International financial markets and institutions
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This document provides an overview of international financial markets and the institutions that operate within them. It defines international financial markets as connecting those with surplus funds to those seeking funds globally. It then describes various types of markets and the roles of major financial institutions like investment banks, commercial banks, and mutual funds in facilitating the transfer of capital between savers and borrowers. It also outlines key settlement systems used for international cash transfers.
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For Videos use the links below
0 Course Introduction:: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9km4aXTus5c
1 Financial system and Environment : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BC2bAftm43c
2 Participants in a Financial System: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IEv_y7_aR7o
3 Functions of a Financial System: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T73-Dd8RM4I
4 Financial System and its components: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ovkAjEO8YAw
5 Efficiency of a financial system: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8xEUtvKYvPc
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For Videos use the links below
0 Course Introduction:: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9km4aXTus5c
1 Financial system and Environment : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BC2bAftm43c
2 Participants in a Financial System: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IEv_y7_aR7o
3 Functions of a Financial System: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T73-Dd8RM4I
4 Financial System and its components: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ovkAjEO8YAw
5 Efficiency of a financial system: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8xEUtvKYvPc
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Capital structure refers to the combination of capital (equity, debt, preference shares) used to finance a company. There are various theories on how capital structure affects a company's value and cost of capital. The net income approach argues that leverage always increases value by lowering the overall cost of capital. The net operating income and MM approaches argue capital structure is irrelevant as the costs of equity and debt offset each other. The traditional approach finds an optimal capital structure that minimizes costs up to a point, after which more debt increases risks.
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A brief presentation on mutual funds, with respect to the working of these funds in India and how they are monitored
GOOD DAY !.pptx
This document provides an overview of different types of investments. It begins by defining investment and distinguishing it from savings. The main types of investments discussed include stocks, bonds, mutual funds, exchange-traded funds, certificates of deposit, retirement plans, options, annuities, derivatives, commodities, bank deposits, insurance, real estate, and fixed income. For each investment type, a brief description is given along with how investors can potentially make money through that investment. The objectives are to understand what constitutes an investment and learn about the different categories of investments.
Define cost of capital
The document discusses cost of capital and sources of finance for businesses. It defines cost of capital as the opportunity cost or expected rate of return of making an investment of equal risk. It then discusses various sources of finance available to entrepreneurs, including personal investment, venture capital, business angels, government assistance, bank loans, financial bootstrapping, and buyouts. Each source is briefly described.
1 Financial System
The document discusses the core functions and components of a financial system. It explains that a financial system facilitates the allocation of resources across time and space in an uncertain environment. It also discusses key innovations like money, warehouse banks, checks, and fractional-reserve banking that helped financial systems evolve. Additionally, it covers financial institutions, markets, instruments, and services. It analyzes problems and risks in lending and trade, and how financial intermediaries help address these issues through indirect lending.
Meaning of Investment
The document discusses the key concepts of investment. It defines investment as committing funds with the expectation of a positive return, where the return is proportional to the assumed risk. Investment involves using capital to generate a safe return over time through instruments that promise certain or uncertain future returns. The document contrasts investment with speculation and gambling, noting their different risk levels, return expectations, and decision-making bases. It also outlines different types of investors, features of investment programs, factors to consider in investment analysis and decision making, and various investment avenues and their characteristics.
Ppt money and banking (depository and depository institution , insurance co.)
This document defines and describes different types of financial institutions. It identifies depository institutions like commercial banks, credit unions, and savings and loans that accept deposits, and non-depository institutions like insurance companies, pension funds, and mutual funds that do not accept deposits. It provides details on the purpose and services provided by these various financial institutions.
Mutual Fund.pdf
This document provides an introduction to mutual funds, including what they are, their history, types of mutual funds, and how to choose one. It discusses that mutual funds allow investors to pool money and invest in a portfolio managed by professionals. The key benefits are diversification and ease of use, but risks include market volatility and fees. The document then covers the history of mutual funds dating back to the 18th century and their growth in popularity in the 20th century. It also outlines various types of mutual funds and important factors to consider when selecting a mutual fund, such as investment goals, risk tolerance, fund performance, and expenses.
