Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique that measures the molecular mass of samples. It provides accurate molecular weight measurements and can generate structural information by fragmenting samples. Mass spectrometers are used in various fields including biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, clinical analysis, environmental analysis, and geology. They work by ionizing samples, separating the ions by mass-to-charge ratio using an analyzer, and detecting the ions. Common ionization methods for biochemical analysis include electrospray ionization and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization.
1. The document discusses and compares various motion estimation methods used in video compression standards, including translational and affine motion models. 2. It describes pixel domain block matching and frequency domain matching techniques. 3. It provides details on parameters for block matching motion estimation such as search area size, sub-pixel precision, and hierarchical and early termination techniques to improve efficiency.
NMR is a sensitive, non-destructive method for elucidating the structure of organic molecules. Information can be gained from protons, carbons, and other elements. There are two main types of NMR: 1D NMR and 2D NMR, which plots data in a space defined by two frequency axes rather than one. Common types of 2D NMR include COSY, NOESY, and EXSY. NMR signals provide information about the number, environment, and connectivity of different nuclei in a molecule.
This document provides an overview of mass spectrometry. It discusses the brief history of mass spectrometry from 1913 to 2002. It then summarizes the basic principles and components of mass spectrometers, including sample inlet systems, ion sources like electron impact and electrospray ionization, mass analyzers like quadrupole and time-of-flight, detectors, and applications in fields like pharmaceuticals, clinical work, environment and biotechnology. The document aims to introduce readers to mass spectrometry through examining its origins, instrumentation, and uses.
Fluorimetry by Dr. MONIKA SINGH as per PCI SyllabusMonika Singh
This document discusses fluorescence and fluorimetry. It begins by explaining the principle of fluorescence, including excitation of electrons from the ground state to excited states and their relaxation via fluorescence emission. It then discusses factors affecting fluorescence intensity and the instrumentation used, including light sources, filters/monochromators, sample cells, and detectors like photovoltaic cells and photomultiplier tubes. Examples of applications like determining vitamins, drugs, and other analytes are also provided.
This document discusses the process of X-ray crystallography structure determination. It begins with a review of Miller planes and structure factors. It then covers how phases are determined, including molecular replacement, isomorphous replacement using heavy atoms, and anomalous dispersion techniques like SAD and MAD that utilize anomalous scattering. The steps of structure determination are outlined, involving calculating electron density maps from phases and building/refining atomic models. Key concepts like structure factors, anomalous scattering, and using differences in Friedel pairs to determine heavy atom positions are also explained.
GEL CHROMATOGRAPHY
GEL CHROMATOGRAPHY B.PHARM
GEL CHROMATOGRAPHY M.PHARM
SIZE EXCLUSION CHROMATOGRPHY
GEL CHROMATOGRPHY PPT
GEL CHROMATOGRAPHY SLIDESHARE
Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique that measures the molecular mass of samples. It provides accurate molecular weight measurements and can generate structural information by fragmenting samples. Mass spectrometers are used in various fields including biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, clinical analysis, environmental analysis, and geology. They work by ionizing samples, separating the ions by mass-to-charge ratio using an analyzer, and detecting the ions. Common ionization methods for biochemical analysis include electrospray ionization and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization.
1. The document discusses and compares various motion estimation methods used in video compression standards, including translational and affine motion models. 2. It describes pixel domain block matching and frequency domain matching techniques. 3. It provides details on parameters for block matching motion estimation such as search area size, sub-pixel precision, and hierarchical and early termination techniques to improve efficiency.
NMR is a sensitive, non-destructive method for elucidating the structure of organic molecules. Information can be gained from protons, carbons, and other elements. There are two main types of NMR: 1D NMR and 2D NMR, which plots data in a space defined by two frequency axes rather than one. Common types of 2D NMR include COSY, NOESY, and EXSY. NMR signals provide information about the number, environment, and connectivity of different nuclei in a molecule.
This document provides an overview of mass spectrometry. It discusses the brief history of mass spectrometry from 1913 to 2002. It then summarizes the basic principles and components of mass spectrometers, including sample inlet systems, ion sources like electron impact and electrospray ionization, mass analyzers like quadrupole and time-of-flight, detectors, and applications in fields like pharmaceuticals, clinical work, environment and biotechnology. The document aims to introduce readers to mass spectrometry through examining its origins, instrumentation, and uses.
Fluorimetry by Dr. MONIKA SINGH as per PCI SyllabusMonika Singh
This document discusses fluorescence and fluorimetry. It begins by explaining the principle of fluorescence, including excitation of electrons from the ground state to excited states and their relaxation via fluorescence emission. It then discusses factors affecting fluorescence intensity and the instrumentation used, including light sources, filters/monochromators, sample cells, and detectors like photovoltaic cells and photomultiplier tubes. Examples of applications like determining vitamins, drugs, and other analytes are also provided.
This document discusses the process of X-ray crystallography structure determination. It begins with a review of Miller planes and structure factors. It then covers how phases are determined, including molecular replacement, isomorphous replacement using heavy atoms, and anomalous dispersion techniques like SAD and MAD that utilize anomalous scattering. The steps of structure determination are outlined, involving calculating electron density maps from phases and building/refining atomic models. Key concepts like structure factors, anomalous scattering, and using differences in Friedel pairs to determine heavy atom positions are also explained.
GEL CHROMATOGRAPHY
GEL CHROMATOGRAPHY B.PHARM
GEL CHROMATOGRAPHY M.PHARM
SIZE EXCLUSION CHROMATOGRPHY
GEL CHROMATOGRPHY PPT
GEL CHROMATOGRAPHY SLIDESHARE
Raman spectroscopy involves illuminating a sample with monochromatic light, usually from a laser in the visible, near infrared, or near ultraviolet range. Most of the scattered light is of the same wavelength as the incident light (Rayleigh scattering) but a small amount undergoes Raman scattering, resulting in light of different wavelengths. The shift in wavelength corresponds to changes in vibrational and rotational energy levels of molecules, providing a unique spectral fingerprint that can be used to identify molecular structures and compositions.
Flame Photometry is also called as flame emission spectroscopy. Flame Photometry is branch of atomic spectroscopy. It is used to detected certain metal ions like sodium,potassium,magenisum etc.
