Intertextuality refers to relationships between texts, where one text makes references to other texts through allusions or direct citations. Julia Kristeva coined the term to describe how an audience's understanding of a text is influenced by codes from other texts. There are three types of intertextual references: obligatory, optional, and accidental. Genres often contain intertextual references through conventions that reference prior works in that genre. Music videos frequently use intertextuality, making references through settings, costumes, and homages to other works, such as Goldfish's references to nerd culture, Madonna's homage to Marilyn Monroe, and Iggy Azalea's recreation of the film "Clueless".