Global Childbirth & Midwifery – Empowering births, enriching practice and celebrating projects to reduce childbirth mortalities within resource poor communities.
This document discusses factors that contribute to child mortality rates in developing countries. It examines whether child mortality is due to chance, government failings, or issues with global governance. The document presents statistics showing that millions of children under five die each year, primarily from preventable infectious diseases and malnutrition. While underdevelopment, poverty, and limited infrastructure play roles, the document suggests that global governance priorities around privatization and liberal markets also contribute by failing to adequately protect basic social and economic rights for the world's poorest people.
PBH101 Group Presentation on MGD-4 Reduce Child MortalityGaulib Haidar
This group presentation discusses child mortality as it relates to Millennium Development Goal 4. It introduces the group members and provides background on the MDGs, defining them as goals established by the UN to be achieved by 2015. It defines child mortality as deaths under age 5 and discusses the main causes. The presentation outlines strategies to prevent child mortality, such as immunization programs and improving access to healthcare. It notes that progress has been made in reducing child mortality but that more work remains to be done to meet MDG targets by 2015.
Scaling Up Nutrition:-How to solve the problem of malnutrition?Aakash Guglani
It is about the status of malnutrition in India and how can we solve this problem.
It has also been selected for Manthan A national level event presided by Shri Narendra Modi Ji.
India has a serious problem with malnutrition despite economic growth. Nearly half of Indian children under 5 are stunted or underweight, and 33% of the world's malnourished children live in India. Malnutrition costs India 2.95% of its GDP annually and contributes to over 50% of deaths in children under 5. A multi-stakeholder platform is needed to align sectors like health, agriculture, education, and social protection to reduce malnutrition. Prioritizing nutrition for mothers and children in the first 1,000 days of life, as well as expanding community health worker programs, could help tackle the problem. Proper implementation of existing schemes and holding leaders accountable is key to addressing the root causes of malnutrition in India.
This document discusses overpopulation in Pakistan and proposed strategies to address it. It notes issues caused by overpopulation like hunger, poverty, pollution and lack of infrastructure. Current population statistics for Pakistan are provided, showing a high population growth rate and indicators like maternal mortality. The document outlines goals to stabilize population growth and reduce fertility. Long-term objectives include universal access to family planning services and lowering the fertility rate. Short-term objectives promote healthy timing of pregnancy. Strategies proposed include visiting health centers, conducting interviews and distributing information. Target audiences are newlyweds and young people. Messages focus on having smaller families. Allies include health departments while adversaries could include religious leaders and older generations. Raising awareness through various media is discussed.
What Happened Since the Child Survival Call to Action_John Borazzo_4.26.13CORE Group
The document discusses developments since the 2012 Child Survival Call to Action. It notes many countries have developed new plans and data on child mortality is available. Key issues include focusing on vulnerable populations, high-impact interventions, and accountability. Measuring annual changes in mortality is difficult due to data limitations. Coordination is needed across global and national initiatives to accelerate reductions in preventable child deaths.
Save the Children Situational analysis of under five mortality across the East African Community, presented at the launch of the East Africa Paediatric Association, Kampala
This document discusses health as a fundamental human right and outlines goals for improving health systems and data collection. It addresses establishing universal health coverage, saving mothers' lives, and ensuring longer, healthier lives for all through reducing disease burden and improving child and maternal survival. The post-2015 development agenda is proposed to focus on sustainable well-being for all through cooperation across sectors like health, economy, environment and others.
This document discusses factors that contribute to child mortality rates in developing countries. It examines whether child mortality is due to chance, government failings, or issues with global governance. The document presents statistics showing that millions of children under five die each year, primarily from preventable infectious diseases and malnutrition. While underdevelopment, poverty, and limited infrastructure play roles, the document suggests that global governance priorities around privatization and liberal markets also contribute by failing to adequately protect basic social and economic rights for the world's poorest people.
PBH101 Group Presentation on MGD-4 Reduce Child MortalityGaulib Haidar
This group presentation discusses child mortality as it relates to Millennium Development Goal 4. It introduces the group members and provides background on the MDGs, defining them as goals established by the UN to be achieved by 2015. It defines child mortality as deaths under age 5 and discusses the main causes. The presentation outlines strategies to prevent child mortality, such as immunization programs and improving access to healthcare. It notes that progress has been made in reducing child mortality but that more work remains to be done to meet MDG targets by 2015.
Scaling Up Nutrition:-How to solve the problem of malnutrition?Aakash Guglani
It is about the status of malnutrition in India and how can we solve this problem.
It has also been selected for Manthan A national level event presided by Shri Narendra Modi Ji.
India has a serious problem with malnutrition despite economic growth. Nearly half of Indian children under 5 are stunted or underweight, and 33% of the world's malnourished children live in India. Malnutrition costs India 2.95% of its GDP annually and contributes to over 50% of deaths in children under 5. A multi-stakeholder platform is needed to align sectors like health, agriculture, education, and social protection to reduce malnutrition. Prioritizing nutrition for mothers and children in the first 1,000 days of life, as well as expanding community health worker programs, could help tackle the problem. Proper implementation of existing schemes and holding leaders accountable is key to addressing the root causes of malnutrition in India.
This document discusses overpopulation in Pakistan and proposed strategies to address it. It notes issues caused by overpopulation like hunger, poverty, pollution and lack of infrastructure. Current population statistics for Pakistan are provided, showing a high population growth rate and indicators like maternal mortality. The document outlines goals to stabilize population growth and reduce fertility. Long-term objectives include universal access to family planning services and lowering the fertility rate. Short-term objectives promote healthy timing of pregnancy. Strategies proposed include visiting health centers, conducting interviews and distributing information. Target audiences are newlyweds and young people. Messages focus on having smaller families. Allies include health departments while adversaries could include religious leaders and older generations. Raising awareness through various media is discussed.
What Happened Since the Child Survival Call to Action_John Borazzo_4.26.13CORE Group
The document discusses developments since the 2012 Child Survival Call to Action. It notes many countries have developed new plans and data on child mortality is available. Key issues include focusing on vulnerable populations, high-impact interventions, and accountability. Measuring annual changes in mortality is difficult due to data limitations. Coordination is needed across global and national initiatives to accelerate reductions in preventable child deaths.
Save the Children Situational analysis of under five mortality across the East African Community, presented at the launch of the East Africa Paediatric Association, Kampala
This document discusses health as a fundamental human right and outlines goals for improving health systems and data collection. It addresses establishing universal health coverage, saving mothers' lives, and ensuring longer, healthier lives for all through reducing disease burden and improving child and maternal survival. The post-2015 development agenda is proposed to focus on sustainable well-being for all through cooperation across sectors like health, economy, environment and others.
This document discusses population growth in India and methods for population control. It notes that India's population has grown significantly in recent decades and now exceeds 1.2 billion people. Several factors have contributed to India's population explosion, including decreasing death rates and high birth rates driven by poverty, illiteracy, and cultural norms. The large population is straining resources and causing issues like increased pollution, food and water shortages, and unemployment. The document advocates for planned population control methods like increasing education and marriage ages and expanding family planning programs to help reduce birth rates and stabilize India's population.
Overpopulation is a major problem in Pakistan, where the high birth rate outpaces the death rate. This is caused by factors like lack of education, desire for male children, polygamy, and early marriages. Overpopulation leads to increased poverty, unemployment, and health and environmental issues due to scarce resources being strained by the large population. To control overpopulation, awareness must be raised about the benefits of family planning and small family norms through education and media campaigns. Religious leaders should also encourage controlling family size.