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to;
describe Connected Components and Contours in image segmentation.
discuss region based segmentation method.
discuss Region Growing segmentation technique.
discuss Morphological Watersheds segmentation.
discuss Model Based Segmentation.
discuss Motion Segmentation.
implement connected components, flood fill, watershed, template matching and frame difference techniques.
formulate possible mechanisms to propose segmentation methods to solve problems.
1) Early NMR spectrometers used permanent magnets or electromagnets with field strengths of 60-100 MHz for proton resonance, while modern instruments use superconducting magnets cooled by liquid helium to achieve fields over 100 MHz.
2) Key requirements of NMR spectrometers include high and stable magnetic field, field homogeneity, and a computer interface.
3) Pulsed Fourier transform (FT) NMR uses a radiofrequency pulse to simultaneously excite all nuclei, and the free induction decay signal is Fourier transformed to obtain the frequency domain spectrum.
UV/Vis spectroscopy is routinely used in analytical chemistry for the quantitative determination of different analytes, such as transition metal ions, highly conjugated organic compounds, and biological macromolecules. Molecules containing bonding and non-bonding electrons undergo electronic transitions and absorb energy in the form of ultraviolet or visible light to excite these electrons to higher anti-bonding molecular orbitals.
The document provides an overview of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). It discusses how LC-MS couples liquid chromatography separation with mass spectrometry detection. Key components discussed include the high performance liquid chromatography system, various ionization sources like electrospray ionization and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, and mass analyzers like quadrupoles, time-of-flight, ion traps, and Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance. Sample preparation methods and applications of LC-MS are also summarized.
X-ray crystallography is a technique used to determine the atomic structure of crystals. X-rays are directed at a crystal and the angles and intensities of the diffracted beams are measured to build a 3D image of electron density within the crystal. This allows the positions of atoms and their bonds to be determined. Different methods like Laue photography, Bragg diffraction, and powder diffraction are used depending on the crystal type. X-ray crystallography has applications in characterizing materials and determining molecular structures.
Presented By :- Raghav Sharma
Class :- M. Pharm, 1st sem.
Department :- Pharmaceutics
Institute :- Parul Institute of Pharmacy
Content :-
Instrumentation and working of flame photometry
Flame atomizer
Nebulizer
Atomizer burner
Monochromator
Detector
Amplifier
Advantages
Disadvantages
Reference
Mass spectrometry is a powerful analytical technique that involves converting samples into gaseous ions and characterizing them by their mass-to-charge ratios. It consists of three major components: an ion source that produces gaseous ions, an analyzer that separates ions by mass, and a detector that measures ion abundance. Mass spectrometry is used to analyze biomolecules like glycans, lipids, proteins, peptides, and oligonucleotides by determining properties like molecular weight and structure. Software tools aid in interpreting mass spectrometry data and identifying unknown compounds and modifications.
X-ray crystallography is a scientific technique used to determine the atomic and molecular structure of crystals. When x-rays strike a crystal, the beam diffracts into specific directions. This diffraction pattern can be analyzed to reveal the nature and structure of the crystal lattice. Bragg's law defines the relationship between x-ray wavelength, diffraction angle, and interplanar spacing and is used to calculate crystal structures from diffraction data. X-ray crystallography is widely used to determine protein structures and has applications in pharmaceuticals, materials science, and other fields.
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is a technique that uses surface plasmons - collective oscillations of electrons at the interface between a metal and a dielectric - to detect changes in the refractive index near the surface. SPR can be used as a highly sensitive biosensor to detect molecular interactions in real-time without labeling. It has applications in areas like biomolecular interaction analysis, epitope mapping, and evaluating non-specific binding for purposes like bio-compatibility testing and tissue engineering.
Quadrupole and Time of Flight Mass analysers.Gagangowda58
Description about important mass analysers Quadrupole and TOF: Principle, Construction and Working, Advantages and Disadvantages and their Applications.
Analytical instruments are used to analyze materials and establish their composition. They provide qualitative and quantitative information through various components like a chemical information source, transducer, signal conditioner and display. Absorption spectroscopy is one of the most common instrumental analysis methods and is based on the absorption of electromagnetic radiation by a substance. Key laws governing absorption spectroscopy include Lambert's law, Beer's law, and the Beer-Lambert law, which relate absorbance to characteristics of the absorbing substance and its concentration. Common types of absorption spectrophotometers are UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometers, which use light in the ultraviolet, visible and near-infrared ranges.
Triple quadrupole mass spectrometers use three quadrupole mass analyzers in tandem. Ions pass through the first quadrupole (Q1) where they can be filtered for a specific m/z. They then enter the collision cell (Q2) where they can be fragmented via collisions with gas. The resulting product ions are analyzed by the third quadrupole (Q3), which can scan a range of m/z or filter for a specific m/z. This allows different scan modes like precursor ion scans, neutral loss scans, and selected/multiple reaction monitoring for applications like proteomics and metabolomics. Triple quadrupole mass spectrometers provide high sensitivity and selectivity for quantitative and qualitative analysis
This document summarizes research on using bimetallic nanoparticles to enhance surface plasmon resonance. Laser ablation in liquids was used to prepare silver, gold, silver-gold mixture, and silver core/gold shell nanoparticles in aqueous solution. The surface plasmon resonance peaks of the nanoparticles could be tuned from 532 to 546 nm by varying the laser parameters, which changed the nanoparticle size and distribution. Increasing the gold shell ablation time enhanced the intensity of the surface plasmon resonance bands. This research demonstrates that bimetallic nanoparticles allow tunable surface plasmon resonance for applications such as optical communication systems and tunable wavelength filters.
This document summarizes nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), a technique used to characterize nanoparticles between 10-1000 nm in size. NTA works by analyzing the Brownian motion of nanoparticles in a liquid using light scattering and microscopy. It can determine particle size distribution, concentration, and other properties like surface charge. NTA has advantages over other techniques like measuring each particle individually and not requiring assumptions about optical properties. It has applications in fields like nanotoxicology, drug delivery, and materials characterization.
This document provides information about infrared detection technology, including the principles of blackbody radiation, emissivity, and Planck's radiation law. It discusses different types of infrared detectors such as photon detectors, which require cooling, and thermal detectors, whose output depends on temperature changes from absorbed radiation. Examples of applications for infrared detectors include medical diagnosis, security/surveillance, and condition monitoring. The document also summarizes infrared imaging and different detector technologies.
