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International Journal of
Biomedical Engineering
Jan – June 2016
IJBE

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International Journal of Biomedical Engineering is Bone plates, bone cements, cell biomaterial are the
focused area of the journal. Journal is a peer-reviewed journal that accepts both research and review papers.
Experimentalandtheoreticalpapersareacceptedinthisjournal.
Focus andScopeoftheJournal
! Bone plates
! Bone cement
! Artificial ligaments and tendons
! Dental implants for tooth fixation
! Blood vessel prostheses
! Heart valves
! Skin repair devices
! Surface modification of biomaterials with proteins
! Synthetic biodegradable polymer
! Drug and gene vector design
! Cell biomaterial
International Journals of Biomedical Engineering is published twice a year (bi-annual) in India by
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PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM
INTERNAL MEMBERS
Associate Manager
Chairman
Mr. Puneet Mehrotra
Managing Director,
JournalsPub,
New Delhi
Hidam Renubala
Ankita Singh
Akanksha Marwah
Deepika Bhadauria
Commissioning Editors
Priyanka Garg
Chhavi Goel
Shrawani Verma

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Dr. Bhanu Kiran Goriparthi
GITAM University Visakhapatnam Andhra
Pradesh India,
Dr. Pierson Rathinaraj
Institute of Bio-Medical Technologies
Auckland University of Technology Auckland,
New Zealand.1142, New Zealand
Prof. Nil Ratan Bandyopadhyay
School of Materials Science and Engineering
Indian Institute of Engineering Science and
Technology, Shibpur, India
Bimal Prasad Singh
CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials
Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha,
India
Dr. Omprakash Yemul
SRTM University Nanded, India
Dr. S. Krishnakumar
Associate Professor, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Faculty of Bio and Chemical
Engineering, Sathyabama University, Chennai,
India
Dr. Tapati Jana
Sarojini Naidu College for Women, Dumdum,
Kolkata, (West Bengal) India
Dr. PV. Mohanan
Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra
Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and
Technology (Govt. of India), Poojapura,
Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.
Dr. Rajesh Das
Department of Applied Sciences, Haldia
Institute of Technology, Haldia, (West Bengal)
India
Dr. Neeraj R. Prasad
Dept of Nanoscience and Technology, Shivaji
University, Kolhapur, Maharastra,
India

From the Editor's Desk
Dear Readers,
We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly
journal, International Journal of Engineering. This journal is part of the
Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Biomedical Engineering issues,
from theoreticalaspectstoapplication-dependentstudiesand thevalidationofemergingtechnologies.
This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Biomedical Engineering as
an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and
technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Biomedical Engineering community,
addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International journals of
Biomedical Engineering in Journals Pub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of
mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range
of topics in Biomedical Engineering in general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific
community to published their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully. International Journals of
Biomedical Engineering focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Bone plates, Bone cement,
Dental implants for tooth fixation, Heart valves, Skin repair devices, Synthetic biodegradable polymer and
Drug andgenevectordesign.
The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Biomedical
Engineeringandsolutionsinthearea.
Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Biomedical
Engineering. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an
innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new
developmentsinthefieldofBiomedicalEngineering.
This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we
would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the
editorialstaffofJournalsPub,who supported us ateverystageoftheproject.
It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Biomedical Engineering
readers andwillstimulatefurtherresearchintothevibrantareaofit.
PuneetMehrotra
ManagingDirector
Biomedical

1. Study of Physical Condition of Human Kidney Cells
Shruti Mishra 1
2. Microbial Fuel Cell Technology Used for Increased Electricity Generation
Abhilasha Singh 6
3. A Unique Practice to Unite Nature and Disease
Chandani Gupta 10
4. Discovering Color Blindness Using Algorithm
Srinivasulu Dhankla 14
5. Recognizable Proof of Specificity Determining Positions through Phylogenetic Studies
Vikas Singh 21
Contents

IJBE (2016) 1–5 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of Biomedical Engineering
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Study of Physical Condition of Human Kidney Cells
Shruti Mishra*
Centre for Nano Science and Engineering, Micro and Nano Characterization Facility, Indian Institute of
Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
Abstract
The present work manages the strategy representing examining acoustic magnifying
instrument (SAM) for non-damaging testing of organic specimens (liver cells and kidney
cells). Acoustic microscopy was performed on liver cells and kidney cells for measuring their
thickness furthermore to decide their shapes. This system was likewise utilized for assessment
of interior harm to cells. SAM pictures were taken for further subjective and quantitative
evaluations. Utilizing the quantitative information got from the different output modes (A, B,
C-Scans), the season of flight and henceforth the material thickness and sound speed are
ascertained.
Keywords: scanning acoustic microscopy, non-destructive testing, liver cells and kidney
cells
INTRODUCTION
A Basic Introduction to Human Liver
Cells
Liver is the biggest compound organ and
boss metabolic organ. The liver has an
extensive variety of capacities, including
detoxification of different metabolites,
protein amalgamation, and the creation of
biochemicals essential for processing.

