Internet
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The document provides an overview of the internet, including what it is, how it works, and how to access and navigate it. It explains that the internet is a system of interconnected computers that share information globally through various methods like the world wide web. It also describes how people can connect to the internet through options like dial-up, DSL, cable, or wireless connections. Additionally, it outlines common internet tools and applications such as browsers, websites, email, and search engines that allow people to access and share information online.
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Internet basics for seniors
The document provides an overview of using the internet and the world wide web. It explains that the internet is a worldwide network of connected computers that uses protocols like TCP/IP, and the world wide web is a system for finding and sharing information through hyperlinks on interconnected web pages. It then gives instructions on basic internet and web functions, describes how to effectively search for information online using search engines and directories, and provides some tips and resources for beginners on using the internet.
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The document provides an overview of basic internet concepts. It explains that the internet is a worldwide network that connects millions of computers and allows them to share information. It describes how local area networks connect computers in a small area like a home or office, while wide area networks connect computers over longer distances like the internet. It then explains that servers store and share information to client computers upon request, and that the world wide web is a system of internet documents connected by hyperlinks that people access through web browsers using URLs.
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The document discusses the Internet and its various uses and components. It defines the Internet as the interconnection of computer networks using TCP/IP protocols. It describes common Internet facilities like email, e-commerce, e-banking, online reservations, search engines, chatting and video conferencing. It also discusses types of Internet connections, web browsers, domain names, websites for different purposes, and technologies used to develop websites.
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The document provides information about the internet and how it works. It explains that every computer on the internet has a unique IP address made up of four numbers between 0 and 255. It then describes the world wide web as a system of interlinked hypertext documents that are accessed via the internet using a web browser. URLs are used to identify each web address and contain parts like the web address and page location. The document outlines several common uses of the internet like email, news, file transfers, online services, and social media. It also discusses search engines and how to perform searches effectively.
Internet basics
this pdf file description
what is the Internet Basics topics likes ;
what is the internet
What is the World Wide Web?
Exploring the Internet using Microsoft Internet Explorer
What is a URL?
What are Domains? and so on.
Basic Internet Concepts
The World Wide Web (WWW) is a worldwide collection of electronic documents that can contain text, graphics, sound, video, and connections between pages. Each document is called a Web page and is accessed through a Web browser. A Web site is a collection of related Web pages, with the home page often providing connections to other pages within the site.
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Internet basics for seniors
The document provides an overview of using the internet and the world wide web. It explains that the internet is a worldwide network of connected computers that uses protocols like TCP/IP, and the world wide web is a system for finding and sharing information through hyperlinks on interconnected web pages. It then gives instructions on basic internet and web functions, describes how to effectively search for information online using search engines and directories, and provides some tips and resources for beginners on using the internet.
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The document provides an overview of basic internet concepts. It explains that the internet is a worldwide network that connects millions of computers and allows them to share information. It describes how local area networks connect computers in a small area like a home or office, while wide area networks connect computers over longer distances like the internet. It then explains that servers store and share information to client computers upon request, and that the world wide web is a system of internet documents connected by hyperlinks that people access through web browsers using URLs.
Internet basic
The document discusses the Internet and its various uses and components. It defines the Internet as the interconnection of computer networks using TCP/IP protocols. It describes common Internet facilities like email, e-commerce, e-banking, online reservations, search engines, chatting and video conferencing. It also discusses types of Internet connections, web browsers, domain names, websites for different purposes, and technologies used to develop websites.
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The document provides an introduction to basic internet concepts for seniors. It covers what the internet is, how to use a web browser and mouse, how to visit known and unknown websites, and basic terminology like URLs, hyperlinks, home pages, and web pages. It aims to explain the essential tools and navigation needed to begin exploring the internet.
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The document provides basic training on using the internet for teachers. It discusses what the internet is, the necessary equipment like computers, modems, telephone lines and internet service providers. It also describes some of the main features and services available on the internet like email, accessing information, programs, entertainment, discussion groups and online shopping. It explains concepts like websites, web pages, homepages, URLs and web browsers. It provides examples of using search engines to find information and how to save web pages.