This document discusses infrared radiation and infrared temperature measurement. It begins with an introduction to infrared radiation and its uses. It then covers the history of infrared detectors and their development. It describes the measurement principle for infrared temperature measurement, discussing Wien's displacement law, Stefan-Boltzmann law, and Kirchoff's law. It outlines different types of infrared sensors and concludes that the infrared industry is transitioning to enable mass production and detection of cold targets at long ranges.
The document provides an overview of thermal remote sensing. It discusses key concepts like the thermal infrared spectrum, atmospheric windows and absorption bands, fundamental radiation laws, thermal data acquisition using sensors, and applications in mapping forest fires, urban heat islands, volcanoes, and military purposes. Thermal remote sensing allows measuring the true temperature of objects and detecting features not visible in optical remote sensing. It has advantages like temperature measurement but maintaining sensors at low temperatures can be challenging.
Thermal imaging technology detects infrared radiation emitted from objects and converts it into a visible light image. It allows users to identify objects in total darkness or through smoke without using illuminators. Thermal imagers are commonly used by law enforcement for search and rescue operations, perimeter surveillance, firefighting, and more. Key specifications for thermal imagers include resolution, sensitivity, dynamic range, wavelength detection, and display options. Emerging technologies are fusing thermal with visible light images to provide more detail.
Raman spectroscopy involves illuminating a sample with monochromatic light, usually from a laser in the visible, near infrared, or near ultraviolet range. Most of the scattered light is of the same wavelength as the incident light (Rayleigh scattering) but a small amount undergoes Raman scattering, resulting in light of different wavelengths. The shift in wavelength corresponds to changes in vibrational and rotational energy levels of molecules, providing a unique spectral fingerprint that can be used to identify molecular structures and compositions.
Flame Photometry is also called as flame emission spectroscopy. Flame Photometry is branch of atomic spectroscopy. It is used to detected certain metal ions like sodium,potassium,magenisum etc.
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to;
describe Connected Components and Contours in image segmentation.
discuss region based segmentation method.
discuss Region Growing segmentation technique.
discuss Morphological Watersheds segmentation.
discuss Model Based Segmentation.
discuss Motion Segmentation.
implement connected components, flood fill, watershed, template matching and frame difference techniques.
formulate possible mechanisms to propose segmentation methods to solve problems.
1) Early NMR spectrometers used permanent magnets or electromagnets with field strengths of 60-100 MHz for proton resonance, while modern instruments use superconducting magnets cooled by liquid helium to achieve fields over 100 MHz.
2) Key requirements of NMR spectrometers include high and stable magnetic field, field homogeneity, and a computer interface.
3) Pulsed Fourier transform (FT) NMR uses a radiofrequency pulse to simultaneously excite all nuclei, and the free induction decay signal is Fourier transformed to obtain the frequency domain spectrum.
UV/Vis spectroscopy is routinely used in analytical chemistry for the quantitative determination of different analytes, such as transition metal ions, highly conjugated organic compounds, and biological macromolecules. Molecules containing bonding and non-bonding electrons undergo electronic transitions and absorb energy in the form of ultraviolet or visible light to excite these electrons to higher anti-bonding molecular orbitals.
The document provides an overview of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). It discusses how LC-MS couples liquid chromatography separation with mass spectrometry detection. Key components discussed include the high performance liquid chromatography system, various ionization sources like electrospray ionization and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, and mass analyzers like quadrupoles, time-of-flight, ion traps, and Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance. Sample preparation methods and applications of LC-MS are also summarized.
X-ray crystallography is a technique used to determine the atomic structure of crystals. X-rays are directed at a crystal and the angles and intensities of the diffracted beams are measured to build a 3D image of electron density within the crystal. This allows the positions of atoms and their bonds to be determined. Different methods like Laue photography, Bragg diffraction, and powder diffraction are used depending on the crystal type. X-ray crystallography has applications in characterizing materials and determining molecular structures.
Presented By :- Raghav Sharma
Class :- M. Pharm, 1st sem.
Department :- Pharmaceutics
Institute :- Parul Institute of Pharmacy
Content :-
Instrumentation and working of flame photometry
Flame atomizer
Nebulizer
Atomizer burner
Monochromator
Detector
Amplifier
Advantages
Disadvantages
Reference
Mass spectrometry is a powerful analytical technique that involves converting samples into gaseous ions and characterizing them by their mass-to-charge ratios. It consists of three major components: an ion source that produces gaseous ions, an analyzer that separates ions by mass, and a detector that measures ion abundance. Mass spectrometry is used to analyze biomolecules like glycans, lipids, proteins, peptides, and oligonucleotides by determining properties like molecular weight and structure. Software tools aid in interpreting mass spectrometry data and identifying unknown compounds and modifications.
X-ray crystallography is a scientific technique used to determine the atomic and molecular structure of crystals. When x-rays strike a crystal, the beam diffracts into specific directions. This diffraction pattern can be analyzed to reveal the nature and structure of the crystal lattice. Bragg's law defines the relationship between x-ray wavelength, diffraction angle, and interplanar spacing and is used to calculate crystal structures from diffraction data. X-ray crystallography is widely used to determine protein structures and has applications in pharmaceuticals, materials science, and other fields.
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is a technique that uses surface plasmons - collective oscillations of electrons at the interface between a metal and a dielectric - to detect changes in the refractive index near the surface. SPR can be used as a highly sensitive biosensor to detect molecular interactions in real-time without labeling. It has applications in areas like biomolecular interaction analysis, epitope mapping, and evaluating non-specific binding for purposes like bio-compatibility testing and tissue engineering.
Quadrupole and Time of Flight Mass analysers.Gagangowda58
Description about important mass analysers Quadrupole and TOF: Principle, Construction and Working, Advantages and Disadvantages and their Applications.
Analytical instruments are used to analyze materials and establish their composition. They provide qualitative and quantitative information through various components like a chemical information source, transducer, signal conditioner and display. Absorption spectroscopy is one of the most common instrumental analysis methods and is based on the absorption of electromagnetic radiation by a substance. Key laws governing absorption spectroscopy include Lambert's law, Beer's law, and the Beer-Lambert law, which relate absorbance to characteristics of the absorbing substance and its concentration. Common types of absorption spectrophotometers are UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometers, which use light in the ultraviolet, visible and near-infrared ranges.
