State intervention in india

State intervention in india

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  THE CONCEPT OFSTATE INTERVENTION IN BUSINESS
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  INTRODUCTION GOVERENMENT INTERVENTION-DEFINITION Regulatory actionstaken by a government in order to affect or interfere with decisions made by individuals ,groups or organizations regarding economic and social matters. One of the features of modern business is the increasing involvement of the government in business activities. As of today ,there is no country in the world where the government of the land does not interfere, in one form or the other ,in its economic activities.
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  GOVERENMENT INVOVEMENT INBUSINESS- HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE State intervention in business seems to be as old as business itself. Even in days of laissez –faire,which apparently shunned state intervention ,the governments role in the economy was almost incapable. The laissez faire doctrine ignored the fact that industrialization had always operated in an economy whose orderliness are guaranteed by the government. Entrepreneur always may have considered his property as belonging to him by virtue of divine right, or as reward for his virtue ,or as the outcome of a natural economic law, but it was only the government which could guarantee him continued possession and use of his property.
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  As years wentby .state intervention became a historical necessity particularly after the industrial revolution of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The era of industrial revolution witnessed in humanity of man to man and brutalization of human nature in those very countries, and in those very societies where the greatest advances were being made in the fields of science ,technology and organizations. Affluence and poverty ,distress and luxury ,and exploitation and helplessness became so juxtaposed that the need of state intervention began to be felt much more than even before. Then came the first world war, which confirmed the inevitability of state intervention in economic activities. In 1944,when the world war was still in progress, the department of planning and development was set up. A new industrial policy was announced by the government and the viceroy ,lord wavell,declared in 1945:”government has decided to take positive steps to encourage and promote industrialization of the country to the fullest extent possible.” Positive steps were taken such as industries like iron and steel, machine tools, heavy chemicals and the like, which would lay the foundation for future economic develpoment,were set up.
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  REASONS FOR STATEINTERVENTION •Modern economy should be a planned economy. Government is the only agency which can plan and execute. •Our constitution binds the government to take an active part in economic activities. •What the people and the country need can only be understood and provided by government and not by privatization. •State participation is necessary to lay a strong base for the future development of industry and commerce.
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  REASONS CONT….…….. •State interventionis necessary to eliminate poverty. •Finally, the failure of market invites governments intervention in an economy. Market fails because of three reasons: 1)Externalities 2)Public goods 3)Information problems
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  FORMAL INFORMAL COERCIVE INDUCIVE TYPES OF CONTROL NATUREAPPROACH SPREAD EFFECT ON COMPETITION EFFECT DIRECT INDIRECT MAKE COMPETITION WORK SET STANDARDS FOR COMPETITION SUPPLEMENTARY COPMETITION PROMOTIONAL REGULATORY
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  Formal and Informalcontrols FORMAL CONTROLS: Formal controls are usually emanating from legislation, for example: The FEMA,The Companies Act1956 and Competition Act 2002. INFORMAL CONTROLS: Informal controls refer to the controls which various groups impose upon themselves out of need and custom. Coercive and Inducive controls COERCIVE CONTROLS : Coercive regulation require performance of certain actions or refraining from others in order to avoid penalties. For example: taxes must be paid or imprisonment may result. INDUCIVE CONTROLS :Inducive controls hold out a promise of reward for compliance with desired line of action. For example: subsidies may be granted to stimulate certain activities. Direct and Indirect controls DIRECT CONTROLS: When government fixes prices of certain products or service it is a direct control For example :The administered price policy of the government of India is a direct control measure. INDIRECT CONTROL: The variation of corporate income tax to influence
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  EFFECT ON COMPETITION Dependingon the relationship to competition, regulations may be- a)Government regulations designed to make competition work, the competition act, b)Government competition with business firms as a means of setting standards of competition C)direct government ownership and operation to supplement competition Promotional and regulatory controls PROMOTIONAL CONTROLS: promotional measures are of a positive in nature, and includes such activities as expansion of public sector establishment and operation of development banks, encouragement to small scale units, provision of incentives etc. REGULATORY CONTROLS: Regulatory measures ensure orderly development of industries with least wastage of resources.
