The document discusses several international health organizations including the World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations International Children's Fund (UNICEF), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and non-governmental organizations like the Rockefeller Foundation, Ford Foundation, and International Red Cross. It provides details on the objectives, structure, work, and roles of these organizations in global health and development.
World health organization will help you to gain complete knowledge regarding WHO. it is one of the largest and essential international health agency in the world
UNFPA (united nation fund for population activities)Saurabh Singh
UNFPA is a united nation's agency which provides fund for the reproductive and sexual health of girls and women, women empowerment and for other population activities to the developing countries.
The red cross is a Non political, Nonofficial organization devoted to the service of mankind in peace and war. "The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is an impartial, neutral, and independent organization whose independently humanitarian mission is to protect the lives and dignity of victims of war and internal violence and to provide them.
the mission is To help promote and develop the activities of the red cross/red crescent and international humanitarian law.
The orderly process defining national Health problems, identifying the unmeet needs, surveying the resources to meet them, and establishing the priority goals to accomplish the purpose of proposed Programme.
World health organization will help you to gain complete knowledge regarding WHO. it is one of the largest and essential international health agency in the world
UNFPA (united nation fund for population activities)Saurabh Singh
UNFPA is a united nation's agency which provides fund for the reproductive and sexual health of girls and women, women empowerment and for other population activities to the developing countries.
The red cross is a Non political, Nonofficial organization devoted to the service of mankind in peace and war. "The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is an impartial, neutral, and independent organization whose independently humanitarian mission is to protect the lives and dignity of victims of war and internal violence and to provide them.
the mission is To help promote and develop the activities of the red cross/red crescent and international humanitarian law.
The orderly process defining national Health problems, identifying the unmeet needs, surveying the resources to meet them, and establishing the priority goals to accomplish the purpose of proposed Programme.
"Health care services" means the furnishing of medicine, medical or surgical treatment, nursing, hospital service, dental service, optometrical service, complementary health services or any or all of the enumerated services or any other necessary services of like character, whether or not contingent upon sickness
The emergence of the concept of "International Health." Traces back to the pre/post world war period and how it impacted the formation of various international health organization for various strata of the society.
in this presentation there are the classification of International health agencies in to four groups Multilateral, Bilateral, Nongovernmental, Other, year of establishment, roles in health sectors described in details.
Health: “a state of complete physical, mental and social well being and not merely an absence of disease or infirmity”.
Health is fundamental human right and nation has a responsibility for the health of its people.
The health problems of India may be conveniently listed under the following heads:
1. Communicable disease problems
2. Noncommunicable disease problems
2. Nutritional problems
3. Environmental sanitation problems
4. Medical care problems
5. Population problems
The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical and mental health and efficiency through organized community efforts for the sanitation of the environment, the control of community infections, the education of the individual in principles of personal hygiene, the organization of medical and nursing service for the early diagnosis and preventive treatment of disease, and the development of the social machinery, which will ensure to every individual in the community a standard of living adequate for the maintenance of health.
Demography addresses human populations as population per se, that is, their sizes and structures.
It is the scientific study of human population.
Demographic processes :
1. fertility 4. migration &
2. mortality 5. social mobility
3. marriage
Indicator is a variable which gives an indication of a given situation or a reflection of that situation.
Health Indicator is a variable, susceptible to direct measurement, that reflects the state of health of persons in a community.
Indicators help to measure the extent to which the objectives and targets of a programme are being attained.
Immunization is a process of protecting an individual from a disease through introduction of live attenuated, killed or organisms or antibodies in the individual system.
Immunization is the process of protecting an individual by active or passive method.
The immunizing agents are
Vaccines, Immunoglobulins and antisera
Why vaccination?
Prevention of deadly and debilitating diseases.
Keeps child from suffering through a preventable illness.
Less doctor visits
No hospitalization
The unusual occurrence in a community or region of disease, specific health related behaviour (eg. Smoking) or other health related events (eg. Traffic accidents) clearly in excess of “expected occurrence.
Observingthedistributionofdiseaseorhealth related events in human population.
• Identify the characteristics with which the disease is associated.
• Basically 3 questions are asked who, when and where.
• Who means the person affected, where means the place and when is the time distribution.
As per John M. Last (1988) Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems.
National programme for prevention and control of cancer, diabetes, CVDs and s...Dr Lipilekha Patnaik
NCDs are surpassing the burden of communicable diseases in India, need for National Programme on Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke was envisaged.
On 19 November 1985, GOI renamed EPI program, modifying the schedule as ‘Universal Immunization Program’ dedicated to the memory of Late Prime Minister Mrs Indira Gandhi.
UIP has two vital components: immunization of pregnant women against tetanus, and immunization of children
A process aimed at encouraging people to want to be healthy, to know how to stay healthy, to do what they can individually and collectively to maintain health and to seek help when needed.
ICD-10 is a statistical classification, which means that it contains a limited number of mutually exclusive code categories, which describe all disease concepts.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
2. • Before the conclusion of second world
was, an appeal was made by 4 great
powers Britain, France, USA, USSR to set
up an organization for prevention and
control of diseases.
• A conference was held at Sans Francisco
in 1945 and an organization called the
United Nations emerged from there.
• Important act of UNO was constitution of
World Health Organization as one of its
specialized agencies.
3. World health organization
• WHO is a specialized ,non political, health
agency of United Nations Organization with
headquarters at Geneva. It came into force on 7
April 1948 which is celebrated as World Health
Day.
