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International Journal of
Obstetrics, Perinatal
& Neonatal Nursing
Jul–Dec 2016
eISSN: 2455-6424
IJOPNN
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International Journal of
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International Journal of Obstetrics,
Perinatal and Neonatal Nursing
International Journal of Obstetrics, Perinatal and Neonatal Nursing intends to publish research, review and
short articles related to women and child care. The goal of the Journal is to enhance the knowledge and
practice in closely related fields of obstetrics, gynecology and neonatal care. Subject areas suitable for
publicationinclude,butarenotlimitedtothefollowingfields.
Focus and Scope oftheJournal
 Obstetrics and gynecology
 Amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia
 Prenatal diagnosis and screening
 Prenatal nutrition
 Pregnancy and preventive care
 Prenatal nutrition
 Reproductive health
 Fertility
 Prematurity and preterm births
 Birth defects
 Basic neonatal care
 Special care newborn nursery
 Intensive neonatal care
 Neonatal nursing
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Choithram College of Nursing, CH&RC Indore
(M.P.), India
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Matha college of Nursing, Vaanpuram,
manamadurai, sivagangai Dt, Tamilnadu
Dr. H C L Rawat
University College of Nursing, Baba Farid
University of Health Sciences, Punjab, India
Sibin Joy Vayalil
Community Health Nursing Department &
Research Coordinator Lourdes College of
Nursing
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Department of Community Health Nursing,
KLE University Institute of Nursing Sciences,
Nehru Nagar, Belgaum (Karnataka), India
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College of Nursing, All India Institute of
Medical Sciences (AIIMS)
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All India Institute of Medical Sciences
(AIIMS), Bhubaneswar, Sijua (Odisha), India
Dr. C. Susila
Billroth College of Nursing, Chennai,
India

From the Editor's Desk
Dear Readers,
We would like to present, with great pleasure, the Second Volume of a new scholarly
journal, International Journal of Obstetrics, Perinatal and Neonatal Nursing. This
journal is part of the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Nursing
issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of
emergingtechnologies.
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increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations.
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International Journal of Obstetrics, Perinatal and Neonatal Nursing focuses on original high-quality
research in the realm of Obstetrics and gynecology, Amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia, Prenatal
nutrition, Basic neonatal care, Special care newborn nursery, Intensive neonatal care and Neonatal
nursing. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of
Nursing andsolutionsinthearea.
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We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative
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PuneetMehrotra
ManagingDirector

1. Effectiveness of Progressive Muscle Relaxation Technique on Pre-menstrual
Symptoms among the Hostel Students
Lathavenkatesan, B. Annapoorani 1
2. Systematic Perioperative Instruction and Anxiety in Hysterectomy Women
K. Thilagavathi, R. Vaidyanathan 7
3. A Quasi Experimental Study on the Effectiveness of Self-Instructional Module on Knowledge Regarding
Teratogens Among Married Women Residing in Selected Areas of Dera Bassi District Mohali, Punjab
Manpreet Kaur 12
4. Effect of Sitz Bath on Intensity of Pain at Episiotomy Site among Postnatal Mothers Admitted in Obstetrics
Units of Nehru Hospital, PGIMER, and Chandigarh in the Year 2010–2011
Pamila, Sukhwinder, Vanita Jain, Navjeet 18
5. A Quasi Experimental Study to Assess the Effect of Different Types of Music Therapy on Physiological
Parameters of Preterm Babies in a Tertiary Hospital of North India
Arun Thomas Mohandas, Sukhwinder Kaur, Parveen Kumar, Sanjay Munjal 26
6. Effect of “Heat Therapy” on Intensity of Labor Pains among Primigravida Mothers, Chandigarh:
A Quasi Experimental Study
Shashi Kumari, Sukhwinder Kaur, Seema Chopra 37
Contents