Valuation of Stocks
The document discusses various methods of raising equity capital for companies. It describes how startups initially raise funds from private equity investors and then may "go public" by issuing common stock to public investors. Going public involves filing for registration with the SEC and working with an investment bank to underwrite and promote the stock offering. The document provides details on venture capital, angel investors, public offerings, rights offerings, and private placements as alternatives for companies to sell stock. It also discusses the roles of investment banks in advising companies and selling large stock issues.
A project report on a mutual fund concept at birla sun life insurence
The document discusses research conducted on investment patterns of business people in Bhosari Industrial Area, Pune. The objective was to understand their investment behavior and awareness of investment products. The research methodology included a conclusive study with 100 business people surveyed using a structured questionnaire. Both primary data collected directly from respondents and secondary data from publications and websites was used. Limitations included a small sample size and some respondents not providing accurate financial details.
Indian Financial system
The financial system of India allows for the exchange of funds between lenders, investors, and borrowers. It helps promote economic development by connecting savings with investment. Financial institutions such as banks serve as intermediaries between savers and borrowers. The financial system includes financial markets that facilitate trading of instruments, as well as a variety of financial services that manage money and provide credit. Overall, India's financial system plays a crucial role in accelerating savings, funding business expansion, and supporting economic growth.
Capital Markets
This document provides an overview of capital markets and various investment instruments, including:
1) Equity investments such as stocks, mutual funds, and venture capital. Bonds are also discussed as a type of fixed-income investment where the issuer owes the holder interest payments and repayment of principal.
2) Other financial instruments include deposits in bank accounts, cash equivalents like money market holdings, and commodities like gold.
3) Non-financial instruments for investment include real estate (to generate rental income and capital appreciation) and other assets like precious metals.
PFRM (1).pptx
This document discusses various topics related to personal finance, including the meaning of personal finance, areas of personal finance like income, spending, savings, investments and protection. It explains the importance of personal finance and financial literacy. It describes different sources of income and spending. It discusses the differences between savings and investments. It also covers asset classes like equity, gold, debt, real estate, mutual funds and types of financing like equity financing and debt financing.
Savings and investments
This document discusses various savings and investment options. It defines savings as income kept aside for future use. The main objectives of savings are reducing economic insecurity, helping during emergencies or inability to work, and becoming a source of income. Good saving plans have characteristics like safety, return, convenience, liquidity, and tax benefits. Common savings options discussed include provident funds (PF), voluntary savings through banks and post offices, insurance, bonds, and investments in shares, debentures, jewellery and property. Life insurance provides protection for dependents. General insurance covers risks like motor, fire, and personal accidents. Bonds are issued by governments and corporations to borrow money. Investments allow building assets and securing one
Finance as a Career
Students usually second guess themselves while opting for a specialization in the PGDM course - there is only one way to do it. Match your career option with your personality. Do what you love doing and it will NEVER seem like work even for a single day. As the introductory session to 2nd year specialization classes this ppt spells out Career Options under Finance.
Introduction to investment.pptx
Investment is defined as committing funds for a period of time in order to derive future payments that compensate for the time committed, expected inflation, and uncertainty. An investor has several investment alternatives including shares, bonds, bank deposits, mutual funds, life insurance, real estate, gold/silver, commodities, and derivatives. Shares represent ownership in a company and offer higher returns but also higher risk since prices fluctuate daily. Bonds are lower risk as they represent loans that pay fixed interest, but returns are also typically lower. Bank deposits provide liquidity but generally the lowest returns of the options.
Capital market & financial instruments
This document provides an overview of capital markets and financial instruments. It defines capital markets as markets where medium and long-term financial needs of businesses are met through the trading of securities. The main types discussed are the primary market for new issues and the secondary market for existing securities. Several common financial instruments are also defined, including equity/shares, derivatives, mutual funds, cash and cash equivalents, bonds, and debentures.
Investment.pptx
Investment refers to allocating money or resources with the expectation of future income or profit. There are various sources of investment like stocks, mutual funds, bank deposits, cryptocurrency, real estate, and bonds. Stocks represent ownership in a company and stockholders are entitled to a portion of company profits. Mutual funds pool money from investors to purchase a diversified portfolio managed by professionals. Investing in mutual funds provides advantages like diversification, professional management, and liquidity compared to individual stocks.