IJBE (2016) 6-9 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 6
Vol. 2: Issue 1
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Microbial Fuel Cell Technology Used for Increased
Electricity Generation
Abhilasha Sinha*
Department of Biotechnology, Kite Engineering College, Vadodra, India
Abstract
The appropriate, sagacious and imperativeness capable wastewater treatment remains a
curious stress among specialists. Microbial vitality segment (MFC) can offer such lovely
game plans. MFC is an electrochemical structure that followers invention essentialness of
engineered blends into force by method for metabolic activities of microorganisms. MFCs
are useful methodology for wastewater treatment in light of ejection of contaminants from
wastewater while meanwhile conveying electrical power. The wastewater, which is a
wellspring of enumerable extremophilic microbial verdure, is used as inoculum as a part of
various late studies.
Keywords: bioelectricity, domestic wastewater, inoculums
INTRODUCTION
Microbial power modules (MFCs) are
electrochemical gadgets that change over
the concoction vitality contained in natural
matter into power by method for the
synergist (metabolic) action of living
microorganisms. A run of the mill MFC
comprises of anode and cathode isolated
by a cation-particular layer. In the anode
council of an MFC, microorganisms
oxidize fuel (substrate) producing
electrons and protons. Electrons are
exchanged through an outside circuit
while the protons diffuse through the
answer for the cathode, where electrons
consolidate with protons and oxygen to
shape water. As of late, MFCs are getting
more ubiquity because of their viability to
create power alongside wastewater
treatment.
Wastewater is a prime wellspring of toxins
and enumerable extremophilic microbial
greenery. Extremophiles present in the
wastewater itself can be used in MFCs.
However these organisms are of
heterogeneous nature and lead to normal
execution. Wastewater molding with some
extra effective microorganisms can
quicken the execution of MFC. Since
ages, humanity and yeast built up a
cooperative relationship.[1–5]
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Domestic Wastewater
Wastewater test was gathered from the
grounds waste treatment plant. Spot tests
were gathered and transported to the
research facility for physicochemical
investigation. These parameters
incorporate pH, all out disintegrated
solids, all out suspended solids, shading,
synthetic oxygen request (COD) and
natural oxygen request (BOD). Every
example was left undisturbed for 24 h at
35°C under anaerobic conditions to settle
the strong particulate substance before
examination. Wastewater test was kept in
a fridge at 4°C, when not being used. The
examples were separated into two

Vol. 2: Issue 1
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A Unique Practice to Unite Nature and Disease
Chandani Gupta*
Department of Biotechnology, Shree Ramkrishna Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Surat, Gujarat, India
Abstract
The most primitive and powerful technique from pre-notable time to recuperate wounds, cure
illness and calm enduring; is treatment with the assistance of plants concentrate.
Imperviousness to hostile to microbial operators has led to treatment disappointment and the
movement of therapeutic consideration from conventional to natural pharmaceutical. The
greater part of the home grown solutions being used anticipate approval of their asserted
impacts and potentially the advancement of novel antimicrobial medications from them. All
aspects of plant from root to tip can possibly be utilized as a part of the generation of
medications against numerous ailments.
Keywords: Apis melifera, Isatis microcarpa, lycopene, Momordica balsamina, natural
products
INTRODUCTION
The utilization of conventional drug to
treat different contaminations created by
certain pathogenic life forms has been
honed following the source of humanity,
and in past it was the main strategy
accessible. Right now, because of the
nonattendance of adequate current human
services framework especially in country
ranges, individuals want to visit customary
healers and home grown prescriptions. A
wealth of characteristic assets for
therapeutic use exist around the world, of
which numerous have not yet been
misused for conceivable application in the
pharmaceutical business.
Characteristic sources incorporate plants,
creatures, microorganisms and marine life.
Plants are the most used common asset for
applications in the pharmaceutical science
and still include the main normal hotspot
for new medications and lead mixes,
because of their availability and wealth.
The present survey paper offers an outline
of mixes from various common sources
that have been found to show action
against assorted sorts of illnesses.[1–7]
Honey – The Natural Product for
Antibacterial Activity
Nectar created by bumble bees (Apis
melifera) is one of the most established
accessible customary medications thought
to be critical in the treatment of respiratory
affliction, gastrointestinal contamination
and different infections. It has been
utilized adequately as a dressing for
wound, (counting surgical injuries),
smolders and skin ulcers to diminish
agony and smell rapidly. Nectar like other
immersed sugar syrups and sugar glues,
has an osmolarity adequate to hinder
microbial development in the influenced
zone or somewhere else. It has been
contemplated that, nectar invigorates
monocytes in cell societies to discharge
the cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-1 and IL-6,
which are the cell errand people that enact
the insusceptible reaction to disease.