Triple quadrupole mass spectrometers use three quadrupole mass analyzers in tandem. Ions pass through the first quadrupole (Q1) where they can be filtered for a specific m/z. They then enter the collision cell (Q2) where they can be fragmented via collisions with gas. The resulting product ions are analyzed by the third quadrupole (Q3), which can scan a range of m/z or filter for a specific m/z. This allows different scan modes like precursor ion scans, neutral loss scans, and selected/multiple reaction monitoring for applications like proteomics and metabolomics. Triple quadrupole mass spectrometers provide high sensitivity and selectivity for quantitative and qualitative analysis
This document summarizes research on using bimetallic nanoparticles to enhance surface plasmon resonance. Laser ablation in liquids was used to prepare silver, gold, silver-gold mixture, and silver core/gold shell nanoparticles in aqueous solution. The surface plasmon resonance peaks of the nanoparticles could be tuned from 532 to 546 nm by varying the laser parameters, which changed the nanoparticle size and distribution. Increasing the gold shell ablation time enhanced the intensity of the surface plasmon resonance bands. This research demonstrates that bimetallic nanoparticles allow tunable surface plasmon resonance for applications such as optical communication systems and tunable wavelength filters.
This document summarizes nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), a technique used to characterize nanoparticles between 10-1000 nm in size. NTA works by analyzing the Brownian motion of nanoparticles in a liquid using light scattering and microscopy. It can determine particle size distribution, concentration, and other properties like surface charge. NTA has advantages over other techniques like measuring each particle individually and not requiring assumptions about optical properties. It has applications in fields like nanotoxicology, drug delivery, and materials characterization.
This document provides information about infrared detection technology, including the principles of blackbody radiation, emissivity, and Planck's radiation law. It discusses different types of infrared detectors such as photon detectors, which require cooling, and thermal detectors, whose output depends on temperature changes from absorbed radiation. Examples of applications for infrared detectors include medical diagnosis, security/surveillance, and condition monitoring. The document also summarizes infrared imaging and different detector technologies.
This document discusses infrared radiation and infrared temperature measurement. It begins with an introduction to infrared radiation and its uses. It then covers the history of infrared detectors and their development. It describes the measurement principle for infrared temperature measurement, discussing Wien's displacement law, Stefan-Boltzmann law, and Kirchoff's law. It outlines different types of infrared sensors and concludes that the infrared industry is transitioning to enable mass production and detection of cold targets at long ranges.
The document provides an overview of thermal remote sensing. It discusses key concepts like the thermal infrared spectrum, atmospheric windows and absorption bands, fundamental radiation laws, thermal data acquisition using sensors, and applications in mapping forest fires, urban heat islands, volcanoes, and military purposes. Thermal remote sensing allows measuring the true temperature of objects and detecting features not visible in optical remote sensing. It has advantages like temperature measurement but maintaining sensors at low temperatures can be challenging.
Thermal imaging technology detects infrared radiation emitted from objects and converts it into a visible light image. It allows users to identify objects in total darkness or through smoke without using illuminators. Thermal imagers are commonly used by law enforcement for search and rescue operations, perimeter surveillance, firefighting, and more. Key specifications for thermal imagers include resolution, sensitivity, dynamic range, wavelength detection, and display options. Emerging technologies are fusing thermal with visible light images to provide more detail.
Physics investigatory project on ir based security systemAkash dixit
This certificate certifies that Akash Dixit and Yogesh Malik, students of class XII-B, successfully completed a physics investigatory project on an infrared sensor-based security system under the guidance of their teacher Mr. S.V. Singh during the 2016-2017 school year. The project involved building an infrared sensor security system and studying its working principles and ability to detect intruders.
This presentation provides an overview of infrared thermography (IRT), including its history, working mechanism, advantages, limitations, and applications. IRT is a non-destructive technique that uses infrared radiation to detect and display thermal patterns and temperature values across surfaces. It was developed starting in the 1700s and has increasingly been used for applications like non-destructive testing, surveillance, research, and energy conservation due to benefits like being non-contact, fast, and able to scan large areas in real-time. While useful, IRT also has limitations like higher costs than contact methods and inability to detect interior temperatures through some materials. In summary, the presentation outlines the fundamentals and increasing uses of IRT as an emerging
Modern medical imaging has been digitized using various technologies which are described here in this presentation.Presented in Department of radiology, ,B.Sc Medical Imaging technology,Institute of Medicine, Nepal.
Application of radiography in non destructive testingBalveerCL
Radiography is an imaging technique that uses ionizing radiation like X-rays to view the internal structure of objects. It was discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen and is now widely used for non-destructive testing in industries like manufacturing, aerospace, and oil and gas. Radiography works by passing radiation through an object, where differences in density or thickness absorb varying amounts of radiation. This radiation pattern is captured on film or digitally to reveal internal flaws or defects. While effective for inspecting virtually all materials, radiography does pose health risks from ionizing radiation exposure and requires specialized skills to perform.
1. Infrared radiation is electromagnetic radiation with longer wavelengths than visible light.
2. The discovery of infrared radiation is attributed to astronomer William Herschel in 1800.
3. Infrared radiation is commonly divided into near-infrared, short-wavelength infrared, mid-wavelength infrared, long-wavelength infrared, and far infrared based on wavelength.
Infrared thermography detects infrared energy from objects, converts it to temperature measurements, and creates images showing temperature distribution. Thermographic cameras contain sensors that detect infrared radiation and assign colors to temperature levels, allowing surfaces to be scanned non-contactly. Thermography has applications in electronics troubleshooting, medical diagnostics, industrial inspections, and more. It provides a visual representation of thermal patterns that can reveal issues invisible to the naked eye.
Infrared radiation is electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths longer than those of visible light, ranging from 700 nanometers to 1 millimeter. It is emitted or absorbed by molecules as they change their rotational-vibrational movements. Infrared radiation is used for a variety of applications including night vision, thermography, spectroscopy, telecommunications, and heating.
It state about a transducer by using ; we can harness the energy of sun for our own electrical purposes. Simply using a Renewable Resource for our consumption.
This document summarizes Henry Afam Okpala's master's dissertation on developing a methodology to reduce the thermal signature of objects in the infrared range using flexible water-based coatings. The dissertation aims to develop modern methods of protecting information by reducing leakage through the thermal channel. It calculates the infrared signature of observed objects based on heat radiation from surfaces and analyzes detection in visible and infrared ranges. The document also examines the structure of thermal channel information leaks, spectral reflectance of different surfaces, and images of vehicles in visible and infrared ranges. It proposes a methodology for calculating detection, recognition and identification ranges and evaluates detection ranges of ground objects with different cooling structures. The conclusion emphasizes that developing modern thermal protection methods is important for protecting information
This document summarizes principles and applications of infrared photodetectors. It discusses the history and development of IR detectors from the 1800s to present. There are two main types of IR detectors - photon detectors and thermal detectors. Photon detectors respond to infrared photons and require cryogenic cooling, while thermal detectors respond to changes in temperature. The document focuses on mercury cadmium telluride (HgCdTe) short-wave infrared sensors, which can be tuned to detect different infrared wavelengths depending on their composition. HgCdTe detectors are widely used due to their high electron mobility and ability to absorb infrared radiation.
