The document summarizes the history and work of the World Health Organization (WHO). It discusses that WHO was established in 1948 as a specialized UN agency for international public health. Its goals are to help people attain the highest level of health worldwide and to lead socially and economically productive lives. WHO is governed by the World Health Assembly and Executive Board and has six regional offices globally including the South-East Asia Regional Office located in New Delhi, India. WHO works to address health issues, establish policies and standards, and coordinates with other UN agencies and partners on improving public health outcomes worldwide.
INTERNATIONAL HEALTH AGENCIES BY ANUSHRI SRIVASTAV.pptxAnushriSrivastav
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
WE CHAMPION HEALTH AND A BETTER FUTURE FOR ALL’
INTRODUCTION- WHO leads and champions global efforts to give everyone, everywhere, an equal chance to live a healthy life.
HISTORY- founded in 1948, 7 April
HEADQUARTERS- Geneva
OFFICES- 6 semi autonomus regional and 150 fields offices
DIRECTOR- Dr. Tedros Adhanam Ghebeyesus
OBJECTIVES-
Direction, co-ordination agencies
Collaboration with local bodies
Help the government in health services
Proper technological assistance
To attain highest possible level of health
Prioritize and support health
Formulate health policies
Disease inspection and analysis
Health education
GOAL: To ensure that a billion more people have universal health coverage, to protect a billion more people from health emergencies and provide a further billion people with better health and well being
ORGANIZATION: executive board, secretariat, world health assembly
FUNCTION:
FOR UNIVERSAL HEALTH
Focus on PHCare
Sustainable financing and protection
Access to health products and medicines
Training of health workforce and advice on labor policies
Support people participation in National health policies
Increasing monitoring, data and information
FOR HEALTH EMERGENCIES
Identification, mitigation and risk management
Prevention and support of development of tools
Detect and respond to acute health emergencies
Support delivery of essential health services
FOR HEALTH AND WELL BEING
Address social determinants
Promote intersectoral approach for health
Prioritize health in all policies and healthy settings
THROUGH WORK, ADDRESS
Prevention of non- communicable disease
Mental health promotion
Climate change
Antimicrobial resistance
Elimination and eradication of communicable disease
UNITED NATION FUND FOR POPULATION ACTIVITYINTRODUCTION- SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH AGENCY
MISSION- To deliver a world where every pregnancy is wanted, every childbirth is safe, and every young person’s potential is fullfilled
AIM- to improve reproductive and maternal health worldwide
ESTABLISHED YEAR- 1969 (1974 in INDIA)
HEADQUARTER- NEW YORK
DIRECTOR- Dr. Natalia Kanem (2017)
FUNCTION
Develop national healthcare
Increasing the access to birthcontrol
Leading campaigns against child marriage
Prevention of violence against gender
Prevention of female genital mutiliation
Treatment and prevention of STD and RTI
MCH care
HIV prevention and treatment
IEC on sexuality and treatment of infertility and Abortion
FOCUS area:
Reproductive health
Gender equality
Population and development strategies
Girl education
Political participation for women
FGM
Child marriage
UNITED NATION DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME 1965
ESTABLISHED- 22 November. 1965
HEADQUARTER- New York
HEAD- Achim steiner
STRUCTURE- 170 member countries and territories
INTRODUCTION-
Advocates for change and connect countries to knowledge, experience and resources to help people bulid a better life for themselves
Encourages Human right protection, women empowerment in all its programme
The emergence of the concept of "International Health." Traces back to the pre/post world war period and how it impacted the formation of various international health organization for various strata of the society.
in this presentation there are the classification of International health agencies in to four groups Multilateral, Bilateral, Nongovernmental, Other, year of establishment, roles in health sectors described in details.
INTERNATIONAL HEALTH AGENCIES BY ANUSHRI SRIVASTAV.pptxAnushriSrivastav
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
WE CHAMPION HEALTH AND A BETTER FUTURE FOR ALL’
INTRODUCTION- WHO leads and champions global efforts to give everyone, everywhere, an equal chance to live a healthy life.