This report from the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation provides estimates of under-five, infant and neonatal mortality rates globally and by country/region. It finds that while progress has been made towards reducing child mortality, current rates of reduction remain insufficient to achieve Millennium Development Goal 4 by 2015. Under-five mortality is still highest in Sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Asia. Neonatal deaths now account for over 40% of under-five mortality globally. The report analyzes trends and presents the latest estimates to monitor progress towards improving child survival worldwide.
India has had mixed success in achieving the Millennium Development Goals. Infant and under-five mortality have sharply declined putting India on track to meet those targets. However, hunger remains a major challenge. Maternal mortality also remains high despite increased access to healthcare. While programs have helped reduce malaria and tuberculosis, childhood immunization rates remain low. Overall progress has been slowed by high dropout rates in primary education and low female participation in the economy and government. With 168 days remaining, India must learn from past challenges to make progress on the remaining unmet goals.
Substantial progress has been made towards achieving MDG Goal on Reducing Child Mortality but still insufficient – The new UN-World Bank child mortality estimates
New child mortality estimates (childmortality.org) show that substantial progress has been made towards achieving the fourth Millennium Development Goal. The estimates were released today by the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation, which includes UNICEF, WHO, the World Bank and United Nations Population Division.
Presentation on the new 2013 child mortality estimates psalama91013unicef_ethiopia
This technical report analyzes global progress in reducing child mortality. It finds that the global under-five mortality rate declined nearly in half between 1990 and 2012, saving 90 million lives. However, 6.6 million children still die each year before age five. Over half of under-five deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. The leading causes of under-five death are neonatal conditions, pneumonia, diarrhea, and malaria. While progress has been made, accelerated efforts are needed to achieve the MDG target and ensure all children survive to their fifth birthday.
This document discusses progress towards Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG4) of reducing child mortality. While overall progress has been made, neonatal mortality rates have declined more slowly. Simple, low-cost interventions like kangaroo mother care, neonatal resuscitation, and breastfeeding can significantly reduce neonatal deaths. However, implementation faces barriers like lack of healthcare workers, cultural practices, financial barriers to care, and poor quality of services. Political will is needed to fully achieve MDG4 targets through strengthened health systems and addressing inequities between regions.
The document discusses population explosion in developing countries like India. It states that population explosion is a curse for developing nations as it strains limited resources and leads to increased poverty, malnutrition and other issues. The key causes of population explosion discussed are the decline in death rates due to better healthcare and medical facilities, more hands needed to overcome poverty, technological advances in fertility treatments, immigration, and lack of family planning. Some effects mentioned are unemployment, food scarcity, environmental degradation, lowered standards of living, and negative impacts on human values. Solutions proposed include empowering women, promoting family planning, making education on these issues more engaging, offering government incentives, and one-child policies with varying degrees of coercion.
The document discusses population explosion in India, defining it as the rapid increase in population that negatively impacts the environment, economy, education, health care, and human psychology. Some key points made include: India's population is over 1.3 billion people, comprising 17.5% of the world's population; reasons for the population explosion include increased birth rates and decreased death rates; effects are environmental degradation, poverty, unemployment, overcrowded hospitals, and increased crime rates. Solutions proposed are increasing education, birth control, social awareness campaigns, abortion access, and government policies and mandates.
Maternal health econimics will we achieve millineum goalsNARENDRA C MALHOTRA
This document provides biographical information about Dr. Narendra Malhotra, an obstetrician and gynecologist from India. It lists his professional roles and accomplishments, which include positions at various universities and hospitals, editorships of medical journals, and awards received. It also provides contact information for Malhotra Hospitals and Rainbow Hospitals, where Dr. Malhotra practices in Agra, India.
Mobilizing and Strengthening Civil Society Organizations To Scale Up Nutritio...Gbolade Ogunfowote
This document discusses mobilizing and strengthening civil society organizations in Nigeria to address malnutrition. It begins with an introduction on food security, nutrition, and the importance of adequate nutrition in the first 1000 days of life. It then outlines the crisis of undernutrition in Nigeria, including high rates of stunting, wasting, and micronutrient deficiencies. The document calls for action from civil society organizations to implement key nutrition interventions like exclusive breastfeeding and complementary feeding in order to reduce undernutrition and break the intergenerational cycle of malnutrition in Nigeria.
The document discusses accountability for women's, children's and adolescents' health in the era of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It notes that while the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) significantly reduced maternal and child mortality, rates remain unacceptably high. The SDGs launched in 2015 aim to ensure healthy lives for all at all ages. A new Global Strategy aligned with the SDGs provides a roadmap to end preventable deaths of women, children and adolescents by 2030. The Independent Accountability Panel will prepare annual reports on progress using data from UN agencies and others to ensure accountability. Better data and national leadership are crucial to true accountability.
The document discusses China's one child policy, which was introduced in 1979 to control the country's rapidly growing population. The policy limited urban couples to only one child and led to controversial population control measures. While it helped reduce population growth, it also caused issues like an aging population and gender imbalance from cultural preferences for sons over daughters. In recent years, China has relaxed the policy by allowing two children for rural families and ethnic minorities. However, the long-term implications of the imbalanced population structure due to the one child policy remain to be seen in the future.
A Promise Renewed_Tessa Wardlaw_10.16.13 CORE Group
This document provides a summary of key findings from technical reports on global child mortality levels and progress toward A Promise Renewed commitments to end preventable child deaths. It finds that while the under-five mortality rate has declined significantly since 1990, nearly 6.6 million children still died in 2012. Further acceleration is needed, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, to achieve the MDG4 target by 2015. The leading causes of under-five deaths are neonatal conditions, pneumonia, diarrhea, and malaria. Progress has been uneven in reducing risk factors like lack of access to oral rehydration solution in high diarrhea burden countries.
Jonathan Quick of Management Sciences for Health explores the relationship between the present effort for universal health coverage and the quest for Health for All pioneered by Christian health leaders like John Bryant.
Hi! I gave this presentation back in Fall 2013, to an audience of people who were actually there while I was there. It was nuts. My intention with that presentation was to have these slides up in the background while I gave further details on whatever particular slide we were on, using my mouth box supplemented/augmented/enhanced/more business lingo'd with/by index cards, brain memory, body motion and physical presence, pictures lovingly hand-crafted right there on the spot, and more things of that nature. So, in the presentation's current format on this website, some slides on their own might not be quite as enlightening or useful without at least some person there to yap about things or make hand signals or draw pictures to explain what a slide was intended to represent. I also believe that I want to update this presentation a bit further now, given that I have even more impressive knowledges stored into my stupid, ugly head than I did way back then. So... with all that being said, I hope you understand that this piece is not quite complete just on its own. It is not just yet, at least.
Any questions, suggestions, comments, complaints, compliments, etc. that you may have for me/about this piece-- and anything that you want me to clarify, flesh out, correct, and so on-- please feel free to let me know. Thank you for your time.
The document discusses the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) agreed upon by 193 United Nations member states in 2000. The eight MDGs aimed to reduce poverty, hunger, disease, and gender inequality by 2015. Specific targets included reducing maternal mortality and halting the spread of HIV/AIDS. While progress has been made in some areas like increased antenatal care, maternal mortality remains high in some regions. The UN and other organizations have undertaken initiatives to assess needs, promote women's rights, and provide treatment access to advance the MDG targets by the 2015 deadline.
WHO is working to ensure that everyone has access to quality health care.