A Golay cell is a temperature sensor that detects terahertz radiation. It works by using the expansion of xenon gas inside a sealed metal cylinder when heated by absorbed radiation to deform a flexible diaphragm. This motion is detected with a photocell and converted to an electrical signal proportional to radiation intensity. Golay cells can operate at room temperature, are sensitive detectors of broad spectrum terahertz radiation, and are used in applications like medical imaging and security scanning that take advantage of terahertz properties like penetration of materials.
The document discusses infrared radiation and infrared thermometry. It describes how infrared thermometers work by detecting infrared radiation emitted from a target based on the target's temperature. The key components of an infrared system are the target, optics and window, detectors, and display interfaces. The advantages of infrared thermometry include non-contact measurement, speed, and ability to measure at high temperatures. Proper determination of the target's emissivity is important for accuracy. Special considerations apply for measuring metals and other materials.
This presentation provides an overview of infrared thermography (IRT). It discusses how IRT uses infrared cameras to detect differences in temperature across surfaces and produces thermal images. IRT is a non-contact method that allows real-time scanning and has various applications, including predictive maintenance to detect electrical issues and leaks. The presentation reviews the history, basic principles, components of IRT cameras, and limitations. Examples are given of IRT's use in industries like power plants and buildings to identify hotspots and moisture issues. In conclusion, IRT's non-intrusive and fast scanning abilities make it a valuable tool for condition monitoring and energy efficiency.
This document discusses night vision technology and infrared light. It provides information on the different types of infrared light including near infrared, mid infrared, and thermal infrared. It explains how night vision goggles and thermal imaging cameras work by amplifying or detecting low levels of infrared light that are invisible to the naked eye but allow the user to see in dark conditions. Applications of night vision technology include military, law enforcement, hunting, and security/surveillance.
Similar to Intravascular micro bolometer catheter thi (20)
This document discusses developing an artificial intelligence system to predict short-term cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. The goal is to eradicate unexpected heart attacks by predicting risk similar to hurricane forecasts. Existing studies are cited that show over 50% of heart attacks are first symptoms of underlying disease. The document outlines previous work by SHAPE to define vulnerable patients and release guidelines. It proposes using machine learning on existing cohort data to develop algorithms predicting heart attacks within 12 months, and validate the system. The hope is this can trigger preventative actions and add over 10 years to life expectancy. Funding is needed to implement the proposed "Machine Learning Vulnerable Patient Project".
Triggers of cardiovascular events can include physical and emotional stress. Stress from events like earthquakes, blizzards, intense sporting games, and overexertion from activities like snow shoveling have been shown to increase the risk of acute cardiovascular outcomes like myocardial infarction. While modern therapies have improved cardiovascular health, research continues to show temporary increases in cardiovascular mortality associated with highly emotional sporting events even in recent years. Managing risk factors, reducing stress, and utilizing preventative therapies may help reduce the impact of triggers on cardiovascular health.
The document introduces the All of Us Research Program, which aims to collect health data from one million Americans to advance precision medicine research. It was announced by President Obama in 2015. The program receives funding from the federal government and private partners. It collects various types of health data from participants through surveys, health records, samples, and devices. The data is stored and shared securely while protecting privacy. The goal is to generate new medical discoveries and more personalized healthcare through collaboration between researchers and participants.
A machine learning model outperformed the ACC/AHA Pooled Cohort Equations Risk Calculator in detecting high-risk asymptomatic individuals and recommending statin treatment for cardiovascular disease prevention in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. The machine learning model used support vector machines and data augmentation to derive a CVD risk predictor from nine variables in the MESA study population. It demonstrated higher sensitivity, specificity, and AUC compared to the ACC/AHA risk calculator, recommending statin treatment for fewer individuals while missing fewer cardiovascular events.
This document discusses machine learning applications in cardiac imaging presented by Piotr Slomka. It describes how machine learning can improve image analysis, diagnosis, and risk prediction. Machine learning combines multiple data points like imaging and clinical data to predict outcomes. Deep learning can perform tasks like image segmentation. Machine learning provides quantitative scores that predict disease, need for intervention, or patient outcomes to help clinicians. The goal is to integrate machine learning into clinical decision making.
This document summarizes a post-mortem study examining the prevalence of inflammatory cells in non-ruptured atherosclerotic plaques. The study found that moderate or heavy staining for macrophages was present in 45% of femoral artery cross-sections and 84% of femoral arteries had at least one cross-section with moderate/heavy inflammation. There was no observed relationship between the degree of inflammation in the left and right coronary arteries within individuals, indicating the level of local inflammation is locally determined with little predictive value for other arteries.
The document provides guidelines for defining vulnerable plaque and vulnerable patients from the Association for Eradication of Heart Attack. It outlines major and minor histopathological and clinical criteria for vulnerable plaque including active inflammation, thin fibrous cap with large lipid core, endothelial denudation, and stenosis. Potential screening and diagnostic methods are discussed at the plaque, systemic, and blood levels ranging from non-invasive imaging to intravascular techniques. Different types of vulnerable plaque that can cause acute coronary events are also categorized.
Vulnerable plaque refers to dangerous forms of atherosclerotic plaques that can rupture or induce thrombosis, disrupting blood flow. The document discusses the history and research around vulnerable plaque, including pioneers in the field and emerging techniques to detect vulnerable plaque such as intravascular ultrasound, optical coherence tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. It summarizes that vulnerable plaques are typically characterized by a thin fibrous cap, large lipid core, and presence of macrophages.
The document summarizes research on vulnerable plaques and markers of vulnerability. It finds that ruptured plaques are the most common type of culprit lesion, accounting for around 70% of cases. Major criteria for defining vulnerable plaque include outward remodeling, endothelial dysfunction, and a thin fibrous cap with a large lipid core. Both plaque morphology and activity need to be assessed to identify vulnerability.