HISTORY- founded in 1948, 7 April
HEADQUARTERS- Geneva
OFFICES- 6 semi autonomus regional and 150 fields offices
DIRECTOR- Dr. Tedros Adhanam Ghebeyesus
OBJECTIVES-
Direction, co-ordination agencies
Collaboration with local bodies
Help the government in health services
Proper technological assistance
To attain highest possible level of health
Prioritize and support health
Formulate health policies
Disease inspection and analysis
Health education
GOAL: To ensure that a billion more people have universal health coverage, to protect a billion more people from health emergencies and provide a further billion people with better health and well being
ORGANIZATION: executive board, secretariat, world health assembly
FUNCTION:
FOR UNIVERSAL HEALTH
Focus on PHCare
Sustainable financing and protection
Access to health products and medicines
Training of health workforce and advice on labor policies
Support people participation in National health policies
Increasing monitoring, data and information
FOR HEALTH EMERGENCIES
Identification, mitigation and risk management
Prevention and support of development of tools
Detect and respond to acute health emergencies
Support delivery of essential health services
FOR HEALTH AND WELL BEING
Address social determinants
Promote intersectoral approach for health
Prioritize health in all policies and healthy settings
THROUGH WORK, ADDRESS
Prevention of non- communicable disease
Mental health promotion
Climate change
Antimicrobial resistance
Elimination and eradication of communicable disease
UNITED NATION FUND FOR POPULATION ACTIVITYINTRODUCTION- SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH AGENCY
MISSION- To deliver a world where every pregnancy is wanted, every childbirth is safe, and every young person’s potential is fullfilled
AIM- to improve reproductive and maternal health worldwide
ESTABLISHED YEAR- 1969 (1974 in INDIA)
HEADQUARTER- NEW YORK
DIRECTOR- Dr. Natalia Kanem (2017)
FUNCTION
Develop national healthcare
Increasing the access to birthcontrol
Leading campaigns against child marriage
Prevention of violence against gender
Prevention of female genital mutiliation
Treatment and prevention of STD and RTI
MCH care
HIV prevention and treatment
IEC on sexuality and treatment of infertility and Abortion
FOCUS area:
Reproductive health
Gender equality
Population and development strategies
Girl education
Political participation for women
FGM
Child marriage
UNITED NATION DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME 1965
ESTABLISHED- 22 November. 1965
HEADQUARTER- New York
HEAD- Achim steiner
STRUCTURE- 170 member countries and territories
INTRODUCTION-
Advocates for change and connect countries to knowledge, experience and resources to help people bulid a better life for themselves
Encourages Human right protection, women empowerment in all its programme
The emergence of the concept of "International Health." Traces back to the pre/post world war period and how it impacted the formation of various international health organization for various strata of the society.
in this presentation there are the classification of International health agencies in to four groups Multilateral, Bilateral, Nongovernmental, Other, year of establishment, roles in health sectors described in details.
documentation and reporting for nursing students. this session deals with important of proper documentation and its legal implications, thus can reduce errors.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
2. WHO - HISTORY
April 1945
At conference at San Francisco UN
Brazil and China proposed to establish an Inter health
organization
1946 at New York International conference for New
organization
Came into force on 7th April 1948
3. • Specialized, non political health agency of UN
• Head quarters – Geneva
• Constitution drafted on 1946 at New York at International
health Conference with support of 51 nations
• Came into force on 7th April 1948
4. OBJECTIVES
• Attainment by all people’s highest level of health
• Current objective:
Attainment by all people of the world a level of health
that will permit them to lead a socially and
economically productive life
5. Unique among Its own constitution
UN agencies own governing bodies,
own membership and own budget
Not subordinate
to UN
Characteristics
6. 2 major policy
devlpt influence
WHO
Alma Ata
conference 1978
Global strategy
for ‘Health for all’
by 2000 & MDG
7. MEMBERSHIP - WHO
• Open to all countries
• 1948- 56 members
• Now 194 member state and 2 associate members
• Asso. Member = represent from territories which cannot response for
conduct International relations
8. WORKS OF WHO
• Directing and co-coordinating authority on all International health
work
• Identify health problems throughout world
• Define health policies and targets
• Establishing and promoting International standards in field of
health
9. International standards in field of health
Prevention and control of specific disease
Development of comprehensive health services
Family health
Environmental health
Health statistics
Biomedical research
Health literature and information
Co operation and other organization
10. STRUCTURE - WHO
World health assembly
Executive board Secretariant
3 principal organs
14. Subjects
• Malaria eradication
• TB control
• Control of other communicable
diseases
• Lab service
• Vaccine production
• Health service
• Maternal and child health
• Nursing
• Environmental health and water
supply
• Health education
• Nutrition
• Mental health
• Dental health
• Rehabilitation
• Quality control of drugs
• Medical education
15. Other UN agencies
• UNICEF
• UNDP
• FAO
• ILO
• WORLD BANK
• USAID
• DANIDA Bilateral agencies
• SIDA
• Colombo plan
17. UNICEF
• United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund
• Special agency of UN
• Established in 1946 by UN general assembly
• For rehabilitation of children in war
• 1953 – renamed as UN children fund
18. • HQ- New York
• Regional office- New Delhi
• Covers south central Asian region
• AFGANISTHAN, SRILANKA, INDIA, MALDIVES, MANGALOIA AND
NEPAL
• Governed by 35 executive board
• Works close collaboration with WHO, UNDP, FAO,
UNESCO
19. • Work together with WHO on urgent health problem
• Greater attention – “whole child” not only their health and
nutrition but also immediate benefit to children and personal
development
21. UNDP
• Est in 1966
• Main source of fund for technical assistance
• Objective :
To help poor nations
To develop their human and natural resources
• Covers every economic and social sectors
22. FAO
• Food and agricultural organization
• Est. 1945
• HQ: Rome
• Services : Nutrition, training courses, seminar and research
23. Aims - FAO
• To help Nations raise living standards
• Integrate authorities of all countries
• To increase efficiency of farming
• To improve productive work
24. WORLD BANK
• Specialized agency UN
• Established with purpose of helping less developed countries raise
their living standards
• Gives loan for projects that lead to economic growth
• Priority : electric power, roads, railways, agriculture, water supply,
education, family planning
25. DANIDA
• Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA)
• Est 1948 ; HQ: Denmark
• Ministry of foreign affairs of Denmark
• Provide humanitarian aid and development assistance to other
countries
• Policy aims to fight against poverty
• Works in collaboration with UN, WORLD BANK, REGIONAL
DEVELOPMENT BANK, EUROPEAN UNION