Investmentprocess& financial market.pptx
The document discusses investment processes and types of investments. It describes investment as using capital to generate returns over time by taking some risk. The main reasons for investing include earning returns on idle resources, saving for specific goals, and protecting against inflation. It recommends investing early, regularly, and for the long-term. The types of investments mentioned include stocks, bonds, mutual funds, real estate, precious metals, money markets, and commodities. Key participants in the investment process are governments, businesses, and individuals.
Student investment notes
The document discusses various investment options including bonds, CDs, stocks, and mutual funds. It explains that people invest to earn money from their savings and promote economic growth. It also outlines the risks and returns associated with different investment types and advises diversifying investments to reduce risk.
History of Stock market
The term stock market refers to several exchanges in which shares of publicly held companies are bought and sold. Such financial activities are conducted through formal exchanges and via over-the-counter (OTC) marketplaces that operate under a defined set of regulations. It is a place where shares of pubic listed companies are traded. thanks for taking our help.
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Wto
The WTO was created in 1995 to strengthen and clarify global trade rules. It aims to lower trade barriers, establish trade policies, settle disputes, and support developing countries. The WTO operates based on principles of non-discrimination, transparency, enforceable commitments, and exceptions for noneconomic objectives like health, safety, and fair competition. Its goals are to raise living standards, promote sustainable development and trade flows, and establish procedures for resolving trade issues.
State intervention in india
This document discusses government intervention in business. It begins by defining government intervention and noting that some level of intervention exists in all modern economies. The document then provides a historical perspective on intervention, tracing it back to early industrialization when intervention became necessary to address issues like poverty, exploitation, and human rights abuses exacerbated by industrialization. The document outlines various forms and reasons for intervention, such as addressing market failures from externalities, public goods problems, and information issues. It also discusses disadvantages of intervention like higher consumer prices. Finally, it argues that future intervention should focus on improving quality and selectivity, and addressing social issues like education, health, housing and nutrition.
Segmentation
The document discusses market segmentation and provides examples of how Titan watches segments the market. It defines segmentation as grouping consumers with similar responses to marketing actions. Titan segments the market based on factors like price, style, rural vs urban, and demographics. It has watches starting at Rs. 475 for basic consumers up to luxury collections. Titan uses different brand ambassadors and collections like Fastrack, Sonata, and Aqua to target various age groups and lifestyles. This effective segmentation allows Titan to target diverse customer groups and be a leader in the Indian watch market.
Ipr
The document discusses intellectual property rights, specifically copyright. It defines intellectual property as creations of the mind that are granted exclusive legal rights. Common types of intellectual property include copyrights, trademarks, patents, and trade secrets.
Copyright protects literary and artistic works, including books, music, paintings, films, and computer programs. Copyright law gives owners the exclusive right to reproduce, distribute, publicly perform, and create derivatives of their works. Copyright protection lasts for the life of the creator plus 60-70 years.
The document outlines the major branches of intellectual property - copyright which protects artistic and literary works, and industrial property which protects inventions through patents, trademarks, designs, and unfair competition. It distinguishes between these branches
Intl monetary system ch. 10
This document discusses the history and evolution of international monetary systems from the gold standard to the present day. It covers the Bretton Woods system established in 1944 which pegged currencies to the US dollar backed by gold. The system collapsed in the 1970s and was replaced by a system of floating exchange rates. The International Monetary Fund still works to maintain monetary stability and provides loans to countries experiencing economic crises. Managers must account for the difficulties of predicting exchange rate movements in their business strategies.
Indian culture v
The document discusses Indian culture and its impact on business. It notes that Indian culture is characterized by family and hierarchy. Business negotiations and meetings require building relationships and showing patience. Decision making happens at high levels. Western culture emphasizes individualism, materialism, and efficiency over relationships. Doing business in India requires understanding these cultural differences and allowing more time for decision making and consensus building.
Ideology of different political parties
A political party is an organized group of citizens who share similar political views and try to control the government through democratic means like elections. Key features of political parties include having a large membership with shared ideology, contesting elections to gain power, and promoting the interests of the nation. Major functions of parties are educating the public, fighting elections, forming the government if winning a majority, and acting as opposition to check the ruling party. India has multiple national parties like BJP, Congress, BSP, and regional parties that are recognized by the Election Commission based on their electoral performance.