This document contains a summary of a presentation on vulnerable patient syndrome. It includes PowerPoint slides and videos on defining and identifying vulnerable plaques and patients. It thanks sponsors for their support of the educational event. The slides define vulnerable plaques as those likely to rupture in the future, causing heart attacks, and provide criteria for identifying them based on morphology and activity. Biomarkers and conditions that increase plaque and myocardial vulnerability are also summarized. The presentation outlines a pyramid approach for screening, diagnosing, and treating vulnerable patients annually to help reduce heart attacks and their high costs.
This document discusses triggers for sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) and death (SCD). It notes that over 2/3 of SCD cases are unable to be predicted due to a lack of well-established risk factors. While population risk factors can identify at-risk groups, they cannot predict risk for individuals. The document explores various biological, anatomical, and environmental factors that can precipitate fatal arrhythmias and discusses how the timing of transient initiating events is critical for the development of ventricular tachyarrhythmias. It emphasizes that myocardial electrophysiological processes likely determine the onset or lack of VT/VF/SCD and that immediate access to automated external defibrillators is needed to save lives.
This document summarizes presentations from symposia on vulnerable plaque and discusses the relationship between plaque, blood, and patients in atherothrombosis. It notes that multiple factors like diabetes, smoking, and hyperlipidemia can make blood more thrombogenic and moderate the severity of acute events after plaque rupture. Statins, aspirin, and other drugs that target tissue factor or thrombin pathways may be promising antithrombotic agents by inhibiting thrombosis initiation and propagation.
The document discusses vulnerable plaque and challenges in detecting and treating it. It describes various imaging techniques for detecting vulnerable plaque such as thermography, MRI, CT angiography, and optical coherence tomography. However, it notes that while these can identify high-risk features, it remains unclear what exactly defines vulnerable plaque and whether imaging findings truly correlate with risk. The document also notes that while statins reduce events, the relationship between plaque burden and events is unclear, and better defining and detecting the disease is still needed before new therapies can be developed.
1) The study examined 92 hearts from patients with severe coronary artery disease who died suddenly. The hearts were sectioned and plaque types were classified.
2) The number of "vulnerable" plaques, particularly thin cap atheromas, was highest in hearts of patients who died from acute plaque rupture and lowest in those with incidental disease.
3) Thin cap atheromas and other unstable plaque types were concentrated in the proximal coronary segments, similar to the distribution of plaque ruptures. The study suggests vulnerable plaques contribute to acute coronary syndromes and are non-uniformly distributed within the coronary arteries.
1) Drug-coated stents, particularly those coated with sirolimus, have shown promise in reducing restenosis compared to bare metal stents. Sirolimus inhibits cell proliferation and has been shown in studies to reduce intimal hyperplasia and restenosis in animal models by 50% or more.
2) A study by Suzuki et al. found that a sirolimus-coated stent reduced restenosis by 50% through inhibiting cellular proliferation in a dose-dependent manner compared to a bare metal stent. Adding dexamethasone to the coating did not provide additional benefit.
3) If results of the RAVEL clinical trial showing "zero" restenosis out to 5 years
This document discusses drug-coated stents for preventing restenosis. It summarizes a study showing that stents coated with sirolimus via a polymer matrix reduced restenosis by 50% by inhibiting cell proliferation. Adding dexamethasone provided no additional benefit. Other studies also showed sirolimus inhibits smooth muscle cell proliferation. If results of the RAVEL trial showing "zero" restenosis at 210 days hold true long-term, sirolimus-coated stents may become the standard therapy for coronary revascularization. Questions are raised about whether coating vulnerable plaques could be a primary treatment and if multiple vulnerable plaques would all be stented.
1) Drug-coated stents, particularly those coated with sirolimus, have shown promise in reducing restenosis compared to bare metal stents. Sirolimus inhibits cell proliferation and has been shown in studies to reduce intimal hyperplasia and restenosis in animal models by 50% or more.
2) A study by Suzuki et al. found that a sirolimus-coated stent reduced restenosis by 50% through inhibiting cellular proliferation in a dose-dependent manner compared to a bare metal stent. Adding dexamethasone to the coating did not provide additional benefit.
3) If results of the RAVEL clinical trial showing "zero" restenosis out to 5 years
I. This document discusses various animal models that have been used to study atherosclerosis and plaque rupture, including quail, pigeons, chickens, dogs, monkeys, pigs, rats, rabbits, and mice. It provides details on the types of lesions developed and similarities to human disease for each model.
II. The double knockout LDL/apoE mice are highlighted as offering improvements in studying clinical complications of atherosclerosis like human heart disease. However, it is unclear how closely they model vulnerable plaques.
III. Questions are raised about how closely the coagulation systems of these animal models resemble humans and whether any model fully captures repeated plaque ruptures and the role of aging in natural history as seen in humans.
Trans-Blood Vision is a patented infrared technique that uses short-wave infrared wavelengths to see directly through blood. It has the potential to find vulnerable plaque lesions without first entering them, determine their size and surface characteristics in high resolution, and look at their material constituents both on and below the surface. While it cannot provide direct visual guidance for therapy or penetrate as deeply as ultrasound, combining it with augmentative technologies could allow for real-time multi-mode detection, analysis, and therapy guidance of vulnerable plaque lesions. The document concludes that Trans-Blood Vision warrants significant investigation, possibly in combination with other emerging technologies.
This study used intravascular ultrasound to examine arterial remodeling and plaque characteristics in 131 patients with either stable angina or recent unstable symptoms. Patients with unstable presentations had greater plaque burden at the culprit lesion despite similar luminal narrowing, and a greater extent of positive arterial remodeling compared to those with stable angina. The culprit lesions in unstable patients also showed a higher rate of echolucent plaque morphology. This suggests that bulky, remodeled plaques may be more vulnerable to rupture, leading to acute coronary syndromes. Further prospective study is needed to better understand the relationship between clinical presentation and plaque features.
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Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
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1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
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2. 09/17/16 2
Introduction to Infrared
Technology
• Infrared detectors and detector arrays are used
in many fields of applications today.
• Many of these are based on passive detection
of thermally emitted electromagnetic
radiations as described by the Planck’s law.
• In this way it is possible to image objects in
darkness, or carry out contactless temperature
measurement.
3. 09/17/16 3
Blackbody & Blackbody Radiation
• Central to radiation thermometry is the
concept of the blackbody. The
blackbody concept is important
because it shows that radiant power
depends on temperature.