In many countries, there is little money available to spend on health. This
results in inadequate hospitals and clinics, a short supply of essential
medicines and equipment, and a critical shortage of health workers.
Worse, in some parts of the world, large numbers of health workers are
dying from the very diseases which they are trying to prevent and treat.
WHO works with countries to help them plan, educate and manage the
health workforce, for example, by advising on policies to recruit and retain
people working in health.
This document discusses infant mortality rates around the world. It defines infant mortality as deaths of children under age 1. The world infant mortality rate in 2008 was 49 per 1000 live births, while rates were lower in more developed countries (6 per 1000) and higher in less developed and least developed countries (54 and 85 per 1000, respectively). Infant mortality is an important indicator of overall health conditions and levels of development within a country. Many infant deaths are preventable through improved medical care and interventions.
International Journal of Obstetrics, Perinatal and Neonatal Nursing intends to publish research, review and short articles related to women and child care. The goal of the Journal is to enhance the knowledge and practice in closely related fields of obstetrics, gynecology and neonatal care. Subject areas suitable for publication include, but are not limited to the following fields
All contributions to the journal are rigorously refereed and are selected on the basis of quality and originality of the work. The journal publishes the most significant new research papers or any other original contribution in the form of reviews and reports on new concepts in all areas pertaining to its scope and research being done in the world, thus ensuring its scientific priority and significance.
Visiting access Eligible Private Practice Midwives march 2013Belinda Maier
This document discusses eligible midwives and their collaborative arrangements for hospital access. It provides information on:
1) The prerequisites and credentialing process for eligible midwives to gain hospital access, including a credentialing subcommittee and access license agreement.
2) The regulatory requirements for eligible midwives, including their collaborative arrangements, insurance, and adherence to consultation and referral guidelines.
3) The benefits eligible midwives can provide hospitals, including cost savings from private antenatal and postnatal care as well as Medicare rebates for services. Financial examples are given for normal births.
This document discusses population growth in India and methods for population control. It notes that India's population has grown significantly in recent decades and now exceeds 1.2 billion people. Several factors have contributed to India's population explosion, including decreasing death rates and high birth rates driven by poverty, illiteracy, and cultural norms. The large population is straining resources and causing issues like increased pollution, food and water shortages, and unemployment. The document advocates for planned population control methods like increasing education and marriage ages and expanding family planning programs to help reduce birth rates and stabilize India's population.
Overpopulation is a major problem in Pakistan, where the high birth rate outpaces the death rate. This is caused by factors like lack of education, desire for male children, polygamy, and early marriages. Overpopulation leads to increased poverty, unemployment, and health and environmental issues due to scarce resources being strained by the large population. To control overpopulation, awareness must be raised about the benefits of family planning and small family norms through education and media campaigns. Religious leaders should also encourage controlling family size.
This report from the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation provides estimates of under-five, infant and neonatal mortality rates globally and by country/region. It finds that while progress has been made towards reducing child mortality, current rates of reduction remain insufficient to achieve Millennium Development Goal 4 by 2015. Under-five mortality is still highest in Sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Asia. Neonatal deaths now account for over 40% of under-five mortality globally. The report analyzes trends and presents the latest estimates to monitor progress towards improving child survival worldwide.
India has had mixed success in achieving the Millennium Development Goals. Infant and under-five mortality have sharply declined putting India on track to meet those targets. However, hunger remains a major challenge. Maternal mortality also remains high despite increased access to healthcare. While programs have helped reduce malaria and tuberculosis, childhood immunization rates remain low. Overall progress has been slowed by high dropout rates in primary education and low female participation in the economy and government. With 168 days remaining, India must learn from past challenges to make progress on the remaining unmet goals.
Substantial progress has been made towards achieving MDG Goal on Reducing Child Mortality but still insufficient – The new UN-World Bank child mortality estimates
New child mortality estimates (childmortality.org) show that substantial progress has been made towards achieving the fourth Millennium Development Goal. The estimates were released today by the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation, which includes UNICEF, WHO, the World Bank and United Nations Population Division.
Presentation on the new 2013 child mortality estimates psalama91013unicef_ethiopia
This technical report analyzes global progress in reducing child mortality. It finds that the global under-five mortality rate declined nearly in half between 1990 and 2012, saving 90 million lives. However, 6.6 million children still die each year before age five. Over half of under-five deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. The leading causes of under-five death are neonatal conditions, pneumonia, diarrhea, and malaria. While progress has been made, accelerated efforts are needed to achieve the MDG target and ensure all children survive to their fifth birthday.
This document discusses progress towards Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG4) of reducing child mortality. While overall progress has been made, neonatal mortality rates have declined more slowly. Simple, low-cost interventions like kangaroo mother care, neonatal resuscitation, and breastfeeding can significantly reduce neonatal deaths. However, implementation faces barriers like lack of healthcare workers, cultural practices, financial barriers to care, and poor quality of services. Political will is needed to fully achieve MDG4 targets through strengthened health systems and addressing inequities between regions.
The document discusses population explosion in developing countries like India. It states that population explosion is a curse for developing nations as it strains limited resources and leads to increased poverty, malnutrition and other issues. The key causes of population explosion discussed are the decline in death rates due to better healthcare and medical facilities, more hands needed to overcome poverty, technological advances in fertility treatments, immigration, and lack of family planning. Some effects mentioned are unemployment, food scarcity, environmental degradation, lowered standards of living, and negative impacts on human values. Solutions proposed include empowering women, promoting family planning, making education on these issues more engaging, offering government incentives, and one-child policies with varying degrees of coercion.
The document discusses population explosion in India, defining it as the rapid increase in population that negatively impacts the environment, economy, education, health care, and human psychology. Some key points made include: India's population is over 1.3 billion people, comprising 17.5% of the world's population; reasons for the population explosion include increased birth rates and decreased death rates; effects are environmental degradation, poverty, unemployment, overcrowded hospitals, and increased crime rates. Solutions proposed are increasing education, birth control, social awareness campaigns, abortion access, and government policies and mandates.
Maternal health econimics will we achieve millineum goalsNARENDRA C MALHOTRA
This document provides biographical information about Dr. Narendra Malhotra, an obstetrician and gynecologist from India. It lists his professional roles and accomplishments, which include positions at various universities and hospitals, editorships of medical journals, and awards received. It also provides contact information for Malhotra Hospitals and Rainbow Hospitals, where Dr. Malhotra practices in Agra, India.
Mobilizing and Strengthening Civil Society Organizations To Scale Up Nutritio...Gbolade Ogunfowote
This document discusses mobilizing and strengthening civil society organizations in Nigeria to address malnutrition. It begins with an introduction on food security, nutrition, and the importance of adequate nutrition in the first 1000 days of life. It then outlines the crisis of undernutrition in Nigeria, including high rates of stunting, wasting, and micronutrient deficiencies. The document calls for action from civil society organizations to implement key nutrition interventions like exclusive breastfeeding and complementary feeding in order to reduce undernutrition and break the intergenerational cycle of malnutrition in Nigeria.
The document discusses accountability for women's, children's and adolescents' health in the era of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It notes that while the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) significantly reduced maternal and child mortality, rates remain unacceptably high. The SDGs launched in 2015 aim to ensure healthy lives for all at all ages. A new Global Strategy aligned with the SDGs provides a roadmap to end preventable deaths of women, children and adolescents by 2030. The Independent Accountability Panel will prepare annual reports on progress using data from UN agencies and others to ensure accountability. Better data and national leadership are crucial to true accountability.