IJOPNN (2016) 1-6 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of Obstetrics, Perinatal and Neonatal Nursing
eISSN: 2455-6424
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Effectiveness of Progressive Muscle Relaxation Technique on Pre-
menstrual Symptoms among the Hostel Students
Lathavenkatesan, B. Annapoorani*
Apollo College of Nursing, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
ABSTRACT
Premenstrual symptoms are commonly affecting 80% of women. Among the youngsters the
premenstrual symptoms commonly affects the daily activities and frequent absenteeism
among the college students. So the investigator was interested in providing intervention to
reduce the symptoms. Written consent was obtained from the samples and PMS Diary was
distributed and instructed to maintain for a month. Among the 200 population, 50 samples
with PMS were selected by lottery method. Progressive muscle relaxation was given to the
samples for a duration of 30 minutes every day for 5 days in a week for a duration of 2
months. Again PMS diary was distributed to all the samples and monitored for a month. The
outcome of this study was there is significant reduction in the severity of premenstrual
symptoms. In the psychological symptoms 66% of samples severely affected with PMS but
after the intervention, it was reduced to 68% moderately and 32% of the samples with mild
symptoms. In the pain symptoms 56% were severely affected and 44% were moderately
affected, but after the intervention, 82% of the samples had moderate symptoms and 8% of
them affected mildly. Hence, there was significant difference in the PMS score before and
after the intervention at p < 0.05 level. This study proved the effectiveness of PMR technique
in the reduction of PMS symptoms.
Keywords: PMS, PMDD, PMR.
INTRODUCTION
The first person to name and describe the
premenstrual syndrome was Robert T.
Frank. Premenstrual disorders namely
premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and
premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)
are a group of physical, cognitive,
affective, and behavioural symptoms that
occur cyclically during the luteal phase of
the menstrual cycle and resolve at or
within a few days of the onset of
menstruation.
The World Health Organization estimates
that 199 million women have premenstrual
syndrome as of 2010 (5.8%) of the female
population. While 80% of menstruating
women have experienced at least one
symptom that could be attributed to PMS,
estimates of prevalence range from as low
as 3% to as high as 30%.[1–5]
Objectives
(1) To assess the level of premenstrual
symptoms before the intervention
among the hostel students.
(2) To assess the level of premenstrual
symptoms after the intervention among
the hostel students.
(3) To associate the relationship with the
level of premenstrual symptoms and
demographic variables.

International Journal of Obstetrics, Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing
eISSN: 2455-6424
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Systematic Perioperative Instruction and Anxiety in
Hysterectomy Women
K. Thilagavathi1*
, R. Vaidyanathan2
1
College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Ministry of Education,
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
2
National Consortium for Ph.D. in Nursing, Bangalore, India
ABSTRACT
Background: Uterus is the symbolic organ of womanhood. Hysterectomy is the second most
common surgery done next to caesarean section. This surgery has a direct impact on
psychological and emotional issues among women. Anxiety is a common manifestation.
Studies indicate that systematic perioperative instruction helped them to cope with surgery
and decreased levels of anxiety aided to a faster postoperative recovery, without
complications. In the present clinical study we evaluated the effect of systematic
perioperative instruction on the level of anxiety among women who undergo hysterectomy.
Methods: Women who undergo hysterectomy admitted to the Gynecological department of
District Headquarter Government Hospital, Salem from September 2012 to January 2014
were selected to either study group (n=184) or a control group (n=95) by convenience
sampling. Women’s levels of anxiety were assessed in the preoperative period, discharge and
at 4 months after surgery with State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Study group received systematic
perioperative instruction and control group had routine nursing care. Descriptive and
Inferential statistics applied in analysis. Results: It was found that the anxiety level were
similar in both groups in the preoperative period. However, in discharge and at 4 months
after surgery there was a significant reduction in anxiety levels in study group as compared
to control group (p˂0.05). There was a significant association found between level of
preoperative anxiety with their age, preoperative diagnosis and type of surgery undergone
(p˂0.05). Conclusion: Providing systematic perioperative instruction was found to be
beneficial in reducing anxiety levels in the postoperative period. It is highly recommended in
all surgical settings as a mandatory.
Keywords: anxiety, hysterectomy, routine nursing care, systematic perioperative instruction
INTRODUCTION
Any surgery triggers certain level of stress
in the individual which produce
physiological and psychological changes.
Anxiety is a symptom often experienced
irrespective of type of operation. The
prospect of hysterectomies said to
endanger more stress than other
comparable surgeries. Evidence from
literature figured, 79.2% of women
experienced anxiety before undergoing
hysterectomy.[1]
An explorative study
revealed, that women felt anxiety because
"uterus is a very important organ for
them", "losing their uterus will reduce
their self-confidence", "their sexual lives
would end", "their spouses would not be
interested in them anymore" and "their
relationships would come to an end."[2]
Lack of information, reduction in self-
respect, reduction in the quality of life and
loss of social functions were the reasons

