The document describes various types of systems. It states that systems engineering is applied to open, physical systems that are human-made or modified from largely precedented elements. It provides examples of different types of systems, including: - Open systems that interact with their environment and closed systems that are isolated - Natural, human-made, and human-modified systems - Physical and conceptual systems - Precedented systems that have been produced before and unprecedented systems requiring research It discusses systems in terms of their capabilities and operational aspects beyond just hardware and software, such as organization, personnel, facilities, data, and procedures. Systems can be described logically in terms of functions and physically in terms of their elements. System

1. System Thinking

2. System Fundamentals
Types of Systems

3. Session Outcome
▪ Describe the various system types

4. Type 1 - Systems
Open System – Interacts with its
operating environment through inputs
and outputs across the boundary
Closed System – Isolated from its
external environment
4Dr.P.Karthikeyan, Associate Professor – IT, TCE, Madurai
SoI
External element
External
Interface (I/O)

5. Type 2 - Systems
Natural System – contains natural
elements – result of natural processes
Human Made System – contains
human-made /natural elements
adapted to human designed purposes
Human Modified System – natural
system modified by human
5Dr.P.Karthikeyan, Associate Professor – IT, TCE, Madurai
https://www.deccanherald.com

6. Type 3 - Systems
Physical Systems– exists in a physical
form
Conceptual System – do not have
physical form
6Dr.P.Karthikeyan, Associate Professor – IT, TCE, Madurai

7. Type 4 - Systems
Precedented System – has been
produced before
Unprecedented System – has not been
produced yet. It requires research and
development.
7Dr.P.Karthikeyan, Associate Professor – IT, TCE, Madurai

8. “ Systems engineering is
applied to open,
physical systems that are
human-made/modified
from largely
precedented elements
8Dr.P.Karthikeyan, Associate Professor – IT, TCE, Madurai

9. Wider System
of Interest
(WSoI)
▪ Operating environment
▪ Wider environment
9Dr.P.Karthikeyan, Associate Professor – IT, TCE, Madurai

10. Aircraft System
10
▪ During Rain/Snow/Fog
▫ Wings - subsystems
▫ Radar – subsystems
▫ Engine - subsystems
Dr.P.Karthikeyan, Associate Professor – IT, TCE, Madurai
https://code7700.com/g450_ice_and_rain.htm

11. System as a Product
In a physical sense, the term “System” considered as
“Product”
The outcome of a system may be a product or system
delivers product.
11Dr.P.Karthikeyan, Associate Professor – IT, TCE, Madurai

12. Few System Products
12Dr.P.Karthikeyan, Associate Professor – IT, TCE, Madurai
 Development product
 Test product
 Training product
 Disposal product
 Support product

13. System – Operational Capability
Systems are much
more than an
aggregation of
Hardware and
Software products
Also include
Organisation,
personnel, collective
training systems,
facilities, data,
support, operating
procedures and
policies
13Dr.P.Karthikeyan, Associate Professor – IT, TCE, Madurai

14. Aircraft System Capabilities
14
▪ Personnel – air crew operation
▪ Support – maintenance
▪ Facilities – terminals
▪ Org. policies – operate system
▪ Collective Training – air crew & ground
crew
▪ Data – specification to operate
▪ Major equipment – HW & SW
Dr.P.Karthikeyan, Associate Professor – IT, TCE, Madurai
https://www.geaviation.com

15. System – Descriptions
System can be described
in two broad ways
Logical (functional)
▪ What it will do
▪ How well it will do
▪ How it will be tested
▪ What condition it will
perform
▪ What other systems
will be involved
Physical
▪ What are the system
elements
▪ How they look
▪ How they are to be
manufactured,
integrated and tested
15Dr.P.Karthikeyan, Associate Professor – IT, TCE, Madurai
System
Requirements

16. System – Architecture
System architecture
can be described in
two broad ways
SystemLogical
Architecture
▪ Requirements break-
down structure (RBS)
SystemPhysical
Architecture
▪ Work break-down
structure (WBS)
16Dr.P.Karthikeyan, Associate Professor – IT, TCE, Madurai
System
Subsystem
Assemblies
Components
Mission
Function 1
Function
1.1
Function
1.2
Function 2
Function
2.1

17. System of Systems
17Dr.P.Karthikeyan, Associate Professor – IT, TCE, Madurai
System of Interest
(SoI)
System
Subsystem
System
Elements
Subsystem
System
Elements
System
Subsystem
System
Elements
System of Systems (SoS)

18. 18
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