The document discusses China's one child policy, which was introduced in 1979 to control the country's rapidly growing population. The policy limited urban couples to only one child and led to controversial population control measures. While it helped reduce population growth, it also caused issues like an aging population and gender imbalance from cultural preferences for sons over daughters. In recent years, China has relaxed the policy by allowing two children for rural families and ethnic minorities. However, the long-term implications of the imbalanced population structure due to the one child policy remain to be seen in the future.
A Promise Renewed_Tessa Wardlaw_10.16.13 CORE Group
This document provides a summary of key findings from technical reports on global child mortality levels and progress toward A Promise Renewed commitments to end preventable child deaths. It finds that while the under-five mortality rate has declined significantly since 1990, nearly 6.6 million children still died in 2012. Further acceleration is needed, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, to achieve the MDG4 target by 2015. The leading causes of under-five deaths are neonatal conditions, pneumonia, diarrhea, and malaria. Progress has been uneven in reducing risk factors like lack of access to oral rehydration solution in high diarrhea burden countries.
Jonathan Quick of Management Sciences for Health explores the relationship between the present effort for universal health coverage and the quest for Health for All pioneered by Christian health leaders like John Bryant.
Hi! I gave this presentation back in Fall 2013, to an audience of people who were actually there while I was there. It was nuts. My intention with that presentation was to have these slides up in the background while I gave further details on whatever particular slide we were on, using my mouth box supplemented/augmented/enhanced/more business lingo'd with/by index cards, brain memory, body motion and physical presence, pictures lovingly hand-crafted right there on the spot, and more things of that nature. So, in the presentation's current format on this website, some slides on their own might not be quite as enlightening or useful without at least some person there to yap about things or make hand signals or draw pictures to explain what a slide was intended to represent. I also believe that I want to update this presentation a bit further now, given that I have even more impressive knowledges stored into my stupid, ugly head than I did way back then. So... with all that being said, I hope you understand that this piece is not quite complete just on its own. It is not just yet, at least.
Any questions, suggestions, comments, complaints, compliments, etc. that you may have for me/about this piece-- and anything that you want me to clarify, flesh out, correct, and so on-- please feel free to let me know. Thank you for your time.
The document discusses the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) agreed upon by 193 United Nations member states in 2000. The eight MDGs aimed to reduce poverty, hunger, disease, and gender inequality by 2015. Specific targets included reducing maternal mortality and halting the spread of HIV/AIDS. While progress has been made in some areas like increased antenatal care, maternal mortality remains high in some regions. The UN and other organizations have undertaken initiatives to assess needs, promote women's rights, and provide treatment access to advance the MDG targets by the 2015 deadline.
WHO is working to ensure that everyone has access to quality health care.
In many countries, there is little money available to spend on health. This
results in inadequate hospitals and clinics, a short supply of essential
medicines and equipment, and a critical shortage of health workers.
Worse, in some parts of the world, large numbers of health workers are
dying from the very diseases which they are trying to prevent and treat.
WHO works with countries to help them plan, educate and manage the
health workforce, for example, by advising on policies to recruit and retain
people working in health.
This document discusses infant mortality rates around the world. It defines infant mortality as deaths of children under age 1. The world infant mortality rate in 2008 was 49 per 1000 live births, while rates were lower in more developed countries (6 per 1000) and higher in less developed and least developed countries (54 and 85 per 1000, respectively). Infant mortality is an important indicator of overall health conditions and levels of development within a country. Many infant deaths are preventable through improved medical care and interventions.
International Journal of Obstetrics, Perinatal and Neonatal Nursing intends to publish research, review and short articles related to women and child care. The goal of the Journal is to enhance the knowledge and practice in closely related fields of obstetrics, gynecology and neonatal care. Subject areas suitable for publication include, but are not limited to the following fields
All contributions to the journal are rigorously refereed and are selected on the basis of quality and originality of the work. The journal publishes the most significant new research papers or any other original contribution in the form of reviews and reports on new concepts in all areas pertaining to its scope and research being done in the world, thus ensuring its scientific priority and significance.
Visiting access Eligible Private Practice Midwives march 2013Belinda Maier
This document discusses eligible midwives and their collaborative arrangements for hospital access. It provides information on:
1) The prerequisites and credentialing process for eligible midwives to gain hospital access, including a credentialing subcommittee and access license agreement.
2) The regulatory requirements for eligible midwives, including their collaborative arrangements, insurance, and adherence to consultation and referral guidelines.
3) The benefits eligible midwives can provide hospitals, including cost savings from private antenatal and postnatal care as well as Medicare rebates for services. Financial examples are given for normal births.
This document summarizes midwifery practices in the United States and New Zealand. In the US, midwives include certified nurse-midwives, certified midwives, and certified professional midwives who provide prenatal care, delivery assistance, and postpartum care. In New Zealand, registered midwives serve as lead maternity carers and provide primary maternity services through delivery and 6 weeks postpartum. Both countries face challenges around increasing medicalization and caesarean section rates, as well as midwife recruitment and retention.
This document provides an overview of the MAWI study which aims to explore interactions between midwives and women during antenatal consultations using two different models of care: Midwifery Group Practice (MGP) and Standard Maternity Care (SMC). The study uses a video-ethnographic approach to observe appointments, conduct interviews, and analyze interactions thematically. Preliminary findings suggest that hospital clinic structures can be stressful and routine systems dominate SMC interactions, while women's agency is more evident in home-based MGP appointments. The goal is to understand how continuity of care through MGP affects the relationship and experiences of midwives and women.
This is a short presentation to get you thinking about the effect social media has on women's choices for birth and midwifery practice. To be honest, I'm left with more questions than answers and recommend that research is carried out in this area to see exactly if and how social media supports childbirth
PRESCRIPTION WRITING IN OBSTETRICS BY DR SHASHWAT JANIDR SHASHWAT JANI
This document discusses prescription writing in obstetrics. It defines a prescription and outlines the key contents including the date, patient information, drug name, strength, directions for use, and prescriber information. It describes best practices for writing prescriptions such as using clear handwriting, the metric system, and avoiding dangerous abbreviations. Prescription writing for pregnant patients is challenging, as effects of drugs on the embryo, fetus, or neonate are often unknown and must balance risk to the mother and baby. Rational prescribing involves diagnosis, treatment objectives, and monitoring. Factors that can influence prescribing are also discussed.
Multiplex qPCR allows for quantitative assays to be performed more quickly and with less toxic reagents by integrating multiple reactions into a single tube. Proper controls and optimization of primers, probes and fluorescent dyes are essential to identify and troubleshoot problems such as false positives, inefficient amplification, and spectral overlap between dyes. Case studies demonstrate how new probe batches or non-optimal dye combinations can impact results, and highlight the importance of color compensation and control testing.
The document discusses the demand for labor from the perspective of individual firms and the overall labor market. It explains that in the short-run, a firm's demand for labor (its marginal revenue product curve) depends on the marginal product of labor. In the long-run, when both capital and labor are variable, firms will substitute between the two inputs in response to wage changes. The market demand for labor is less elastic than the sum of individual firm demands, due to product price effects. The elasticity of labor demand depends on factors like the elasticity of product demand and the share of labor costs in total costs.