International Journal of Obstetrics, Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing
eISSN: 2455-6424
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
A Quasi Experimental Study on the Effectiveness of Self-
Instructional Module on Knowledge Regarding Teratogens
Among Married Women Residing in Selected Areas of Dera Bassi
District Mohali, Punjab
Manpreet Kaur*
Silver Oaks College of Nursing, Abhipur, Mohali, India
ABSTRACT
Teratogens are certain agents which when exposed during pregnancy could harm the
embryonic and fetal development to produce permanent alterations of structure and
functions. There are many sources of potential harm to both developing baby and mother,
ranging from environmental concerns such as toxic chemicals, fumes and poisons to drugs
including smoking and alcohol. The research project was undertaken on the effectiveness of
self-instructional module on knowledge regarding teratogens among married women residing
in Selected Areas of Dera Bassi, District Mohali, Punjab. Conceptual framework of the study
was based on modified Imogene M. Kings Goal Attainment Theory (1981).Quantitative
research approach and quassi experimental design was adopted. The sample size for the
study was 80 married women which were selected by random sampling technique. The
gathered data was analyzed by calculating frequency and percentage, mean, standard
deviation and Z test. ANOVA and ‘t’ test was used to find the association between posttest
knowledge score and their selected demographic variables. The mean posttest knowledge
score (21.13) was higher than the mean pretest knowledge score (11.12). The calculated Z
value was 19.71 which was more than the tabulated value, indicating the effectiveness of self-
instructional module on knowledge regarding teratogens.
Keywords: married women, self-instructional module, teratogens
INTRODUCTION
Pregnancy is one of the wonderful and
noble services imposed by nature. The
development of the fetus brings changes in
women’s physical and mental health.
While carrying baby, the women needs to
learn a lot regarding pregnancy. Pregnancy
is the crucial period of a woman and the
fetus, it is the time where the woman gives
shelter to another life and wide range of
changes takes place in the fetomaternal
system.[1]
The 1st trimester or first 60 days are very
important, as all the fetal parts are laid
down in rudimentary form and start
functioning. It was previously believed
that the mammalian embryo developed in
the uterus of the mother, protected from all
extrinsic factors, however after the
thalidomide disaster of the 1960s it
becames apparent and more accepted that
the developing embryo could be highly
vulnerable to certain environmental agents
that have negligible or non-toxic effects to
adult individuals.[2]
Every woman has a 3-
5% risk of having a baby born with a birth
defect. Some teratogens will increase that
risk, depending upon when in the
pregnancy a woman has the exposure, the

eISSN: 2455-6424
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Effect of Sitz Bath on Intensity of Pain at Episiotomy Site among
Postnatal Mothers Admitted in Obstetrics Units of Nehru
Hospital, PGIMER, and Chandigarh in the Year 2010–2011
Pamila1
, Sukhwinder1*
, Vanita Jain1
, Navjeet1
National Institute of Nursing Education, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
ABSTRACT
Objective: To determine the effect of sitz bath on intensity of pain at episiotomy site among
postnatal mothers. Methods: 100 patients with episiotomy were enrolled in the study with
purposive sampling. Then divided into two groups: control and experimental group. Sitz bath
was given to experimental group after 12 hours of postnatal period for twice in a day for 1-4
days. Control group received routine care of the ward. Assessment of the pain was done by
modified pain rating scale in both groups. Pain was assessed in experimental group
immediately after sitz bath and after one hour of the sitz bath. Results: The results showed
that education, occupation, income, religion and locality of the mother in the experimental
groups were not different from those in the control groups as p value is always >0.05 which
depicts that both the groups were homogenous in nature and comparable. Whereas in mean
pain score there was a significant difference between control and experimental group as p
value was <0.0001. Pain level was same in immediate and after one hour of sitz bath.
Conclusion: Mean pain score significantly decreasing in the experimental group after every
intervention however in control group mean pain score was decreasing but that was
statistically less significant as compare to the experimental group.
Keywords: episiotomy, intensity of pain, sitz bath
INTRODUCTION
Puerperium is the period when great
changes take place in a woman’s physical
and mental set up that may pose a
challenge to postnatal woman. An
episiotomy can make the process of
childbirth much easier and the mother
doesn’t need to put in much effort in
pushing to deliver the baby. Both a first
birth and assisted vaginal delivery are
associated with greater use of
episiotomy.[1,2]
Within the first hours,
days, and perhaps even weeks following
childbirth, postnatal mothers have pain and
feel discomfort after episiotomy. Pain
following episiotomy appears to be a
universal phenomenon. Women who
delivered without an episiotomy had
significantly lower perineal pain scores at
weeks 1, 2 and 6 postpartum compared to
women who had an episiotomy.[3]
Episiotomy may increase the risk of
chronic perineal pain which is estimated to
occur in 13% to 23% of women after
episiotomy.[4]
An episiotomy can be
painful for few days after delivery. Usually
the pain will peak around the 4th or 5th
day and then gradually it reduces.[5]
According to Reading et al the persistent
perineal pain was found in 10 to 20 % of
patients even after 3 months of delivery
and it increases during walking, sitting,
urinating or defecating.[6]
Sitz bath is
frequently recommended by physicians for