Human resource accounting
Human resource accounting is the process of identifying and measuring data about human resources and communicating this information to management. It involves accounting for investments in people and their replacement costs, and calculating the economic value of employees. HRA systems can be used to help organizations make managerial decisions, determine how much individual employees are earning for the organization, and reflect how much the organization contributes to developing human capital. However, adopting HRA faces challenges including a lack of industry standards, extensive research requirements, and difficulty predicting future needs.
Hra
Human resource accounting is the process of identifying, measuring, and reporting on the value of employees to a company. It aims to overcome limitations of traditional financial accounting by helping management make better decisions regarding human resource efficiency and planning. Models for valuing human resources include historical cost, replacement cost, and opportunity cost methods for accounting, as well as Hermanson, Lev-Schwartz, Flamholtz, and other models for determining the value of employees. Challenges include determining the appropriate value and accounting methodology for human capital. Accurately valuing employees can provide benefits like assessing return on investment in training and improving personnel policies.
Advertisement effectiveness.
This document discusses measuring the effectiveness of promotional programs. It outlines both the pros and cons of measurement, including determining if objectives are achieved and avoiding costly mistakes, but also issues like cost of measurement and disagreement on what to test. Various methods for testing advertising effectiveness are presented, including pretesting concepts and creative executions in labs or with consumer groups, as well as posttesting ads in market through methods like recall tests, tracking studies, and single-source systems. The document emphasizes the importance of using multiple measures and a consumer response model to properly evaluate effectiveness.
Balanced scorecard
The Balanced Scorecard is a strategic planning and management system that monitors organizational performance against strategic goals. It was developed in the 1990s as a way to provide a more balanced view of organizational performance than traditional financial metrics alone. The Balanced Scorecard approach measures performance from four perspectives: financial, customer, internal business processes, and learning and growth. This allows organizations to align activities across these areas to achieve strategic objectives.
Customer profitability analysis crm ppt
1) A customer profitability analysis evaluates the costs and revenues assigned to segments of a company's customer base. It focuses on determining which customers are profitable versus unprofitable.
2) The general approach involves segmenting customers, calculating the revenue and costs attributable to each segment using activity-based costing, and then analyzing the profitable versus unprofitable segments.
3) A case study showed an insurance company used customer profitability analysis to identify that recently retired customers were unprofitable for a certain policy, so it adjusted agent commissions to discourage selling to that segment.
Customer lifetime value ppttt
1) Customer relationship management (CRM) is a strategy that places customers at the center of a business to foster mutually beneficial relationships. It requires understanding key CRM concepts and best practices.
2) Calculating a customer's lifetime value allows businesses to segment customers, focus on the most profitable, and tailor offerings. However, each customer desires unique relationship styles so one approach does not fit all.
3) Businesses can increase customer lifetime value by reducing defection rates through personalized service, strengthening relationships, and cross-selling/up-selling additional products. The goal is satisfying customers so they remain loyal and generate future profits.
Intrrnl env, resources competancies
This document discusses various approaches to conducting an internal analysis of an organization, including: (1) value chain analysis to assess cost competitiveness, (2) competitive strength assessment to evaluate strengths and weaknesses against rivals, (3) internal audit of functional areas, (4) internal environmental analysis, and (5) capabilities assessment profile. The capabilities assessment profile involves identifying core competencies and distinctive capabilities that provide competitive advantages and are difficult for competitors to imitate. Conducting an thorough internal analysis allows an organization to leverage its strengths and address its weaknesses.
Formulation
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 6 on formulating international strategies. It discusses the strategic planning process, reasons for going international, environmental scanning, internal analysis, approaches to world markets, using e-business for expansion, entry strategy alternatives, factors affecting entry mode choice, and strategic choice. The overall strategic management process and considerations for developing global strategies are outlined.
Stratgy formultn and implemntatn
The document outlines the steps in strategic planning for multinational corporations (MNCs), including environmental scanning, internal resource analysis, goal formulation, and implementation. It describes how MNCs implement strategic plans by choosing overseas site locations, coordinating production and financing internationally. The chapter also reviews strategies for emerging markets and international new ventures.