This document discusses three obstetric emergencies: retained placenta, adherent placenta, and inversion of the uterus. For retained placenta, it defines it as occurring when the placenta remains in the uterus 30 minutes after delivery. Manual removal of the placenta is described as the management. Adherent placenta occurs when the placenta does not separate from the uterine wall, and types include placenta accreta, increta, and percreta. Inversion of the uterus is defined as the uterus turning inside out, and can be caused by fundal pressure or cord traction after delivery. Replacement by working from the cervix to fundus is the first step
2010 Management protocol on selected obstetric topics,Federal Democratic Repu...Fraol Desta
This document outlines protocols for focused antenatal care in Ethiopia. It introduces focused antenatal care, which emphasizes quality over quantity with only four recommended visits for normal pregnancies. The objectives are health promotion, disease prevention, early detection and treatment of complications, and birth preparedness. It provides a classifying checklist to determine if women need basic or specialized care. The first visit ideally occurs before 16 weeks to collect medical history, provide tests/supplements, educate on pregnancy and identify high-risk women.
This document discusses the importance of multidisciplinary simulation training for obstetric emergencies. It provides evidence that simulation training improves teamwork, communication, and management of emergencies. This can lead to better maternal and neonatal outcomes. The document describes a training program in Basel that provides scenarios on shoulder dystocia and postpartum hemorrhage. Participants work through the scenarios as a team and receive debriefing to improve their skills in managing rare but high-risk obstetric situations.
Here is a presentation that will help you think about the format of your professional portfolio. Although targeted at midwives, the format can be used for any of the health professions
The document describes four methods (A, B, C, D) to perform a biological assay of oxytocin using different animal models and physiological responses. Method A uses chickens to measure changes in blood pressure. Method B uses rat uteri to measure contractions. Method C uses lactating rats to measure milk ejection pressure. Method D uses rats to measure vasopressor activity by changes in blood pressure. The methods involve administering standard and test preparations of oxytocin and comparing their dose-response relationships.
This document discusses evaluating and managing bad obstetric history (BOH). BOH refers to previous disappointments in childbearing like miscarriages, stillbirths, preterm births, or other complications. A detailed history and medical record review aims to identify recurrent or non-recurrent causes. Common causes include pre-eclampsia, inherited or acquired thrombophilia, parental genetic disorders, anatomical factors, endocrine issues, and infections. Investigation may include screening tests for these conditions. Management focuses on modifying identified risks in the current pregnancy through treatments like low-dose aspirin for pre-eclampsia risk and close monitoring throughout pregnancy. The goal is to learn from past pregnancies to optimize outcomes in future pregnancies.
India Nursing Council, State Nursing Council, Nursing board & UniversitySujata Mohapatra
The document discusses the roles and responsibilities of various nursing regulatory bodies in India, including the Indian Nursing Council (INC), State Nursing Councils (SNC), Nursing Boards, and Universities. The INC establishes uniform nursing education standards and regulates nursing practice nationwide. SNCs perform similar regulatory functions at the state level. Nursing Boards oversee nursing licensure and education accreditation. Universities regulate nursing colleges/programs and conduct nursing examinations.
1. The document outlines the evidence-based medicine (EBM) process which involves five stages: formulating a question, searching for evidence, appraising the evidence, applying to practice, and evaluating.
2. It provides examples of clinical questions and formulates them using the PICO framework.
3. It describes the different types of studies and levels of evidence to consider when evaluating different types of clinical questions related to therapy, diagnosis, etiology/harm, and prognosis.
4. Resources for both filtered and unfiltered information are presented to guide searching for evidence depending on the question type.
5. Criteria for app
Blood Transfusion in Obstetrics Green-top Guideline 2015Aboubakr Elnashar
This document provides guidelines for blood transfusion in obstetrics. It discusses reducing the risks of transfusion, general transfusion principles, strategies to minimize banked blood use, management of obstetric hemorrhage with blood components, pharmacological strategies, and management of intrapartum, postpartum anemia and women who decline blood products. The guidelines recommend optimizing hemoglobin, using cell salvage and restrictive transfusion protocols to reduce banked blood use, and considering tranexamic acid and fibrinogen concentrate for major hemorrhage. Clinicians should have clear protocols for hemorrhage management and intrapartum anemia transfusion criteria.
At the Christian Alliance for Orphans annual gathering on May 1, 2015, Hope Through Healing Hands hosted a workshop entitled The Mother & Child Project: How to Prevent the Orphan Crisis. While most workshops were providing instructive guidance on the care of orphans and vulnerable children both at home and around the world, ours focused on the prevention side; that is, how can we stop the orphan crisis before it begins? How can we turn the tide over the next two decades?
This document summarizes the career and work of Dr. Marleen Temmerman, including:
- Her background in medicine, public health, and research focused on women's health and HIV in Africa.
- The establishment of the International Centre for Reproductive Health in 1994 to conduct research on sexual and reproductive health.
- The expansion of the Centre's work over time to include projects in multiple African countries and areas like gender-based violence prevention.
- Her roles with organizations like WHO and current work to establish centers of excellence for women's and children's health in East Africa through partnerships.
UNICEF works to address several key issues impacting child survival globally: early childhood development, HIV/AIDS, nutrition, and water/sanitation/hygiene. UNICEF advocates for children's rights, helps meet basic needs, and allows children to reach their full potential. It also focuses on the most disadvantaged children in emergencies or living in extreme poverty, war, or facing disabilities. UNICEF collaborates with partners to achieve goals like eliminating vitamin A and iodine deficiencies and works with communities to empower them to find solutions to problems like malnutrition.
The document discusses India's population growth and the government's strategies to address it. It notes that India has a high population growth rate due to high birth rates and declining death rates. The government has implemented several programs to promote family planning like the National Population Policy 2000 and Janani Suraksha Yojana. However, challenges remain as many states still have high total fertility rates and low contraceptive use. The government is working to improve access to and use of family planning services through integrated healthcare programs and effective communication initiatives.
Kissito Healthcare Presient and CEO, Tom Clarke, met with OB-GYN professionsals from Carillion Hospital on September 30th to discuss Kissito's international child and maternal healthcare operations in Uganda and Ethiopia.
Definition and components of reproductive health?
Demographic trends and fertility determinants
Family planning
Impact of reproductive patterns on child health
Impact of reproductive patterns on women health
Mechanisms to reduce morbidity and mortality
The document discusses MDGs (Millennium Development Goals) and the current health status of Pakistan. It defines the eight MDGs agreed upon in 2000, which include goals for poverty, education, gender equality, health, and the environment. For health specifically, the goals are to reduce child mortality, improve maternal health, and combat diseases like HIV/AIDS. The document notes Pakistan's poor performance in achieving the health-related MDGs. It analyzes factors influencing Pakistan's health status, such as high population growth, diseases, and issues with maternal, child health and immunization programs. Overall, the document provides an overview of MDGs and an assessment of Pakistan's challenges in improving population health.
Family welfare programs aim to support families by promoting small family sizes and birth control. Such programs are critical because population growth puts enormous strain on global resources and the environment. The key aspects of family welfare programs in India include educating the public about contraception options like sterilization procedures and temporary methods. Female sterilization through tubectomy is currently the most widely used contraceptive method in developing countries. While India's family welfare program has had some success, further efforts are still needed to control overpopulation.
Choice for women: have your say on a new plan to tackle reproductive, materna...DFID
More than a third of a million women die every year from complications during pregnancy and childbirth. Improving reproductive, maternal and newborn health in the developing world is a major priority for the UK Government. DFID is therefore developing a new business plan.
To inform the plan we are holding a 12 week consultation, which will close on 20 October 2010. We want to hear what people in the UK and around the world have to say on the subject of reproductive, maternal and newborn health. This will help us to understand different viewpoints, how these issues might vary in different countries, and how DFID could work better with partners.