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The document provides information about the internet and how it works. It explains that every computer on the internet has a unique IP address made up of four numbers between 0 and 255. It then describes the world wide web as a system of interlinked hypertext documents that are accessed via the internet using a web browser. URLs are used to identify each web address and contain parts like the web address and page location. The document outlines several common uses of the internet like email, news, file transfers, online services, and social media. It also discusses search engines and how to perform searches effectively.
Internet basics
this pdf file description
what is the Internet Basics topics likes ;
what is the internet
What is the World Wide Web?
Exploring the Internet using Microsoft Internet Explorer
What is a URL?
What are Domains? and so on.
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Beekman5 std ppt_10
The document provides an overview of the Internet and the World Wide Web. It discusses how the Internet is a network of networks that connects computers worldwide using TCP/IP protocols. The Web is a system for browsing and searching distributed documents linked by hyperlinks that are accessed using Web browsers. Web pages use HTML codes to determine formatting and are hosted on Web servers at sites accessed by URLs.
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This document provides an overview of the basics of the internet. It defines the internet as a global system of interconnected computer networks that use TCP/IP protocols to link billions of devices worldwide. It describes internet service providers, connection options like dial-up, cable and wireless, browsers like Internet Explorer and Chrome, URL structures, search engines, privacy concerns, and the importance of antivirus software to protect against viruses. The goal is to educate users about fundamental internet concepts.
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The document defines key Internet terms and concepts, describes Internet browsers and services, and outlines the benefits of the Internet. It defines the Internet as a global system of interconnected computer networks that share information using communication protocols. It describes common Internet terms like homepage, web page, browsing, and web browser. It also covers Internet services like email, chat, file transfer, and discusses benefits like online banking, communication, research, e-commerce, and online education.
HHCJ AMUMARA:COMPUTER STUDIES LECTURE NOTE FOR SS3:004
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Google Drive was selected as the optimal online file storage solution. As a free cross-platform option, it allows users to easily upload, access, and collaboratively edit files in real-time from any device. While it lacks some of Microsoft Office's features when editing files, its seamless integration across platforms and ability for simultaneous work makes it very functional.
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The document defines key terms related to the internet such as homepage, web page, browse, web browser, web server, chat, chat room, HTML, ISP, cyber cafe, cyberspace, download, upload, email, FTP, HTTP, URL, and World Wide Web. It discusses internet browsers like Mozilla Firefox, Opera, Internet Explorer, Google Chrome, and Safari. It outlines features of internet browsers such as the title bar, menu bar, address bar, status bar, and scroll bar. The document also lists types of internet services and the benefits of using the internet such as online banking, communication, searching, researching, online shopping, worldwide media accessibility, and online degrees.
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The document provides an overview of the Internet and the World Wide Web. It discusses how the Internet is a network of networks that connects computers worldwide using TCP/IP protocols. The Web is a system for browsing and searching distributed documents linked by hyperlinks that are accessed using Web browsers. Web pages use HTML codes to determine formatting and are hosted on Web servers at sites accessed by URLs.
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The document discusses the basics of the internet and how it works. It explains that the internet is a worldwide network of interconnected computers that allows people to access information from around the world. It describes some of the common things people can do online, such as email, getting news and information, and accessing government services. It also provides an overview of different types of internet connections like dial-up, broadband, wireless, and satellite. Finally, it discusses how to create a basic website using HTML and upload it to a server so that it can be accessed worldwide.
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This document provides an overview of the internet and world wide web. It discusses that the internet is a global network connecting millions of computers using various connection types, while the web is a collection of documents and webpages stored on connected computers. It then covers topics like how the internet is used, how connections are made, addressing schemes, the basics of how the web works with websites and browsers, and some advantages and disadvantages of the internet.
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The Internet is a network of networks that connects computers worldwide, allowing them to share data. It consists of private, public, academic, business, and government networks linked by a broad array of electronic and optical networking technologies. The Internet provides access to a variety of communication services including email, instant messaging, voice and video calls, and social networking. It allows people to visit websites, search for information, shop online, and work remotely.