Vol. 2: Issue 1
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Discovering Color Blindness Using Algorithm
Srinivasulu Dhankla*
Department of CS and SE, AUCE (A), Vizag, Andhra Pradesh, India
Abstract
This paper is planned to build up a back engendering counterfeit neural system (ANN) model
that could recognize crop plants from weeds. Albeit just the shading records connected with
picture pixels were utilized as inputs, it was accepted that the ANN model could build up the
capacity to utilize other data, for example, shapes, verifiable in these information. The
756×504 pixel pictures were taken in the field and were then trimmed to 100×100-pixel
pictures portraying stand out plant, either a corn plant or weeds. There were 40 pictures of
corn and 40 of weeds. The capacity of the ANNs to separate weeds from corn was then tried
on 20 different pictures. An aggregate of 10 pictures of corn plants and weeds were utilized
for preparing purposes. For some ANNs, the achievement rate for characterizing corn plants
was as high as 100%, though the most elevated achievement rate for weed acknowledgment
was 80%. This is viewed as tasteful, given the constrained measure of preparing information
and the PC equipment impediments. Accordingly, it is inferred that an ANN-based weed
acknowledgment framework can possibly be utilized as a part of the exactness splashing of
herbicides in horticultural fields.
Keywords: achromatopsia, blue cone monochromatism, dyschromatopsia, horticulture
INTRODUCTION
Introduction to Biomedical Engineering
Biomedical Engineering is the use of
personal computer innovation to the
administration of natural data. Computers
are utilized to accumulate, store,
investigate and incorporate the natural and
hereditary data which can then be
connected to quality based medication
disclosure and improvement. The
requirement for biomedical capacities has
been encouraged by the blast of openly
accessible genomic data coming about
because of the human genome venture.[1,2]
Bioinformatics and Its Study
The bioinformatics is the platform where
merging of molecular biology with
computer technology takes place. It is
vital to the utilization of genomic data in
comprehension of human diseases and in
the distinguishing proof of new molecular
targets that focuses on medication
disclosure. In acknowledgment of this,
numerous colleges, government
organization and numerous
pharmaceutical firms have shaped
bioinformatics bunches, comprising of
computational researcher and
bioinformatics computer researchers.
Such gatherings will be keys to unwinding
the mass of data created by extensive scale
sequencing endeavors in progress in
research centers the world over.
Computational science and bioinformatics
are multidisciplinary fields, including
analysts from various ranges of claim to
fame, including measurements, software
engineering, material science, organic

IJBE (2016) 21–24 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 21
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Recognizable Proof of Specificity Determining Positions through
Phylogenetic Studies
Vikas Singh*
School of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, D. Y. Patil University, CBD Belapur, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra,
India
Abstract
A constantly developing push to apply computational energy to the joined concoction and
natural space with a specific end goal to streamline drug revelation, outline, improvement
and enhancement can be accomplished through computational methodologies. Herpes
simplex is a disease that is brought on by a herpes simplex infection (HSV), and is a standout
amongst the most widely recognized human contaminations transmissible to a body site.
Contamination with HSV can bring about a few illnesses running from obvious diseases and
self-restricting cutaneous injuries to deadly encephalitis. In the present study, the
computational methodology is being connected to distinguish the potential medication
inhibitors and target receptors through computational displaying and medication planning
strategies in which the abdominal muscle initio demonstrating was performed utilizing I-
Tasser and docking was done utilizing Autodock Vina.
Keywords: I-Tasser, MSA, Q-Site Finder
INTRODUCTION
Herpes is a member of the family
Herpesviridae which consists of enveloped
double-stranded DNA viruses. The
Herpesviridae family is divided into three
major groups according to biological and
genomic behavior including alpha-herpes
viruses, beta-herpes viruses, and gamma-
herpes viruses.
The alpha-herpes viruses encompass three
major viruses which include herpes virus-1
(HSV-1), herpes virus-2 (HSV-2), and
varicella-zoster virus (VZV). Man serves
as the sole natural host to these viruses.
HSV-1 and HSV-2 are the most closely
related out of all the herpes viruses with
60% genomic homology. Herpes simplex
is a contamination that is brought on by a
herpes simplex infection (HSV), and is a
standout amongst the most widely
recognized human diseases transmissible
to a body site. Contamination with HSV
can bring about a few illnesses running
from evident diseases and self-restricting
cutaneous sores to deadly encephalitis.
Essential disease happens through a break
in the mucous layers of the mouth or
throat, by means of the eye or privates or
specifically by means of minor scraped
areas in the skin.
Beginning contamination is generally
asymptomatic, despite the fact that there
might be minor neighborhood vesicular
injuries. There then takes after deep rooted
idle contamination with intermittent
reactivation.
An idle disease is described by the
nearness of viral genomes (in the cores of
tactile neurons) and the nonappearance of

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