If you want to discuss the consultation with colleagues, partners or users of services, we have created this presentation document to help you stimulate discussion. Once you have gathered responses submit your feedback online or use our template response document and email your comments.
To find out more visit http://www.dfid.gov.uk/choiceforwomen
Millennium development goals project religionkatiedonaghy
The document discusses improving maternal health as one of the UN Millennium Development Goals. Maternal mortality is a significant issue in developing countries where access to healthcare is limited. The goals aim to reduce maternal mortality by increasing access to reproductive healthcare, educated assistance during childbirth, and preventing complications through nutrition and access to medicine. Progress has been made in developing more robust healthcare systems, increasing antenatal care and reducing teen pregnancies, though accelerated efforts are still needed to meet 2015 targets of reducing maternal mortality ratios.
1.1.3 AWHN Conference 6 2010 Federation:
Commission on the Social Determinants of Health: gendering health inequities.
Southgate Institute for Health, Society & Equity,
Flinders University
Adelaide
The document discusses reproductive health, population dynamics, and their interrelationship. It notes that everyone has a right to reproductive health and happy families. Population growth influences development, and the population of poor countries is expected to more than double by 2050. The document then covers topics like reproductive health problems, the Millennium Development Goals, pillars of reproductive health like responsible parenthood, and the Philippines' reproductive health realities and constitutional provisions.
THE BREAKTHROUGH STRATEGY FOR ACHIEVING ALL THE MDGS INVESTING IN WOMEN AND GIRLS THE BREAKTHROUGH STRATEGY FOR ACHIEVING ALL THE MDGS Based on a speech by Jon Lomoy, Director of the OECD’s Development Co-operation Directorate, at the Helsinki High-level Symposium, United Nations 2010 Development Co-operation Forum, 4 June 2010 KEEP GIRLS IN SCHOOL 1 I believe that investing in women and girls in itself constitutes a breakthrough strategy for achieving the MDGs, and that almost any investment we make in women and girls will have multiplier effects across the Goals —Helen Clark, UNDP Administrator, 25 March 2010. W ithout a great leap forward towards achieving greater equality between women and men and increased empowerment of women and girls, none of the MDGs will be achieved. It is time to back up political promises with the investments and resources needed to do the job. Investing in women and girls has a powerful impact. It will make the world a better place for all – both women and men. Helen Clark has called it the breakthrough strategy for achieving the MDGs. The challenge is to identify how and where donor money can fuel that breakthrough strategy. There are four key areas where increased investments and attention could have catalytic and multiplier impacts on the lives of women and girls – and of future generations: • Keep girls in school to complete a quality secondary education • Urgently improve reproductive health, including access to family planning services • Increase women’s control over productive and financial assets (not just microcredit), and • Identify and support women leaders at all levels. Studies have shown that women with even a few years of primary education have better economic prospects, have fewer and healthier children, and are more likely to ensure that their own children go to school. Development would be accelerated if girls were kept in school to complete a quality secondary education. Education of girls is one of the most powerful tools for women’s empowerment, but discrimination continues to keep girls out of school. • In 2007, only 53 of the 171 countries with available data had achieved gender parity in both primary and secondary education1 . • Secondary school enrolment is very low in sub-Saharan Africa (24 percent of girls and 33 percent of boys). That means that girls are missing out – particularly when they live in rural areas and in poor households. Removing school fees and providing financial incentives for girls to attend school have proven to be effective. At the same time we need to build schools closer to remote communities, ensure that schools have quality teachers and adequate sanitary facilities and that they are safe places for girls. 1. United Nations (2009). The Millennium Development Goals Report 2009
Nicole and I done a religion project on the Millennium Development Goal number 5. This goal aims at improving maternal health in the developing countries.
Nicole and I done a religion project on the Millennium development goal 5. This goal is based on improving maternal health in the developing countries.
Shauna and i done a religion project on the development goal 5, this goal is about maternal health in developing countries such as Africa or India, and how the development goal has helped women around the world live a healthier pregnancy and have a more healthy childbirth.
The document discusses improving maternal health globally. It notes that nearly 830 women die every day due to complications during pregnancy and childbirth, most of which could be prevented by improving access to emergency obstetric care and prenatal care. Specifically, it recommends increasing access to trained healthcare professionals for childbirth and ensuring women receive the recommended 4 prenatal checkups. The document also advocates donating to organizations working to build maternal health clinics in developing countries to improve outcomes for mothers and infants worldwide.
The document discusses improving maternal health as one of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals. Maternal health needs improvement because pregnancy and childbirth complications are among the top causes of death for women in developing countries. The goals are to reduce maternal mortality, achieve universal access to reproductive healthcare, and reduce pregnancy complications through access to medicine and doctors. Progress has been made in reducing maternal mortality and increasing access to antenatal care and family planning, but accelerated efforts are still needed to meet 2015 targets.
This document discusses public health concerns related to birth rates. It begins with defining birth and how it relates to demography and fertility. It then discusses factors that affect birth rates such as family planning, education, religion, and government policy. Global and national trends showing declines in crude birth rates are presented. Low civil registration of births in some countries is noted as a challenge. Public health concerns of high birth include impacts on health services, nutrition, social problems, the environment, and economies. The document concludes by discussing approaches countries have taken to address high birth rates, including implementing population policies, expanding access to family planning and education, and empowering women.
united nation development programs and its bird eye view and united states agency for international development and objectives area coverage by the both programs and the progress or the achievements done by the UNDP and USAID
Similar to Royal College of Midwives (RCM) conference paper presentation 2012 (sally Pezaro) (20)
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
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share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Royal College of Midwives (RCM) conference paper presentation 2012 (sally Pezaro)
1.
2. •Every two minutes, a woman dies of
pregnancy-related complications
•Ninety-nine per cent of maternal deaths
occur in developing countries
•most could have been prevented with
proven interventions.
9. “Representation by women in
parliament is at an all-time high,
but falls shamefully short of parity”
(UN, 2011)
Globally only 19%
of political
decision making
positions are
held by women
10. Department for international
Development Framework:
By 2015:
•Save 50,000 mothers & 250,000 newborns
•Prevent 5 million unintended pregnancies
•support 2 million safe deliveries
•10 million women using modern family planning
•(4 pillars of action) Empower women,
remove barriers, Expand quality services,
Increase accountability
11.
12. Millennium development goal 5
How are we doing?:
Only 10 countries are
considered to be “on track”
to meet MDG 5.
"Women are not
dying of diseases we
can't treat. ... They are dying
because societies have yet to make the
decision that their lives are worth saving."
(Mahmoud Fathalla, past president of the International Federation of Obstetricians and Gynecologists)
13. • The poorer, suffer more?
• Population changes?
• International fragmented response?
• Lack of commitment?
• Short cuts?
• Lack of a united front?
• Is it because ‘it is women’?
Why are we failing?
“Achieving the MDGs depends so much on women’s empowerment
and equal access by women to education, work, health care and
decision-making - let us not relent until all the MDGs
have been attained.” Ban Ki-moon Secretary-General, United Nations (2012)
23. • The maternal mortality ratio in Ethiopia is 676
for every 100,000 births. (UN, WHO)
• Only 51% of hospitals are qualified as offering
fully equipped, comprehensive care. (UNFPA, 2012 )
• Ethiopia uses only 5.7 percent of its GDP on
health
• 90% of women birth at home
• Ethiopia is ranked 174 of 187 in the UN
Human Development health Index (UNDP 2012)
27. Join in with Muffins for Midwives & the Grand Draw!
Maternity Worldwide
(downstairs stand 82)
28. • The Government of Ethiopia, with the
support of several donors, has invested
heavily in Health Extension Workers.