More about the internet
The document provides information about the internet, its history, how to connect to it, and some advanced uses. It discusses that the internet is a collection of networks with no single governing body. It formed in the 1980s and 1990s through organizations like the IAB and IRTF. To connect, one needs a computer, modem, internet access software, and to sign up with an ISP. Advanced uses include online education, newsgroups, online newspapers, video conferencing, e-commerce, downloading, and chatting.
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The Internet is a global network of interconnected computers that allows users to communicate and access information in several ways. It requires a computer, modem, telephone line, web browser, and internet service provider to connect. Once connected, users can access the World Wide Web to find a wide variety of educational, business, and other information organized into websites through URLs. Common methods of online communication include email, chat, messaging, and social media.
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This document provides an overview of the basics of the internet. It defines the internet as a global system of interconnected computer networks that use TCP/IP protocols to link billions of devices worldwide. It describes internet service providers, connection options like dial-up, cable and wireless, browsers like Internet Explorer and Chrome, URL structures, search engines, privacy concerns, and the importance of antivirus software to protect against viruses. The goal is to educate users about fundamental internet concepts.
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The document discusses key concepts about the Internet and World Wide Web. It covers the history of the Internet and how it has grown over time. It explains how to connect to the Internet using various technologies. The document also describes the World Wide Web and how web browsers work to display web pages. Finally, it outlines different types of websites and how multimedia such as graphics, audio and video are used on web pages.
Educational Technology
This document provides an introduction to educational technology. It defines educational technology as focusing on developing teacher materials and student outputs while introducing learning theories and principles for instructional design. It discusses behavioral technology which aims to modify teaching behaviors and instructional technology as a systematic process of learning and teaching. The document also outlines six uses of information technology in education such as providing educational resources, enabling instant access to information, supporting full-time learning, facilitating group learning, enhancing teaching through audio/visual aids, and enabling long-distance learning. It further discusses how information and communication technologies can help improve education quality by motivating learning, facilitating basic skills acquisition, and enhancing teacher training.
HHCJ AMUMARA:COMPUTER STUDIES LECTURE NOTE FOR SS3:004
The document defines key Internet terms and concepts, describes Internet browsers and services, and outlines the benefits of the Internet. It defines the Internet as a global system of interconnected computer networks that share information using communication protocols. It describes common Internet terms like homepage, web page, browsing, and web browser. It also covers Internet services like email, chat, file transfer, and discusses benefits like online banking, communication, research, e-commerce, and online education.
HHCJ AMUMARA:COMPUTER STUDIES LECTURE NOTE FOR SS3:004
The document defines key Internet terms and concepts, describes Internet browsers and services, and outlines the benefits of the Internet. It defines the Internet as a global system of interconnected computer networks that share information using communication protocols. It describes common Internet terms like homepage, web page, browsing, and web browser. It also covers Internet services like email, chat, file transfer, and discusses benefits like online banking, communication, research, e-commerce, and online education.
Week 4 internet overview
The document provides an overview of the internet and how to use it. It defines key internet concepts like servers, clients, websites, and web browsers. It demonstrates how to connect to the internet at home through wired or wireless connections. It also shows how to perform common web browser tasks like searching, bookmarking, and downloading files. The goal is to give students basic skills and understanding of using and navigating the internet.
Part1saintsfinal
Google Drive was selected as the optimal online file storage solution. As a free cross-platform option, it allows users to easily upload, access, and collaboratively edit files in real-time from any device. While it lacks some of Microsoft Office's features when editing files, its seamless integration across platforms and ability for simultaneous work makes it very functional.
Skype was chosen as the preferred internet calling tool given its free basic functionality for voice and video calls. Unlike some other options, Skype has withstood the test of time and remains one of the most widely used and recognized brands for this purpose.
Finally, email was selected as the group's primary communication method. As a technology with near-universal adoption
HHCJ AMUMARA:COMPUTER STUDIES LECTURE NOTE FOR SS2:004
The document defines key terms related to the internet such as homepage, web page, browse, web browser, web server, chat, chat room, HTML, ISP, cyber cafe, cyberspace, download, upload, email, FTP, HTTP, URL, and World Wide Web. It discusses internet browsers like Mozilla Firefox, Opera, Internet Explorer, Google Chrome, and Safari. It outlines features of internet browsers such as the title bar, menu bar, address bar, status bar, and scroll bar. The document also lists types of internet services and the benefits of using the internet such as online banking, communication, searching, researching, online shopping, worldwide media accessibility, and online degrees.