Strategic intent
The document discusses strategic intent and the balanced scorecard approach to strategic management. It defines strategic intent as the purpose and direction an organization aims to achieve. Key elements of strategic intent include vision, mission, goals, and objectives. These elements form a hierarchy with the vision at the top as the long-term goal, followed by the mission which articulates how the vision will be achieved, then specific goals and objectives with metrics to evaluate performance. The balanced scorecard framework translates strategic intent into objectives and measures across financial, customer, internal process, and learning/growth perspectives.
Balancedscorecard
The Balanced Scorecard is a strategic planning tool used to align business activities with organizational vision and strategy. It monitors performance across financial measures as well as customer, internal process, and learning/growth perspectives. Developed in the 1990s, the Balanced Scorecard framework provides a more balanced view of organizational performance than financial measures alone. When implemented properly with executive support and involvement across levels, it can improve performance, focus on strategic goals, and enhance communication of strategy throughout an organization.
Int bank and money mrkt
The chapter outlines topics on international banking and money markets. It discusses international banking services provided by large multinational banks. It also covers reasons for international banking such as low costs, knowledge advantages, and opportunities for growth. The chapter outlines different types of international banking offices including correspondent banks, branches, subsidiaries, and offshore centers. It also discusses international money markets, debt crises, and capital adequacy standards.
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Financial Assets: Debit vs Equity Securities.pptx
financial assets represent claim for future benefit or cash. Financial assets are formed by establishing contracts between participants. These financial assets are used for collection of huge amounts of money for business purposes.
Two major Types: Debt Securities and Equity Securities.
Debt Securities are Also known as fixed-income securities or instruments. The type of assets is formed by establishing contracts between investor and issuer of the asset.
• The first type of Debit securities is BONDS. Bonds are issued by corporations and government (both local and national government).
• The second important type of Debit security is NOTES. Apart from similarities associated with notes and bonds, notes have shorter term maturity.
• The 3rd important type of Debit security is TRESURY BILLS. These securities have short-term ranging from three months, six months, and one year. Issuer of such securities are governments.
• Above discussed debit securities are mostly issued by governments and corporations. CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSITS CDs are issued by Banks and Financial Institutions. Risk factor associated with CDs gets reduced when issued by reputable institutions or Banks.
Following are the risk attached with debt securities: Credit risk, interest rate risk and currency risk
There are no fixed maturity dates in such securities, and asset’s value is determined by company’s performance. There are two major types of equity securities: common stock and preferred stock.
Common Stock: These are simple equity securities and bear no complexities which the preferred stock bears. Holders of such securities or instrument have the voting rights when it comes to select the company’s board of director or the business decisions to be made.
Preferred Stock: Preferred stocks are sometime referred to as hybrid securities, because it contains elements of both debit security and equity security. Preferred stock confers ownership rights to security holder that is why it is equity instrument
<a href="https://www.writofinance.com/equity-securities-features-types-risk/" >Equity securities </a> as a whole is used for capital funding for companies. Companies have multiple expenses to cover. Potential growth of company is required in competitive market. So, these securities are used for capital generation, and then uses it for company’s growth.
Concluding remarks
Both are employed in business. Businesses are often established through debit securities, then what is the need for equity securities. Companies have to cover multiple expenses and expansion of business. They can also use equity instruments for repayment of debits. So, there are multiple uses for securities. As an investor, you need tools for analysis. Investment decisions are made by carefully analyzing the market. For better analysis of the stock market, investors often employ financial analysis of companies.
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International financial markets and institutions
- 1. INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL MARKETS DR RAVI INDER SINGH
- 2. INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL MARKETS-MEANING • THEY BRING TOGETHER PEOPLE WHO HAVE SURPLUS OF FUNDS AND PEOPLE WHO ARE IN NEED OF FUNDS AND ARE LOOKING FORWARD TO BORROW THEM. THE COVERAGE OF THESE MARKETS IS THE ENTIRE GLOBE.