(currently 31,000)
• $1.5 billion Gates Foundation investment
• Ethiopia's government have built physical
and human resource capacity.
• Maternity care is now free at the point of
delivery
• THIS IS FRAGILE
29. •Full Sustainable Development Goals (SDG’s) - Rio+20
•Will major powers sign up?
•Why are targets not achieved?
•Promises made must be promises kept
•Demand accountability
30. Malawi's first female president
(7th April, 2012 –present)
Africa's second
female president.
Joyce Banda
31. •£5 to provide modern
•contraception
•£45 to treat severe
eclampsia & emergency
newborn care
•£17.50 To manage an
obstructed labour
•£22 to treat maternal sepsis
•(Source: WHO-CHOICE published in the BMJ, 2005)
Editor's Notes
The 20th century produced the Universal Declaration of Human Rights – Inspired by the terrible losses of the 1 st and 2 nd world wars as the world said “Never again” The 21st century, the world has produced the Millennium Development Goals for humanity to achieve faster progress towards a better life. POVERTY - permeates all sectors and holds back growth in every sense. HUNGER –15.5 per cent of the world population in 2008 were undernourished. PRIMARY EDUCATION – In 2010, 61 million children of primary school age were out of school. Cost - Poverty is a major barrier to education Social and cultural barriers Needs: Huge demand for teachers, classrooms & free education. GENDER EQUALITY – In Africa, 66 per cent of out-of-school children are girls – poor education relates to poorer outcomes in all MDG’s. Women offered poor jobs, paid less with no social benefits. unpaid family workers are less likely to seek and achieve their human rights CHILD MORTALITY – An estimated 40% of deaths in children under five occur in the first month of life, so improving newborn care is essential for further progress. Four diseases—pneumonia, diarrhoea, malaria and AIDS— accounted for 43 per cent of all deaths in children under five worldwide in 2008. MATERNAL HEALTH – An estimated 287,000 maternal deaths occurred in 2010 worldwide The youngest, in the poorest households with the poorest education are three times more likely to become pregnant, have larger families and suffer poor maternal health. There is an unmet need for family planning – the poorest and uneducated are the least likely to engage with family planning. HIV - The spread of HIV appears to have stabilized in most regions, and more people are surviving longer (Continuing need for education and women's empowerment re: HIV) link between gender-based violence and HIV Increased need to safeguard newborn transmission in childbirth. ENVIRONMENTAL STABILITY Poor access to sanitation globally (bypassing the slums and poorest people) However – the world is on target to meet safe drinking water targets GLOBAL PARTNERSHIPS IN 2009, Official development assistance (ODA) amounted to 0.31 per cent of the combined national income of developed countries. Over the last decade, developing countries have gained greater access to the markets of developed countries and have tariff reductions. Forty countries are eligible for debt relief under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative. Millenium Development Goal progress shows the power of global goals and a shared purpose. Source – www.un.org
Source - Liu, Li, H.L. Johnson, S. Cousens, J. Perin, S. Scott, J.E. Lawn, (2010) “Global, Regional, and National Causes of Child Mortality: An Updated Systematic Analysis for 2010 with Time Trends since 2000.” Lancet .
Delay in decision to seek care – Failure to recognise complications Acceptance of maternal death Low status of women Socio-cultural barriers to seeking care: women’s mobility, ability to command resources, decision-making abilities, beliefs and practices surrounding childbirth and delivery, nutrition and education Delay in reaching care - Poor roads, mountains, islands, rivers – poor organisation Delay in receiving care – Inadequate facilities, supplies, personnel Poor training and demotivation of staff Lack of finances
Preconceptually – Family planning – Prevention of infection – folic acid supplementation Antenatally – Screenings for infections and immunizations – Eclampsia preventions – Malaria treatment/prevention – Risk assessment During childbirth – Antibiotics for preterm rupture of membranes – Steroids for preterm birth – Clean and safe delivery practices – Risk assessment – labour surveillance Postnatally – resuscitation –breastfeeding – kangaroo care (especially in premature newborns) – Prevention and management of pneumonia & hypothermia Source - Essential Interventions, Commodities and Guidelines for Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn and Child Health: A Global Re view of the key Interventions related to Re productive, Maternal, Newborn and Child He alth (RMNCH) (WHO) - Committing to Child Survival: A Promise Renewed – Progress Report 2012 . Darmstadt GL, Bhutta ZA, Cousens S, Adam T, Walker N, de Bernis L for the Lancet Neonatal Survival Steering Team. Evidence-based, cost-effective interventions: how many newborn babies can we save? Published online March 3, 2005. http://image.thelancet.com/extras/05art1217web.pdf. WHO/UNICEF Joint Statement , Home Visits for the Newborn Child: A strategy to improve survival, WHO, 2009.
When women have economic literacy and opportunities open to them, they are more empowered to make choices regarding their own bodies. If women are to benefit from economic progress, it require law reform and social change. The world must stop relying on women's unpaid work and involve and empower them as equal and able world decision makers.
Andrew Mitchell (Secretary of State for International Development (2010) “The UK’s Framework for Results for improving reproductive, maternal and newborn health in the developing world”. Accountability has been a missing ingredient. – Accountability can give women a channel to make demands through – empowering them further.
RCM’s Global midwifery twinning Project The overall goal of the project is to strengthen midwifery associations in three countries - Uganda, Cambodia and Nepal 72 individual UK midwife volunteers connect with midwives in project countries, to stimulate the potential and scope of midwifery associations in raising the standards of midwifery education and practice. Overwhelming response shows UK midwives willingness to make a difference (This project is funded through the Health Partnership Scheme , which is funded by the UK Department for International Development (DFID) for the benefit of the UK and partner country health sectors, and is managed by the Tropical Health Education Trust (THET) .
MATERNAL MORTALITY – Only a decline of only 0.1% in maternal mortality per year in sub-Saharan Africa (annual rate of decline of 2.3% globally) - (MGD Target is 5.5%) Deaths during childbirth/pregnancy as a result of complications have decreased by 34% overall, globally. The report found 66 countries are unlikely to meet MDG 5a (reducing maternal mortality) 25 countries have made insufficient or no progress in reducing maternal deaths and 13 have shown no progress in cutting the number of children who die. The good news - The report “Trends in maternal mortality: 1990 to 2010”, shows that from 1990 to 2010, the annual number of maternal deaths dropped from more than 543,000 to 287,000 – a decline of 47 per cent.
Progress is made in richer groups, widening the disparity. Populations are growing, people are migrating to urban areas, seeking a better life, yet still have high childbirth mortality rates. International response – variations in corruption and contribution levels. Lack of comitment? Commitments made in 2010 to strengthen accountability, from the African Union and the UN Secretary General’s Global Strategy for Women’s and Children’s Health provide opportunities to ensure that countries and development partners deliver on their promises. Shortcuts? - immunisation reduces infant mortality (can be done relatively easily, cheaply with huge impact) Lack of a united front? - UN agencies pulling in different directions – UNFPA think its about contraception, WHO skilled birth attendants, UNICEF different focus Focus has previously been on HIV/AIDS? Are these all excuses? > Is it because it is women?
