).
• 1973 Rewrite UNIX.
• They want to create multi user
o/s but fails to achieved.
• In 1983 Richard stullman want to
made unix free o/s .
• In 1991 linus Torvalds ; student of
University of Helsinki Finland.
Developed linux
• He released it for free on the
internet. Also free source code
available on. internet

10. What is Linux??
• Linux is an o/s.
• A free unix type o/s.
• Made by Linus Torvalds.
• An open o/s.
• Open source code.

11. Kernel
• The kernel is a central core of a o/s.
• It has complete control over everything occurs in the system.
• First part to load into memory.
• Operates from beginning to sessional logout.
• Kernel code is usually loaded into a protected area of
memory, which prevents it from being over written by other
or local programming.
• Kernel perform its task such as executing processes and
handling interrupts in kernel space.
• User task is done in user space. (e.g writing a text in text
editor or running programs in GUI)

12. Process Scheduler
(Program is an active form of different task)
• Memory Managing
• File system management
• Network interface
• Inter process communication

13. Types of Kernel
• Micro kernel
• Monolithic kernel
• Hybrid kernel

14. Micro Kernel
Pros:
 Small installation requirements
 Small memory
 Security
Cons:
 Hardware may react slower because driver
are in user mode.
 Process have to wait to get information.
CPU, memory and
IPC(Inter Process
communication)

15. Monolithic Kernel
Pros:
 Easy process of communication.
 If device is supported than no additional
Installation.
 Direct access to hardware.
Cons:
 Large Installation footprints
 Large memory footprints
 Less secure because everything in
supervisor mode.
 Cpu , IPC , file system
management, Memory
,drivers

16. Hybrid Kernel
Pros:
 Developer can choose what should be in
user or supervisor mode.
 Small installation footprints than
monolethic kernel.
Cons:
 Can suffer same process lag as microkernel.
 Combination of last two
kernel.
 Hybrid kernel have the
ability to pick what
should be run in user
mode or what should be
in supervisor mode.
 File system and I/O
devices be in user
mode, while IPC and
server call be kept in
supervisor mode.

17. What sort of kernel Linux has??

18. Features of Linux
Portable
• Portability means software
can work on different types
of hardware in same way.
• Linux kernel and application
and application programs
supports their installation
on any kind of hardware
platform.
Open Source
• Linux source code is freely
available and it is
community based project.
• Multiple team works
together to enhance linux
o/s.

19. Features of Linux
Multi User
• Multi user o/s.
• Multi user can access and
share memory ,ram and
storage devices etc.
Multi Programming
• Linux is multiprogramming
system means different
programs run at a time

20. Features of Linux
Hierarchical File System
• Linux provide hierarchical
file in which system file are
arrange.
Shell
• Linux provides special
interpreter programs which
be executed commands of
the operating system. It can
be use to do various types
of operation, application
call application programs
etc.

21. Features of Linux
Security
• Linux provides user security , using authentication
features like password and encryption.

22. Linux System Architecture
• User Application
• O/s service
• Linux Kernel
• Hardware
controller

24. User Application:
• Application use on a particular linux system
Example:
Word Processing
Web Browsing

26. o/s Service
• These are the service that are considered as typical of the
operating system (windowing system , command shell etc.)
also the programming interface to kernel (compiling tool) os
included in this subsystem.

28. Linux Kernel
• Kernel is the abstract and mediates access to
the hardware resources, including the cpu.

30. Hardware Controller
• This subsystem consist of all physical device in a linux
installations
For Example
CPU, Network Hardware, Memory Hardware

31. Linux System Architecture

33. Linux Distribution
• Ubantu
• Red hat
• Debian
• Fedora
• Suse from Novell

34. ubantu
• Ubantu is a community based o/s best for laptops
and desktops etc. LOGO:
Application :
• Web browsing
• Documents
• Spreadsheet software
• Much more

35. Red Hat
• For business , government or other users looking for stable,
supported and certified linux.
LOGO:

36. Red Hat Desktop

37. Debian
• Debian produced by almost thousand of active
developer spread around the world who
volunteer in their spare time.
LOGO:

38. Debian

39. Fedora
• Fedora sponsored by Red hat
• Consists of latest updates and open source software
• There is a new release every six month , that drive
incremental improvement to user at rapid pace.
LOGO:

40. Fedora

41. Fedora

42. Suse From Novell
• Enterprise level version of the linux o/s.
• This mainstream distribution is popular with
business who want alternative to other o/s’s.
LOGO:

43. Suse From Novell

44. Suse From Novell

45. Ubantu

46. Command prompt

47. Command Prompt

49. Command Prompt

50. Command for Linux

54. How to install Linux
• Booting to a USB Stick
• Burning a Live CD

55. Installation Process
• The installation process will be slightly different for every
distro, but in general setup should guide you through the
necessary steps pretty easily. Assuming you're installing Linux
alongside another OS like Windows, though, there are a few
things you'll want to pay attention to.