Top services provided by internet
The document summarizes various internet services including communication services like email and newsgroups, information retrieval services like FTP and Archie, web services, the world wide web, video conferencing, online shopping, net banking, protocols, educational apps and resources, enhanced online storage capacity, and how online services can reduce time spent on tasks like food delivery, ticket booking, hotel booking, and cab booking.
Part1 saintsfinal
The document discusses potential collaboration tools for a group project. It analyzes Skype for internet calls, Facebook for social media, email, Twiddla as a workspace, and Google Drive for online file storage. For each tool, it provides pros and cons. It recommends Google Drive for file storage due to its free cross-platform functionality. It recommends Skype for internet calls due to its free calls and video chat. It recommends email for basic communication needs.
WWW, Website & Webpage
The document discusses different aspects of websites, web pages, and the World Wide Web. It defines the World Wide Web as an open information space accessed via URLs and hyperlinks on the internet. Websites are collections of web pages that reside on the same server and are organized hierarchically with hyperlinks controlling navigation. Web pages can be static files or dynamically generated and are viewed using HTML in a web browser. The document also categorizes websites according to their style (static vs dynamic) and function (personal, commercial, government, non-profit).
Internet services
The document defines the Internet and its history, basic services like email, file transfer, and telnet. It describes the World Wide Web and how hyperlinks connect web pages. Web browsers allow users to access these pages through a URL. Search engines help users locate information on the web through keyword searches and maintain databases of web page content and relevance scores. The Internet provides communication, software and information sharing, as well as commercial uses like online shopping and customer support.
Terminologies in the Internet
This document defines several common internet-related terms: AVI, blogs, cookies, domain names, firewalls, modems, URLs, viruses, and worms. AVI refers to a Microsoft multimedia video format. Blogs allow instantly published information to a website. Cookies store user browsing patterns on a server. Domain names identify computer addresses by suffix like .edu or .com. Firewalls protect computers from outside access through open ports. Modems connect home computers to the internet through phone lines. URLs specify web resource locations. Viruses can damage computers by attaching to files or programs. Worms replicate themselves to use up computer resources.
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HHCJ AMUMARA:COMPUTER STUDIES LECTURE NOTE FOR SS3:004
HHCJ AMUMARA:COMPUTER STUDIES LECTURE NOTE FOR SS3:004
HHCJ AMUMARA:COMPUTER STUDIES LECTURE NOTE FOR SS3:004
HHCJ AMUMARA:COMPUTER STUDIES LECTURE NOTE FOR SS3:004
HHCJ AMUMARA:COMPUTER STUDIES LECTURE NOTE FOR SS2:004
HHCJ AMUMARA:COMPUTER STUDIES LECTURE NOTE FOR SS2:004
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The document discusses the history and development of the internet. It describes how the internet originated from ARPANET and grew as organizations connected their networks. It explains how individuals connect to the internet through ISPs and the different types of internet connections including broadband, DSL, cable and satellite. Finally, it outlines some common internet services such as email, social media, browsing the web, and how information can be searched on the world wide web.
Internet &web technology
The document defines key Internet and web technology terms like Internet, IP, TCP, UDP, domain names, URLs, web browsers, intranets and extranets. It provides details on the basic protocols like IP, TCP and UDP that underlie internet communication and data transmission. It also explains common internet concepts such as domains, top-level domains, hosts, ports and addresses that are fundamental to understanding how computers connect and communicate over the internet.
Internet and the world wide web report
The document discusses various uses and applications of the internet, including communicating, shopping, searching, entertainment, and education. It describes common internet activities like email, instant messaging, online shopping, accessing online libraries for information, and taking online courses. It also outlines different types of internet connections and speeds like dial-up, DSL, cable, wireless, and satellite. Finally, it discusses different types of websites like news sites, information sites, business/marketing sites, blogs, and personal websites.
chap1 The_Internet_and_the_World_Wide_Web.ppt
The document provides an overview of the history and development of the Internet and World Wide Web. It discusses key events like the creation of ARPANET in 1969 and the development of the World Wide Web in 1989. It explains that the Internet is a network of networks that connects computers while the Web uses the Internet and consists of hyperlinked web pages. Finally, it outlines common ways to access the Internet like through an Internet Service Provider and describes how to navigate and search the Web using a browser.