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  A GOOD CONTROLSYSTEM 1)It must be democratic. This means that it must be exercised in the interest of the governed as they see their interest. 2)It should know what it wants. 3)It must be efficient ,and at the same time it must not destroy the efficiency of the thing it is regulating . 4)Control must be guided by experience or by wise experiment. 5)It must have a wider vision and canvas to develop. It must look beyond the immediate effect of leading people to expect it in the future. 6)And lastly, the duties imposed must be simple enough to be understood. ….
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  DISADVANTAGES OF INTERVENTION 1)Oneof the major areas in which the government intervenes is in the agricultural sector of the economy. The government has three ways it can intervene and help its producers. These ways include price policies, direct payments, and input policies. Price policies have the largest effect on producers. Tariffs, quotas, and taxes are just a few examples of price policies. While these policies bring revenue into the government, in the end they hurt consumers. Each of these policies raise the prices of both imported and native goods. They are designed to help stabilize prices and give the native producers a chance to compete with foreign goods. 2) The use of taxes is one of the government’s favourite ways to make its presence known in the economy. While this method seems blatantly obvious, many of the ways the government uses the money collected by taxation is not. Some of the money it takes is used to fund other programs designed to “protect” consumers and to “create” jobs. Because of the money taken away from the consumer through taxes, there is less money movement in the economy. This money movement is what creates jobs in the economy. “So, each person’s money lost to taxes helps fail to create their part of a job”.
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  3) The useof tariffs is another way that government intervenes in the business sector. They help inefficient domestic producers by forcing consumers to pay unnecessarily high prices for imported goods. The use of tariffs forces people to pay higher prices for certain goods and thus resulting in less money the consumer has to spend on other goods and services. This results in less employment in the industries that produce such goods and services. 4) Small and big businesses are guilty of inviting government intervention in the free market. They continually ask the government to step in and “protect” them. Small businesses ask for less regulation on small business and more regulation on big business. Fair-pricing laws are a way both large and small businesses keep the government involved and hurt the consumer. These laws keep prices high and hurt efficient competitors.
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  WHAT SHOULD BETHE FORM OF STATE INTERVENTION? 1)One aspect of the intervention in future relates to the quality of intervention. 2)The other aspect of the new intervention strategy that deserves careful attention is the selectivity (in terms of strategic sectors, products and processes in different stages of early industrialization. 3)The third aspect of the new intervention relates to its primary orientation goals.
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  4) Pure publicgoods such as defence ,law and order and environmental protection cannot be provided by private sector alone. because everybody shares their benefits automatically, no one willing to pay them individually. But government can provide them and impose their cost on tax payers. 5)Good with positive externalities benefits, are worth more to society than to any one consumer.publlic health and education for example ,reduce infection rates, raise productivity etc.markets tend to undersupply these goods ,and complementary funding or provision can therefore improve efficiency.simalrly markets ignore negative externalities ,such as industrial pollution ,regulation to curb or clean up the activity causing the pollution can improve social welfare. 6)Imperfect information on the part of either consumers or providers may make markets fail. For example-private commercial insurance cannot efficiently insure against risks like unemployment ,longevity and death deteriorating heath in old age, because these risks are influenced by characteristics and behavior of the insured that the insurer cannot observe along with the government policy and they affect large parts of the population equally and simultaneously.
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  CONCLUSION It may bestated that the role of government in future must be redefined but not ended. The redefinition must be in the direction of improving quality of intervention. John Maynard Keynes once said. 'the important thing for government is not to do things which individuals are doing already and to do them little better or a little worse :but to do things which at present are not done at all.” What is not done till now is the improvement of the social sector :primary education, health ,housing, nutrition and the like. Let the government concentrate on these areas.