• Kirchhoff defined a blackbody as a
surface that neither reflects nor
transmits, but absorbs all incident
radiation, independent of direction and
wavelength.
4. 09/17/16 4
• In addition to absorbing all incident
radiation, a blackbody is a perfect radiating
body. To describe the emitting capabilities of a
surface in comparison to a blackbody, Kirchoff
defined emissivity of a real surface as the ratio
of the thermal radiation emitted by a surface at
a given temperature to that of a blackbody at the
same temperature and for the same spectral and
directional conditions.
• Boltzmann showed that the radiation emitted
by a blackbody is proportional to the fourth
power of the absolute temperature of the
surface.
5. 09/17/16 5
• Almost all of the real objects and surfaces
have emissivities less than 1. Objects with
an emissivity less than one are named
graybodies. Most organic objects are
graybodies, with an emissivity between
0.90 and 0.95.
• Boylan A. et al reported that emissivities of
burn wound tissues were in the range 0.976-
0.992, greater than those of intact skin by
0.01-0.03.
• We speculate plaque emissivity is similar to
wound lesions.
7. 09/17/16 7
Result of emissivity measurement
Burn wounds and tissue
Superficial partial thickness burn(scalp) 0.976 ± 0.006
Partial thickness burn(arm) 0.992 ± 0.001
Deep Partial thickness burn(buttock) 0.982 ± 0.004
Full thickness burn(hands) 0.977 ± 0.010
Skin in vitro with epidermis removed 0.970 ± 0.010
Skin in vivo with dermal layer removed 0.985 ± 0.007
Normal Skin
Intact skin mean of 12 subjects 0.961 ± 0.007
Intact skin in vitro 0.968 ± 0.003
Set of measurements on one subject
Skin dry 0.971 ± 0.001
Skin with layer of moisture 0.978 ± 0.004
Skin covered by layer of cling film 0.968 ± 0.002
Skin with talc applied 0.875 ± 0.011
9. 09/17/16 9
Planck’s Radiation Law
Planck's distribution shows that as
wavelength varies, emitted radiation
varies continuously. As temperature
increases, the total amount of energy
emitted increases and the peak of the
curve shifts to the left, or toward the
shorter wavelengths.
11. 09/17/16 11
Planck’s radiation law states that
every object at a temperature above
absolute zero emits
electromagnetic radiation.
The higher the temperature the
higher is the emitted intensity.
The wavelength of maximum
intensity decreases when the
temperature increases.
12. 09/17/16 12
Trends in Application &
Marketing of Infrared Detectors
It is notable, that from a global perspective, for
many years all the major breakthroughs in infrared
technology, and the major purchases of infrared
equipment, have been funded by a military
sponsor. Consequently, the technology has been
developed with the military use in mind, and the
emphasis been on high performance IR systems,
predominantly cooled photon detectors.
14. 09/17/16 14
However, the main future trend will most
certainly be to reexamine one of the strengths
of infrared technology i. e. its suitability to
applications outside the military sector, and
meeting the needs of the civil customer.
The civil sector can accept a lower
performance, but the price per unit must be
kept low, and the equipment user friendly.
The medium performance, uncooled
thermal detector technology is certainly
suitable for this.
18. 09/17/16 18
Hot 2x4s Inside Bedroom Walls (Can be used to locate
secret compartments!)
Visible Image Shows
Surface Only
Uncooled Image Shows
Wall Structure
21. 09/17/16 21
General Motors says it will be the first automaker to offer
night vision technology when its 2000 model Cadillac
DeVille goes on sale next year.
22. 09/17/16 22
•Cadillac's Night Vision uses an infrared heat sensor mounted in the
front grille.
•The sensor detects heat as low as 0 degrees Fahrenheit from objects
as far as 500 yards in front of the car, five times the distance low-
beam headlights reach. People, cars and other objects appear as white
images in a black background, similar to a photo negative.
•The images are projected onto a 4x10-inch area above the steering
wheel but below the driver's line of sight.
24. 09/17/16 24
It is difficult to
see the veins in
this forearm with
visible light.
The high sensitivity of
an array can detect
the increased
temperature of venous
blood flow in the same
arm.
25. 09/17/16 25
Image showing different
facial temperatures. Note
cold nose and ears.
Cold Sweat Glands on
Fingertip
27. 09/17/16 27
Photon Detectors
The absorption of long-wavelength
radiation by photon detectors results
directly in some specific quantum event,
such as the photoelectric emission of
electrons from a surface, or electronic
interband transitions in semiconductor
materials. Therefore, the output of photon
detectors is governed by the rate of
absorption of photons and not directly on
the photon energy.
28. 09/17/16 28
Photon detectors normally require cooling
down to cryogenic temperatures in order to
get rid of excessive dark current, but in
return their general performance is higher,
with larger detectivities and smaller
response times. In most cases photon
detectors need to be cooled to cryogenic
temperatures, i. e. down to 77 K (liquid
nitrogen) or 4 K (liquid helium). Quantum
Well Infrared Photodetector (QWIP) Arrays
is a type of photon detector.
29. 09/17/16 29
Background Limited Infrared
Photodetector (BLIP)
• The current from an infrared detector may be
subdivided into two parts: photocurrent and dark
current. The photocurrent is the useful response of
the detector, whereas the dark current is an
undesired part.
• Photocurrent results from absorption of infrared
photons in the detector. These photons create
charge carriers which can be collected as a
photocurrent.
30. 09/17/16 30
Dark current is by definition present even if the
detector is not illuminated. The origin of dark
current is usually thermal excitation of charge
carriers, a process that competes with
photoexcitation. Due to the thermal origin, dark
current depends on the detector temperature. The
most efficient way of getting rid of dark current is
to cool down the detector to a temperature where
the photocurrent becomes the dominant one.
However, since cooling is expensive, during the
detector design phase, every action should be
taken to minimize dark current and maximize
photocurrent.
31. 09/17/16 31
• When photocurrent dominates over dark current
the detector is said to be background limited or
BLIP (Background Limited Infrared
Photodetector). Background here means the high
temperature (not cooled) surroundings or scene
(including imaged objects) within the detector
field of view. The background scene emits
infrared photons sensed by the detector giving rise
to a photocurrent.
• Usually BLIP temperature is defined as the
temperature where the photocurrent is ten times as
large as the dark current.