Web browsing and communication using Outlook
The document discusses various ways of communicating and browsing the web, including using email, instant messaging, social networking sites, blogs, and more. It also covers topics like e-commerce, e-banking, security measures like encryption and firewalls, and potential risks like malware and viruses. Web browsers allow users to access websites and the internet, while an internet connection is needed along with a computer and modem or other device.
SERVICES ON THE INTERNET
This document provides an overview of various services available on the internet. It discusses information retrieval and search engines, how to find people, chat, uploading and downloading files, telnet, blogs, newsgroups, email, and other services like videoconferencing, e-learning, e-banking, e-shopping, e-reservation, and social networking. The document defines each service and explains how it works at a high level.
Unit 4.pptfxfdcvcgvgvvhvjjvhvhvvvgtvgvgvgvgv
The Internet is a global network of interconnected computers that allows for the exchange of information. It consists of private, public, academic, business, and government networks linked by copper wires, wireless connections, and other technologies. The Internet uses domain names and IP addresses to route data between servers and clients around the world via transmission media. Popular services on the Internet include the World Wide Web, email, chat rooms, and streaming media.
The internet
The document provides an overview of the history and development of the Internet from its origins as a US Defense Department project to connect scientists, its commercial opening in 1992, and its subsequent rapid expansion globally; it describes common uses of the Internet like email, research sharing, marketing, and gathering information; and it outlines basics of using the Internet through web browsers, searching, and communicating via email with features like sending, receiving, replying and forwarding messages.
Powerpoint Lejla Gacevic
The document provides an overview of the internet and the world wide web. It explains that the internet is a global network that connects computers, while the web is a system for accessing information on the internet using websites. Websites have their own addresses called URLs that identify their location and type of organization. To connect to the internet, you need a computer, internet service provider, modem, and web browser software. Responsibilities of internet service providers and safety tips for using the internet are also outlined.
Powerpoint Lejla Gacevic
The document provides an overview of the internet and the world wide web. It explains that the internet is a global network that connects computers, while the web is a system for accessing information on the internet using websites. Websites are made up of web pages that each have a unique URL address indicating their location. Common URL extensions help identify the type of website, such as .com for commercial sites. To access the internet, a computer needs an internet service provider, modem, and web browser software. Email and browsing the web are common ways to interact and share information online, but safety precautions should be taken to protect private information.
Internet & email
This document provides an overview of computer networks and the internet. It defines key terms like LAN, WAN, internet, internet protocols, and internet services. It describes how devices like routers, modems, and browsers enable connectivity and access to the internet. It also discusses internet search engines, email, and basic functions of a web browser like bookmarks and homepage. The document is intended as an introductory guide to understanding computer networks and the internet at a high level.
Internet
This document discusses the internet and email. It provides definitions of key terms like internet, server, web browser, and domain. It explains how to connect to the internet, search for information online using search engines, and create an email account with services like Yahoo. The document outlines how to send, receive, forward, and attach files to emails. It also discusses chatting online and blocking unwanted email addresses.
How the Internet Works
The World Wide Web is the most popular part of the Internet by far. The Web allows rich and diverse communication by displaying text, graphics, animation, photos, sound and video. The Web physically consists of your personal computer, web browser software, a connection to an Internet Service Provider, computers called servers that host digital data, and routers and switches to direct the flow of information.
Introduction to computer lec (6)
Introduction to computer along with operating system, peripheral devises, types, basic concepts and basic components that are necessary to make computer function.
From Govt. Post Graduate College Chakwal by Sir Waqas-u-Din.
Introduction to internet and its applications
The document discusses various internet services including internet addressing, domain name system, world wide web, web browsers, uniform resource locators, electronic mail, file transfer protocol, telnet, newsgroups, internet relay chat, and uses of the internet. It provides details on how IP addresses are assigned and translated to domain names via DNS servers. It describes key components of the world wide web like HTML, hyperlinks, and HTTP. Common internet services like email, file sharing, remote access, discussion forums, and chat are also outlined.