eISSN: 2455-6424
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
A Quasi Experimental Study to Assess the Effect of Different
Types of Music Therapy on Physiological Parameters of Preterm
Babies in a Tertiary Hospital of North India
Arun Thomas Mohandas1
, Sukhwinder Kaur2*
, Parveen Kumar3
, Sanjay Munjal4
1
Faculty of SNC SOA, University Bhubaneswar, India
2
Faculty of National Institute of Nursing Education, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
3
Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
4
Department of Otolaryngology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
ABSTRACT
Preterm infants are vulnerable to a range of diseases associated with immaturity of organ
system and stress stimuli during their stay in NICU. The music have a positive effect on their
physiological measurements. Main objective of this study was to assess the effect of music
therapy on the physiological parameters (BP, HR and SpO2) of preterm babies admitted in a
tertiary care hospital of North India. One group pretest – posttest quasi experimental
research design was adopted in this study. Six different type of music therapies (two active
music therapies, two passive music therapies and two high frequency music therapies) were
administered to identify the effect of music therapy on the physiological parameters of
preterm babies. Thirty preterm babies who met the inclusion criteria were selected as study
subjects by using purposive sampling technique. Result of the study shows that all music
therapies except high frequency type2 music therapy produced a significant decrease in the
BP and HR( p<0.05) and improved the SpO2 of preterm babies (p<0.05). The Indian passive
music therapy was found to be more effective in decreasing the BP of preterm babies
(p<0.01). The active music therapy (vocal) was found to be highly effective in decreasing the
HR (p<0.01) and all music therapy significantly improved the SpO2 of preterm babies
(p<0.05). This study also revealed that an increase in frequency of music negatively affect
the physiological parameters of preterm babies. Music therapy was found to be effective in
decreasing the BP and heart rate and improving the SpO2 of preterm babies. Thus the present
study supports the use of music therapy in NICU.
Keywords: music therapy, physiological parameters, preterm babies
INTRODUCTION
The use of music in medicine is not a new
concept. Music stimulation has been
shown to provide significant benefits to
preterm infants. Live music therapy was
more beneficial to preterm and might
improve physiological and behavioral
parameters of preterm including HR, BP,
respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, caloric
intake, resting energy expenditure (REE)
and weight gain and visual function, motor
and tactile/adaptive maturation, limb
movement, maturation at discharge, stress
behaviors, arousal state, weight gain,
feeding rate, reducing the length of
hospital stay and parent-infant bonding.[1]
Over the past decade, music has been
introduced into the NICU as a therapy
designed to enhance treatment and
facilitate growth and development of
premature infants. The 2002 meta-analysis

eISSN: 2455-6424
Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Effect of “Heat Therapy” on Intensity of Labor Pains among
Primigravida Mothers, Chandigarh: A Quasi Experimental Study
Shashi Kumari1
, Sukhwinder Kaur2*
, Seema Chopra3
1
Fortis Morality Hospital Mohali, Punjab, India
2
National Institute of Nursing Education, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
3
Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, Nehru Hospital, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
ABSTRACT
Background: Childbirth, while primarily a joyful event, also exposes the mother to one of the
most severe forms of pain reported. Continuous labor pain affects respiratory system, blood
circulation, endocrine glands and other activities of the body. Labor pain is a distressing and
psychologically traumatizing experience to the parturient but little data exist regarding pain
relief in labor, despite of its advantages. Objective: To determine the effect of heat therapy on
intensity of labor pains among primigravida mothers. Design: An quasi experimental study
Setting: Clean Labor Room of Nehru Hospital, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education
and Research. Participants: Sixty study subjects were purposively selected from the Clean
Labor room, PGIMER, Chandigarh and divided into experimental and control group.
Methods: The experimental group received heat therapy over lower back during the active
phase of labor and the control group received the routine care. Data first collected from the
experimental group followed by the control group. Pre and post intervention pain scores
were assessed with the modified visual analogue scale. Results: The results of the study
revealed that the mothers in the experimental group had statistically significant lower mean
score of labor pain than the control group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Heat therapy is one of the
effective methods for labor pain management.
Keywords: childbirth, first stage of labor, labor pain, primigravida mothers, quasi
experimental study
INTRODUCTION
What is already known about the topic?
 A study of laboring women in the
United Kingdom indicated that 93.5%
of the women described the pain as
severe or unbearable (Steer 1983),
while in Finland 80% described it as
very severe or intolerable (Ranta1995).
 Whirlpool baths in labor have been
demonstrated to have a positive effect
on analgesia requirements, condition of
the perineum, instrumentation rates,
and personal satisfaction.
 The non-pharmacological measures
such as respiratory exercises, muscular
relaxation, lumbosacral massage, &
shower washing showed a satisfactory
acceptance and applicability rates in
relieving labor pains
What this paper adds
 This study suggests that the non-
pharmacological methods such as local
heat therapy is simple, easy and cheap
and can be used easily by the labor
room midwives or nurses.
 Heat therapy is significantly beneficial
for the laboring mothers in promoting
the comfort to them thereby decreasing
the labor pain intensity.

International journal of obstetrics, perinatal and neonatal nursing vol 2 issue 2

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International journal of obstetrics, perinatal and neonatal nursing vol 2 issue 2