- 3. TYPES OF FINANCIAL MARKETS • PHYSICAL Vs FINANCIAL ASSETS MARKETS • SPOT Vs FUTURE MARKET • MONEY MARKET Vs CAPITAL MARKET • PRIMARY Vs SECONDARY MARKET • PRIVATE Vs PUBLIC MARKETS
- 4. FINANCIAL INSTITUTONS • INVESTMENT BANKING HOUSES • HELP CORPORATIONS DESIGN SECURITIES WITH FEATURES THAT ARE CURRENTLY ATTRACTIVE TO INVESTORS, • THEN BUY THESE SECURITIES FROM THE CORPORATION, AND • RESELL THEM TO SAVERS • INVESTMENT BANKER ACTING AS A FACILITATOR TO HELP TRANSFER CAPITAL FROM SAVERS TO BUSINESSES. • EXAMPLES :MERRILL LYNCH, MORGAN STANLEY, GOLDMAN SACHS, OR CREDIT SUISSE GROUP, KARVY CONSULTANTS ETC.
- 5. FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS • COMMERCIAL BANKS • THEY SERVE A VARIETY OF SAVERS AND BORROWERS. • THEY ARE THE ORGANISATIONS THROUGH WHICH CENTRAL BANKS EXPAND OR CONTROL SUPPLY OF MONEY IN THE ECONOMY
- 6. FINANCIAL SERVICES CORPORATIONS • THEY ARE THE LARGE CONGLOMERATES THAT COMBINE MANY DIFFERENT FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS WITHIN A SINGLE CORPORATION. • EXAMPLES OF FINANCIAL SERVICES CORPORATIONS, MOST OF WHICH STARTED IN ONE AREA BUT HAVE NOW DIVERSIFIED TO COVER MOST OF THE FINANCIAL SPECTRUM, • EXAMPLES : CITIGROUP, AMERICAN EXPRESS, FIDELITY, AND PRUDENTIAL, ICICI, IDBI, IFCI ETC.
- 7. PENSION FUNDS • THEY ARE RETIREMENT PLANS FUNDED BY CORPORATIONS OR GOVERNMENT AGENCIES FOR THEIR WORKERS AND • ADMINISTERED PRIMARILY BY THE TRUST DEPARTMENTS OF COMMERCIAL BANKS OR BY LIFE INSURANCE COMPANIES. • PENSION FUNDS INVEST PRIMARILY IN BONDS, STOCKS, MORTGAGES, AND REAL ESTATE.
- 8. MUTUAL FUNDS • THEY ARE CORPORATIONS THAT ACCEPT MONEY FROM SAVERS AND THEN USE THESE FUNDS TO BUY STOCKS, LONG-TERM BONDS, OR SHORT-TERM DEBT INSTRUMENTS ISSUED BY BUSINESSES OR GOVERNMENT UNITS. • THESE ORGANIZATIONS POOL FUNDS AND THUS REDUCE RISKS BY DIVERSIFICATION. THEY ALSO ACHIEVE ECONOMIES OF SCALE IN ANALYZING SECURITIES, MANAGING PORTFOLIOS, AND BUYING AND SELLING SECURITIES. • DIFFERENT FUNDS ARE DESIGNED TO MEET THE OBJECTIVES OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF SAVERS. HENCE, THERE ARE BOND FUNDS FOR THOSE WHO DESIRE SAFETY, STOCK FUNDS FOR SAVERS WHO ARE WILLING TO ACCEPT SIGNIFICANT RISKS IN THE HOPE OF HIGHER RETURNS, AND STILL OTHER FUNDS THAT ARE USED AS INTEREST-BEARING CHECKING ACCOUNTS.
- 9. HEDGE FUNDS • HEDGE FUNDS ARE SIMILAR TO MUTUAL FUNDS BECAUSE THEY ACCEPT MONEY FROM SAVERS AND USE THE FUNDS TO BUY VARIOUS SECURITIES, BUT THERE ARE SOME IMPORTANT DIFFERENCES. WHILE MUTUAL FUNDS ARE REGISTERED AND REGULATED BY THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION (SEC), HEDGE FUNDS ARE LARGELY UNREGULATED. THIS DIFFERENCE IN REGULATION STEMS FROM THE FACT THAT MUTUAL FUNDS TYPICALLY TARGET SMALL INVESTORS, WHEREAS HEDGE FUNDS TYPICALLY HAVE LARGE MINIMUM INVESTMENTS (OFTEN EXCEEDING $1 MILLION) THAT ARE EFFECTIVELY MARKETED TO INSTITUTIONS AND INDIVIDUALS WITH HIGH NET WORTHS.