The Internet
The document discusses the basics of the internet and how it works. It describes what is needed to connect to the internet, such as a computer, modem, and internet account. It explains different types of internet connections like dial-up, broadband, satellite, and wireless. It also defines different types of computer networks like LAN, WAN, MAN, and PAN. Finally, it provides an overview of how to create a basic website using HTML and upload it to a server so that it can be accessed on the World Wide Web.
The Internet
The document discusses the basics of the internet and how it works. It explains that the internet is a worldwide network of interconnected computers that allows people to access information from around the world. It describes some of the common things people can do online, such as email, getting news and information, and accessing government services. It also provides an overview of different types of internet connections like dial-up, broadband, wireless, and satellite. Finally, it gives a brief introduction to how someone can set up their own basic website by writing HTML code and uploading it to a hosting server.
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Internet and Its Services - what kind of service do access thru the Internet
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Tensile, Impact and Hardness Testing of Mild Steel
The main purpose of this report is to study the mechanical properties and
failure mode of mild steel. Three types of standard tests i.e. tensile test, impact
test, and hardness test were conducted on the standard specimens of mild steel.
From the tests, results were obtained; Tensile strength, Impact strength, and
hardness were calculated. It was observed that Tensile Strength, Impact Strength
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Fuel cladding materials
The document discusses fuel cladding materials used in nuclear reactors. It describes aluminum alloys as a common cladding material for research reactors operating below 100°C due to its low neutron absorption, high thermal conductivity, and corrosion resistance at moderate temperatures. Specifically, aluminum alloy types 1100, 5000, 6000, AA6061, AA5456, and AA5052 are used as cladding. However, aluminum alloys lose strength and have corrosion problems at higher temperatures. While alloying can improve properties, it also increases neutron absorption.
Definitions
Capacitor
Curie temperature
Dielectric constant (k)
Dielectric Strength
Doping
Drift velocity
Electrostriction
Fermi energy
Ferroelectric
Forward bias
Hysteresis loop
Integrated circuit
Intrinsic semiconductor
p-n junction
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Superconductor
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Properties of materials / Mechanical Properties of materials
The document discusses various mechanical properties of materials including strength, elasticity, stiffness, plasticity, ductility, malleability, brittleness, toughness, hardness, impact strength, resilience, fatigue, and creep. It explains these properties and how they are evaluated using stress-strain diagrams and testing machines. The properties are important for engineers to understand how materials will behave under different loading conditions for machine and structural design.
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The document discusses various aspects of hardening hypoeutectoid and hypereutectoid steels. It explains that hardening involves heating steel to the appropriate temperature, holding, and then rapidly quenching to form martensite. Factors like chemical composition, part size/shape, heating/cooling rates, and quenchant properties influence the hardening process and final properties. Different hardening methods like direct, stage, and self-tempering quenching are also summarized.
Extrusion
Extrusion is a process that uses pressure to force heated metal material through a die to create parts with a constant cross-section. There are two main types of extrusion: direct and indirect. Direct extrusion involves pushing the material through the die in the same direction as the ram movement, while indirect extrusion moves the material in the opposite direction of the ram. Extrusion can be performed hot or cold depending on the material, with hot extrusion allowing for more complex shapes from more readily extrudable metals like aluminum. Proper die material and lubrication are important for reducing friction during extrusion.
Cathode Ray Oscilloscope CRO
This document provides an overview of cathode ray oscilloscopes (CROs). It discusses the introduction and basic diagram of a CRO, describing the main components of the cathode ray tube. It also covers multi-input oscilloscopes, describing the alternate and chopped modes of dual trace oscilloscopes and methods for generating dual beams. Additionally, it discusses Lissajous patterns generated from two input signals and how they can be used to measure frequency and phase. Finally, it provides an overview of digital storage oscilloscopes, including their block diagram and advantages over analog storage oscilloscopes.