• A theme is chosen each year to focus attention
on a specific aspect of public health.
• OBJECTIVE: Attainment of highest level of
health by all people of the world .
4. Structure
1. The World Health Assembly :It is the governing
body .It represents all the member states ,each
member state can send 3 delegates ,each has the
right of one vote .It meets annually in May generally
at Geneva.
Functions:
i. to determine health policies and programmes
ii. To review work of past year
iii. To approve the budget for the following year.
iv. To elect member states to designate a person to
serve for 3 years on executive board
5. 2. THE EXECUTIVE BOARD:
• The board has 31 members who are technically qualified
in field of health. It meets twice a year in January and
May to give effect to the decisions and policies of the
Assembly
• Board has power to take action in an emergency
3. THE SECRETARIAT:
It is headed by Director General who is technical and
administrative officer of the organization and under whom
5 Assistant Director-Generals are working
• .
• Function is to provide member states with technical and
managerial support for health development programmes
• It has various divisions i.e. communicable diseases,
environment health, mental health, budget and finance,
family health, information system.
6. REGIONS
Regions
1. Africa
2. The Americas
3. South East Asia
4. Europe
5. Eastern
Mediterranean
6. Western Pacific
Headquarters
• Harare (Zimbabwe)
• Washington (USA)
• New Delhi (India)
• Copenhagen
(Denmark)
• Alexandria (Egypt)
• Manila (Philippines)
7. WHO work
1. Prevention and control of specific diseases:
• smallpox eradication is an example of
international cooperation.
• Communicable diseases- battle against Polio,
measles and other EPI diseases and AIDS.
• The WHO Collects and disseminates
epidemiological information on diseases
subject to International Health Regulations
through Weekly Epidemiological Record
newsletter
• Non communicable diseases- cancer, CAD,
Drug addiction, mental health
• Study on vector biology, immunology, quality
control of drugs
8. 2. Development of comprehensive health
services: promotion and support of health policy
and primary health care.
3. Family health: MCH,nutrition and health
education
4. Environmental health : provision of safe drinking
water and sanitary latrines. Protection of air,
water ,food quality and global warming.
5. Health statistics :data on various health
problems is disseminated through publications.
International classification of diseases is
updated after every ten years.
9. 6. Biomedical research: it has world wide
collaborating centers, provides grant and
training to workers.
7. Health literature and information:
WHO library is one of satellite centers of
Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval
System
8. Cooperation with other organizations
10. UNITED NATIONS INTERNATIONAL
CHILDREN’S FUND
• Established in 1946 to deal with rehabilitation
of war affected children.
• When emergency services were over , it was
renamed as UN Children Fund.
• Functions:
i. Child health
ii. Child nutrition
iii. Family and child welfare
iv. education
11. UNICEF is promoting a new campaign
• G – growth charts for monitoring child
development
• O - oral rehydration solution to treat
dehydration
• B – breast feeding
• I – immunisation
• F – food supplementation
• F – female literacy
• F – family welfare
12. • UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME: Established
in 1966.
Objective : To help poor nations develop their human and natural
resources more fully.
• UNITED NATIONS FUNDS FOR POPULATION ACTIVITIES:
established in 1974
Objectives :
1. To develop nations capability to manufacture contraceptives
2. To develop population education programme
3. Introduction of innovative approaches to family planning and MCH
care
• THE FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANISATION : established
in 1945,headquaters in Rome.
Objectives :
1. To help nations raise living conditions
2. To improve nutrition of people
3. To increase the efficiency of farming , forestry and fisheries.
13. q INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANISATION
(ILO) established in 1919 ,with headquarters in
Geneva, Switzerland.
Purpose :
• To promote social justice ,economic and social
stability.
• To improve through international action , labor
conditions and living standards.
• WORLD BANK :It is an International bank for
reconstruction and development .(1944)
The bank gives loans to less developed countries
for projects that lead to economic growth.
14. Non governmental agencies
• Rockefeller Foundation : in 1913 by Mr. John
D Rockefeller
Purpose: to promote the wellbeing of mankind.
Works done in India :
1. Control of hookworm disease in Madras.
2. The establishment of All India Institute of
Hygiene and Public Health at Kolkata.
3. Training of competent teachers ,sending
candidates abroad through fellowships and
sponsorships.
4. Providing grant –in-aid to institutions ,
development of medical college libraries.
5. Setting up of field demonstration areas
15. • Ford Foundation : It has been active in development of
rural health services and family planning.
Works done in India:
1. Established orientation training centers at Singur,
Poonamalle and Najafgarh.
2. Research –cum-action projects :designing and construction
of sanitary latrines in rural areas.
3. Supported the establishment of National Institute of Health
Administration and Education at Delhi.
• Co- operative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere :
It was founded in North America in 1945 .
Objective in India : To provide for food in children.
It supports India in ICDS programme, nutrition and anemia
control projects, adolescent girls and reproductive health of
women .
16. • International Red Cross : by John Henry Dunant
In 1859
It is the biggest relief organization in the world
Role : humanitarian service to victims of war and natural
disasters, first aid and nursing services ,health education
and maternity and child welfare services.
q Indian Red Cross: in 1920
Objectives :
1. Improvement of health
2. Prevention of diseases
3. Mitigation of suffering
In peace time it provides periodicals and comfort goods to
military hospitals.