The Gambia faces serious challenges in its efforts to reliably track the MDGs. There is no framework in which to measure real progress – consensus is that it is not on track and has made insufficient progress in MDG progress. Visited in 2007 To experience midwifery where you have little or no medical resources. To enhance and enrich my practice To experience world midwifery and see for myself the troubles faced by resource poor countries. To help in any small way I could Maternal mortality ratio remains high at 400 deaths per 100,000 live births, 60% of Gambians live in poverty – has an Human Development Index rank in 2010 of 151 out of 169 countries. Gambia suffers from poor access to healthcare, lack of skilled workers and infrastructure/management. I returned in 2008 to see if any changes had occurred – all the staff had moved on – desperate to thrive in areas of prosperity.
RVTH were kind enough to have me, share knowledge and gain experience with them, including; Gynae ward – many miscarriages witnessed due to Malarial season
Labour ward – Breech deliveries, twin deliveries, Ventouse/medical care done by midwives eg; sintocinon infusion in drip bags (making do) – few doctors. Many neonatal deaths/still births witnessed One maternal death through eclampsia/poor management of magnesium sulphate infusion. Drugs and equipment were often out of date – even new donations were out of date Staff were using out of date midwifery techniques – their access to medical literature was that of 20 years ago Staff were poor themselves – unable to afford glasses to see for suturing etc – suturing material also poor Flies everywhere, around cannulas (which women had for the duration of their stay) and around open wounds in theatres. Live chickens were found on the labour ward as staff stored their evening meals bought at the market during the day. Any blood transfusions must be done contemporaneously by a willing relative as there are no storage facilities and limited compliance with HIV testing. Special care baby units were filled with comparatively well babies – unlike our premature babies who have access to advance resources.
The Gambians are a very warm and welcoming community, I was invited to naming ceremonies and family gatherings. Most Gambian women birth at home with traditional birth attendants without electricity and limited water supply. I assisted at some of the local clinics in Brikrama where women come to birth, have their infants checked and weighed and receive low level medical care. I became a part of their programme to train traditional birth attendants in the community, the TBA’s were keen to learn from midwifery staff in the local clinics, however, much of the midwifery practice was again, dated such as birthing with fundal pressure. Everybody breastfeeds, everywhere. Mothers, daughters, sisters and aunties assist each other, there were never any problems…..(No clean water to mix up formula either)
Ventouse is an old suction cup (top left) – manually pumped and used by midwives. Women labour together on flat beds – poor hygiene facilities even when cleaned constantly. Deceased babies are lined up in the bathroom window sill where all women shower/use the toilet. – Women must take their dead home to bury (often issues with transport). Language barriers were hard as rural women spoke no English and could be conversing in one of several tribal dialects. – The cleaner was often my translator as labour ward was often left un manned with labouring women requiring care. Antenatal record keeping was minimal – women have one antenatal card containing all visits (usually 1-2) and any minimal knowledge known about her obstetric history. The registering of births and deaths was seemingly an easy/fast process.
Use of traditional medicines (herbs and tree barks etc) is wide in the Gambia, as I attended this rally, the President Jammeh was announcing his discoveries of herbal medicine to treat conditions such as HIV/AIDS, Diabetes and many others. Superstition and traditional medicines are very much respected and Politics are rarely challenged. I left the Gambia with the desire to explore projects to reduce childbirth mortalities within resource poor countries.
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP)
Integrated maternal health programme - To combat the 3 delays model – Health posts – health centres - hospital The project plans - Carrying out community health promotion sessions on maternal and reproductive health, addressing women’s rights and status. Establishing women’s income generating groups enabling financial independence. Improving the quality of maternal health care by training local clinical staff and providing essential equipment, drugs and supplies. In addition a Safe Birth Fund was set up to pay the fees being charged by the hospitals for delivery. Successes - The number of women having their babies at the hospital and health centres increased by 51%. There were 110,000 attendances at health promotion sessions (ten times higher than the target) Sixteen staff were trained as Skilled Birth Assistants along with 11 assistants. 1200 women participated in the income generating scheme and set up their own businesses. Within two years 90% of the women had made profits and were able to make loan repayments Extended the programme to 60 new villages in 2011 The provision of e-ranger motorcycle ambulances to provide quick and relatively cheap transport for pregnant women when it is needed.
CRADLE – looking at Eclampsia prevention, introducing automated, solar powered blood pressure monitors The safe Birthplace Study – Exploring women's choices in maternity care in Ethiopia – Suggesting *waiting houses* near health centres for high risk women.Demonstrates women's enthusiasm to partake in their care when they are educated in choice and their own maternal health.
Muffins for midwives – Tea party/coffee morning - will pay for the training of midwives in Africa. It costs £80 a month to provide the training. You can sign up for a pack at the stall and get a free muffin! To be drawn on 5th January, tickets are £2 each and the prizes are: 1st Prize - Return flights for two people from Gatwick to any European destination (Donated by British Airways) 2nd Prize – Gourmet three course meal for two with a champagne cocktail at a 4* hotel in Mayfair 3rd Prize – Socialites spa day with afternoon tea for two at Foxhills Hotel and Spa, Surrey (Donated by Six Degrees Group) 4th Prize – Two lucky winners will receive a crate (12 bottles) of luxury boutique wine (Donated by Hausmann Vineyard)
Health Extension Workers (should be able to do a delivery but not trained sufficiently) The $1.5 billion that the Gates Foundation will invest through to 2014 and will support projects directly addressing maternal and child health. Ethiopian government has stepped up to deliver physical and human resource capacity, making maternity care free at the point of delivery THIS IS FRAGILE Ethiopia would have to spend almost half of its gross domestic product (GDP) to reach their health worker quota (International Monetary Fund) Provides debt relief linked into achieving the MDG’s… is this the reason governments are keen? Is it sustainable? Are there contracts? or just direct payments? Are faith based hospitals less likely to require contracts? (Source - Reuters (2010) Gates Foundation Gives $1.5 Billion for Women’s Health)
The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development - or Rio+20 - took place in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil on 20-22 June 2012. Resulted in Sustainable development goals (Built upon Millennium Development Goals) 700 voluntary commitments were made to women's empowerment, new partnerships, investment and economic stimulation. David Cameron will be one of the co-chairs of the UN’s forthcoming High Level Panel on what should follow the Millennium Development Goals after they expire in 2015 generate momentum! Should there be Nationally specific targets? Diluted goals which are voluntary? Combine Mgd’s with Sdg’s (MDG-PLUS) going on until 2020/2025? .
An educator and grassroots women's rights activist founded the Joyce Banda Foundation, which supports young people and children, Safe Motherhood, Women’s Leadership and Economic Development for Women. African Union Goodwill Ambassador for Safe Motherhood. founder of the National Association of Business Women Forbes named President Banda as the 71st most powerful woman in the world and the most powerful woman in Africa
Per woman – per year PAYING FOR PREVENTION SAVES MONEY! Save money by paying for preventative measures - In Zambia, by reducing fertility and pressure on services, one dollar invested in family planning saved $4 in health, education and other sectors. In one district in Maputo in Mozambique, post-abortion care admissions represented more than 55% of obstetric complications (DFID 2010) Source ( Maternal and child undernutrition: global and regional exposures and health consequences Prof Robert E Black MD,Prof Lindsay H Allen PhD,Prof Zulfiqar A Bhutta MD,Prof Laura E Caulfield PhD,Mercedes de Onis MD,Majid Ezzati PhD,Colin Mathers PhD,Prof Juan Rivera PhD,for the Maternal and Child Undernutrition Study Group The Lancet - 19 January 2008 ( Vol. 371, Issue 9608, Pages 243-260 )