Eight forms of corrosion
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Non-destructive Testing
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Non-traditional manufacturing processes
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Pakistan
Pakistan is located in South Asia between India and Afghanistan. It has a population of over 170 million people and Urdu is the official language. Some key facts about Pakistan include:
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The document discusses the causes and remedies of terrorism in Pakistan. It notes that terrorism has taken various forms throughout history for different political purposes. In Pakistan specifically, the porous border with Afghanistan allowed al-Qaeda and Taliban militants to take refuge after the US invasion. This, combined with political and economic grievances among tribal groups, created space for militant organizations to operate. The document outlines several types and motivations of terrorism in Pakistan, including religiously-motivated groups, sectarian violence, and separatist movements in regions like Balochistan. It argues that effectively addressing the root political and economic causes, in addition to military operations, is needed to counter the terrorist threat.
Heat Treatment
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Atomic Bonding
Atomic bonding involves interatomic forces that determine many material properties. Primary bonding includes ionic bonding via electrostatic attraction between ions, covalent bonding by electron sharing, and metallic bonding from delocalized electrons binding positive ion cores. Secondary bonding includes weaker London dispersion forces from induced atomic dipoles, and dipole-dipole interactions between polar molecules. Bonding energy varies between types and affects properties like melting temperature.
PYROMETER
A pyrometer is a non-contact device that measures the surface temperature of an object by detecting the thermal radiation it emits. Modern pyrometers became available in 1901 with the development of the disappearing filament pyrometer. Issues with early pyrometers relying on emissivity led to the development of ratio or two-color pyrometers. There are different types of pyrometers including optical, radiation, digital, and infrared pyrometers that use various detectors like thermopiles, photocells, bolometers, and thermistors. Pyrometers are useful for measuring temperatures of moving or inaccessible objects and are widely used in industries like smelting, heat treatment, and steam boilers.
Muffle furnace
A muffle furnace is a furnace that heats materials through radiant heat from insulated walls rather than direct flame contact. It consists of a vented heating chamber, temperature controller, and safety features. Muffle furnaces are commonly used in laboratories and industry for applications requiring precise, high temperatures like glass fusing, enamel coating, and metallurgical testing. They heat materials through conduction, convection and radiation from electrical heating elements inside insulating walls, allowing for greater temperature control and isolation of samples from combustion byproducts compared to other furnace types.
Atmospheric Corrosion
Atmospheric corrosion is a major cause of degradation and failure of metals exposed to outdoor and indoor environments. It accounts for significant economic losses as corroded metals must be replaced. While atmospheres are typically classified as industrial, marine, rural, or indoor, most real-world environments involve mixtures of conditions. Atmospheric corrosion occurs via localized corrosion cells and is influenced by factors like pollution, humidity, and proximity to salt or chemical sources. Proper material selection and protection methods are needed to prevent atmospheric corrosion in various environmental conditions.
Erosion Corrosion
Erosion corrosion occurs when the rate of material deterioration increases due to the combined effects of corrosion and mechanical wear from fluid flow. It can occur in pipes, valves, pumps and other equipment exposed to flowing liquids or gases. The mechanism involves turbulent flow damaging protective surface films and exposing the bare metal to chemical attack. Common signs are grooves, holes and valleys in the direction of flow. Prevention methods include design modifications to reduce turbulence, removing abrasive particles from the fluid, protective coatings, cathodic protection, and using more corrosion resistant materials.
Optical/ Metallurgical Microscopy
Optical lenses are used in microscopes to form magnified images of microscopic objects. A lens has curved surfaces that focus light rays to form these images. Single lenses are used in eyeglasses and cameras, while compound lenses with multiple elements are used in microscopes and telescopes to correct optical aberrations. A metallurgical microscope uses reflected light to illuminate and image opaque metal samples, allowing metallurgists to examine microstructural details at magnifications from 1 to 1500x. Objectives resolve microstructural details while eyepieces further magnify the image without additional resolution.
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Internet
- 1. The Internet
- 2. What is the internet? • A system of interconnected computers that share information. • There are different ways to share information over the internet. The world wide web (www) is just one Also known as: -WWW -Web -‘Net Things that are not the web: -Local Area Network LAN -Intranet of them.
- 3. What can you do on the internet? • Send and receive e-mail. • Search for information. • Join discussion groups using chat or email. • Shop online. • Read newspapers, magazines, and books. • Watch TV shows and movies.