33. 09/17/16 33
Photoconductive Detectors
The function of photoconductive detectors are
based on the photogeneration of charge carriers
(electrons, holes or electron-hole pairs). These
charge carriers increase the conductivity of the
device material. Detector materials possible to
utilize for photoconductive detectors are:
*indium antimonide (InSb)
*quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP)
*mercury cadmium telluride (mercad, MCT)
*lead sulfide (PbS)
*lead selenide (PbSe)
34. 09/17/16 34
Photovoltaic Detectors
Photovoltaic devices require an internal potential
barrier with a built-in electric field in order to
separate photo-generated electron-hole pair.
Whereas the current-voltage characteristics of
photoconductive devices are symmetric with
respect to the polarity of the applied voltage,
photovoltaic devices exhibit rectifying behavior.
Examples of photovoltaic infrared detector types
are:
*indium antimonide (InSb)
*mercury cadmium telluride (MCT)
*platinum silicide (PtSi) - silicon Schottky barrier
35. 09/17/16 35
Thermal Detector Arrays
In contrast to photon detectors, the operation of
thermal detectors depends on a two-step
process.
1. The absorption of infrared radiation in these
detectors raises the temperature of the device,
2. which in turn changes some temperature-
dependent parameter such as electrical
conductivity.
Thermal detectors may be thermopile
(Seebeck effect), Golay cell detectors,
pyroelectric detectors, or bolometer.
36. 09/17/16 36
Bolometer
• A resistive bolometer contains a
resistive material, whose resistivity
changes with temperature.
• To achieve high sensitivity the
Temperature Coefficient of the
Resistivity (TCR) should be as large as
possible and the Noise resulting from
contacts and the material itself should
be low.
37. 09/17/16 37
Resistive Materials in Bolometer
Resistive materials could be metals such as
platinum, or semiconductors (thermistors).
Metals usually have low noise but have low
temperature coefficients (about 0.2 %/K),
semiconductors have high temperature
coefficients (1-4 %/K) but are prone to be
more noisy. Semiconductors used for
infrared detectors are,e. g., polycrystalline
silicon, or vanadium oxide.
39. 09/17/16 39
ROIC
The electronic chip used to
multiplex or read out the signals
from the detector elements are
usually called readout integrated
circuit (ROIC) or (analogue)
multiplexer.
45. 09/17/16 45
NETD
NETD is an abbreviation for Noise
Equivalent Temperature Difference
and is a measure of the smallest
object temperature difference
possible to detect by an IR camera.
46. 09/17/16 46
Thermal Detector specification
The requirement on detector arrays
comprising the detectors integrated
with readout electronics is a
temperature resolution (NETD)
< 100 mK, for a camera optics
f-number = 1 and 50 Hz frame rate.
47. 09/17/16 47
Vacuum Encapsulation
The major requirement for achieving high
sensitivity is an efficient thermal insulation
between the detector element and the
substrate. This necessitates vacuum
encapsulation of the detector. Next in
importance is a sensitive means of
temperature detection. Semiconductor based
layers (thermistors) with large temperature
coefficient, and pyroelectric materials, are
good choices.
48. 09/17/16 48
Advantage & Disadvantage of Thermal
Detectors
• The major advantage of thermal detectors is that
they can operate at room temperature (Uncooled
Detector).
• The sensitivity is lower and the response time
longer than for photon detectors. This makes
thermal detectors suitable for focal plane array
(FPA) operation, where the latter two properties
are less critical.
50. 09/17/16 50
Infrared Imaging
• There are two basic types of infrared imaging
systems: mechanical scanning systems and
systems based on detector arrays without
scanner.
• A mechanical scanner utilizes one or more
moving mirrors to sample the object plane
sequentially in a row-wise manner and project
these onto the detector . The advantage is that
only one single detector is needed. The drawbacks
are that high precision and thus expensive opto-
mechanical parts are needed, and the detector
response time has to be short.
51. 09/17/16 51
Infrared Imaging
Detector arrays operated as focal plane arrays
(FPA) (or staring arrays) are located in the focal
plane of a camera system, and are thus replacing
the film of a conventional camera for visible light.
The advantage is that no moving mechanical parts
are needed and that the detector sensitivity can be
low and the detector slow.The drawback is that the
detector array is more complicated to fabricate.
However, with the ascent of rational methods for
semiconductor fabrication, economy will be
advantageous, provided that production volumes
are large. The general trend is that infrared camera
systems will be based on FPAs, except for special
applications.
52. 09/17/16 52
Infrared Imaging
• The spatial resolution of the image is determined
by the number of pixels of the detector array.
• Common formats for commercial infrared
detectors are 320x240 pixels (320 columns, 240
rows), and 640x480. The latter format (or
something close to it), which is nearly the
resolution obtained by standard TV, will probably
become commercially available in the next few
years.
53. 09/17/16 53
Detector arrays are more complicated to
fabricate, since besides the detector
elements with the function of responding to
radiation, electronic circuitry is needed to
multiplex all the detector signals to one or
a few output leads in a serial manner. The
output from the array is either in analogue
or digital form.
64. 09/17/16 64
Cost Reduction
The price of Infrared Camera:
$40000-$60000
IR Fibro Optic Bundles:
The price of fiber per meter:$100-$200
The average number of fibers for each bundle:100
The average length of each bundle:1.5 meter
$15000-$30000
Total cost saving
$55000-$90000
66. 09/17/16 66
Cost-Effectiveness of different Options
1. Plaque Imaging Model(10 mm option)
Cost:
Area of each Pixel = 25 x 25 =625 µ²
Detecting Area= [10 x (2 x 3.14 x (½)] = 31.4 x 106µ²
Interpixels Area = 10% of each pixel area
Net Detecting Area=28.26 x 106µ²
The Number of Pixels = 45670 ~ 45500 spots
(It is far more than enough because each fiber optic
bundle can visualize 100 spots of the plaque)
Advantages: Instantaneous Viewing of the Plaque
Drawback: High Cost, Inflexibility
(Minimal Bending Radius)
67. 09/17/16 67
Cost-Effectiveness of Different options
2. Linear Imaging Model(1 mm)
Cost:
Area of each Pixel = 25 x 25 =625 µ²
Detecting Area = [1 x (2 x 3.14 x (½)] = 3.14 x 106µ²
Interpixels Area = 10% of each pixel area
Net Detecting Area = 2.826 x 106µ²
The Number of Pixels =4560 ~ 4500
Advantages:Low Cost, Flexible
Drawback:Needs software for the image
reconstruction