- 10. STOCK MARKETS • STOCK MARKETS ALSO SERVES AS A MEDIUM FOR RAISING MONEY AT THE INTERNATIONAL LEVEL.
- 11. MODES FOR TRANSFER OF FUNDS • DIRECT TRANSFERS OF MONEY AND SECURITIES OCCUR WHEN A BUSINESS SELLS ITS STOCKS OR BONDS DIRECTLY TO SAVERS, WITHOUT GOING THROUGH ANY TYPE OF FINANCIAL INSTITUTION. THE BUSINESS DELIVERS ITS SECURITIES TO SAVERS, WHO IN TURN GIVE THE FIRM THE MONEY IT NEEDS.
- 12. THROUGH MIDDLEMAN • TRANSFERS MAY ALSO GO THROUGH AN INVESTMENT BANKING HOUSE SUCH AS MERRILL LYNCH, WHICH UNDERWRITES THE ISSUE. AN UNDERWRITER SERVES AS A MIDDLEMAN AND FACILITATES THE ISSUANCE OF SECURITIES. THE COMPANY SELLS ITS STOCKS OR BONDS TO THE INVESTMENT BANK, WHICH IN TURN SELLS THESE SAME SECURITIES TO SAVERS. THE BUSINESSES’ SECURITIES AND THE SAVERS’ MONEY MERELY “PASS THROUGH” THE INVESTMENT BANKING HOUSE. HOWEVER, THE INVESTMENT BANK DOES BUY AND HOLD THE SECURITIES FOR A PERIOD OF TIME, SO IT IS TAKING A RISK—IT MAY NOT BE ABLE TO RESELL THEM TO SAVERS FOR AS MUCH AS IT PAID.
- 13. THROUGH A FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARY SUCH AS A BANK OR MUTUAL FUND • HERE THE INTERMEDIARY OBTAINS FUNDS FROM SAVERS IN EXCHANGE FOR ITS OWN SECURITIES. THE INTERMEDIARY USES THIS MONEY TO BUY AND HOLD BUSINESSES’ SECURITIES. FOR EXAMPLE, A SAVER MIGHT DEPOSIT DOLLARS IN A BANK, RECEIVING FROM IT A CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSIT, AND THEN THE BANK MIGHT LEND THE MONEY TO A SMALL BUSINESS AS A MORTGAGE LOAN. THUS, INTERMEDIARIES LITERALLY CREATE NEW FORMS OF CAPITAL—IN THIS CASE, CERTIFICATES OF DEPOSIT, WHICH ARE BOTH SAFER AND MORE LIQUID THAN MORTGAGES AND THUS ARE BETTER FOR MOST SAVERS OR INVESTORS.
- 14. INTERNATIONAL CASH SETTLEMENT AND PROCESSING • CLEARING HOUSE INTERBANK PAYMENTS SYSTEM(CHIPS) • SOCIETY FOR WORLDWIDE INTERBANK FINANCIAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS(SWIFT)
- 15. CLEARING HOUSE INTERBANK PAYMENTS SYSTEM(CHIPS) • OPERATED BY NEW YORK CLEARING HOUSE ASSOCIATION • COMPUTERISED NETWORK THAT CONNECTS MAJOR BANKS GLOBALLY • TRANSFERS MORE THAN 1 TRILLION DOLLARS A DAY
- 16. SOCIETY FOR WORLDWIDE INTERBANK FINANCIAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS(SWIFT) • ESTABLISHED IN 1971 BY MORE THAN 240 OF THE LARGEST EUROPEAN AND NORTH AMERICAN BANKS AS A PRIVATE TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORK. • IT PROVIDE USER BANKS WITH PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATION LINK • CHIPS ACTUALLY CLEARS FINANCIAL TRANSACTIONS, SWIFT IS PURELY A TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM
- 17. • THANKS