- 4. How the internet works? • Your computer uses some kind of data connection (phone, cable, or wireless) to connect to an internet service provider (ISP).
- 5. Connecting to the internet • Dial-up/modem - Uses a phone line and a modem. When you’re on, your phone is busy. • DSL – runs through your phone line, but your phone line is available. • Cable – operated by the cable company. No need to subscribe to cable TV. • Wireless/satellite – operates over radio waves
- 6. Browsers • Different programs (software) that allow you to navigate the WWW and see and hear text, graphics, sounds, and videos. • There are five major browsers used today - Internet Explorer, Firefox, Safari, Chrome and Opera. Internet explorer Firefox www.microsoft.com www.mozilla.com
- 7. How browsers work? • You tell the browser which computer you want to connect to by typing in a website address (URL). Your browser doesn’t go anywhere. The page comes to you! (That’s why they call them web servers)
- 8. Title Bar Menu Bar Tool Bar Address Bar Status Bar Tips for web addresses (URLs): -No spaces -Can usually omit http://(Hypertext Transfer Protocol) -Press “ENTER” or click “GO”
- 9. Navigating Essentials on understanding how the Internet is organized and how the World Wide Web is structured. Refresh Reloads, or downloads the page again Home Takes you back to the “home” page Back Return to the previous page Forward Return to page you backed up from History See the sites you’ve visited in the current or previous sessions Print Make a hard copy of the website
- 10. • In newer versions of browsers, you can open more than one page in the same window. Close Tab
- 11. Websites -Can be a single page or collection of pages -Have an address (URL). ex. http://www.boisepubliclibrary.org * You need to type a URL exactly for your browser to locate the desired web page, otherwise you will access the wrong site or get an error message.
- 12. Searching Locate information, businesses, organizations, or people on the WWW. Go to the search engine web site and enter your search word(s). Sites may not be about the topic you want; your search word(s) may appear on the web page in a different context. Results are NOT everything on the web. At best you will be searching 25 - 35% of the web. Popular Search Engines: www.google.com www.yahoo.com www.ask.com www.bing.com
- 13. Search Results Adverti-sement • Most engines will surround results with advertisements or sponsored links.
- 14. E-mail • Electronic messages or letters, can include attachments such as pictures or sound files. • Takes mere seconds to reach any destination. Email Addresses: -Like URLs, must be typed exactly in order for the message to be delivered. president@whitehouse.gov Recipient’s ID at Domain or “host”
- 15. Webmail vs. E-mail Client Web based email or E-mail software such as Outlook • Webmail allows you to access email from any computer hooked up to the internet. • An e-mail client will download messages to your computer so you can read them and compose new mail offline.
- 16. Signing up for a free e-mail account Pick a provider: http://www.gmail.com http://login.yahoo.com http://www.hotmail.com Choose a username: Usually a combination of letters and numbers such as poodlelover452@hotmail.com Pick a password that you will remember: The most secure passwords are a combination of - 1. word(s) not found in the dictionary 2. numbers 3. symbols (!$&.*)
- 17. The advantages of Internet • Information: You can find any type of information on any subject with the help of the search engines. • Communication: By sending an e-mail, we can contact a person who is physically present thousand miles away within the fraction of a second’s time. • Entertainment: A wide variety of entertainment including video games, music, movies, chat room, news and others can be accessed through the Internet.
- 18. • E-commerce: E-commerce is a fantastic option through which you can shop anything anywhere from the world. • Formation of communities: A number of people can participate in different types of debates and discussions, express their views and gather valuable knowledge. • Services: A variety of services are offered via Internet, for example job searching, online banking, buying movie tickets, hotel reservations and consultation services etc. When you avail these services offline, they become more expensive.
- 19. The disadvantages of Internet • Spamming: Spamming denotes distribution of unnecessary e-mails in large numbers that are meaningless and block the whole system. • Theft of personal details: While using the Internet, there is high probability that your personal details like name, address and credit card number may be accessed by some other person and used for fraudulent. • Virus threat: PCs linked to the Internet have high probability of virus attacks and as a result of this your hard disk can crash, giving you a lot of trouble.