The document discusses investment processes and types of investments. It describes investment as using capital to generate returns over time by taking some risk. The main reasons for investing include earning returns on idle resources, saving for specific goals, and protecting against inflation. It recommends investing early, regularly, and for the long-term. The types of investments mentioned include stocks, bonds, mutual funds, real estate, precious metals, money markets, and commodities. Key participants in the investment process are governments, businesses, and individuals.
Chapter 8- Introduction to Investment.pptxAilynSBulatao
INVESTMENT TOPIC AND ANYTHING RELATED TO BUSINESS Investment is the employment of funds with the aim of getting return on it.
In general terms, it means the use of money in the hope of making more money
In finance, it means the purchase of a financial product or other item of value with an expectation of favorable future returns.
Refers to concept of deferred consumption, which involves purchasing an asset, giving loan or keeping funds in a bank account with the aim of generating future returns
Commodities: include metals, oil, grain, and animal products, as well as financial instruments and currencies.
They can either be traded through commodity futures—which are agreements to buy or sell a specific quantity of a commodity at a specified price on a particular future date—or ETFs. Commodities can be used for hedging risk or for speculative purposes. Alternative investments is a catch-all category that includes hedge funds and private equity.
Hedge funds are so-called because they can hedge their investment bets by going long and short on stocks and other investments.
Private equity enables companies to raise capital without going public. Hedge funds and private equity were typically only available to affluent investors deemed "accredited investors" who met certain income and net worth requirements. The starting point in this process is to determine the characteristics of the various investments and then matching them with the individuals need and preferences.
These objectives may be tangible such as buying a car, house etc. and intangible objectives such as social status, security etc.
Long term high priority objectives:
Some investors look forward and invest on the basis of objectives of long term needs. They want to achieve financial independence in long period. For example, investing for post retirement period or education of a child etc. investors, usually prefer a diversified approach while selecting different types of investments.
Chapter 8- Introduction to Investment.pptxAilynSBulatao
INVESTMENT TOPIC AND ANYTHING RELATED TO BUSINESS Investment is the employment of funds with the aim of getting return on it.
In general terms, it means the use of money in the hope of making more money
In finance, it means the purchase of a financial product or other item of value with an expectation of favorable future returns.
Refers to concept of deferred consumption, which involves purchasing an asset, giving loan or keeping funds in a bank account with the aim of generating future returns
Commodities: include metals, oil, grain, and animal products, as well as financial instruments and currencies.
They can either be traded through commodity futures—which are agreements to buy or sell a specific quantity of a commodity at a specified price on a particular future date—or ETFs. Commodities can be used for hedging risk or for speculative purposes. Alternative investments is a catch-all category that includes hedge funds and private equity.
Hedge funds are so-called because they can hedge their investment bets by going long and short on stocks and other investments.
Private equity enables companies to raise capital without going public. Hedge funds and private equity were typically only available to affluent investors deemed "accredited investors" who met certain income and net worth requirements. The starting point in this process is to determine the characteristics of the various investments and then matching them with the individuals need and preferences.
These objectives may be tangible such as buying a car, house etc. and intangible objectives such as social status, security etc.
Long term high priority objectives:
Some investors look forward and invest on the basis of objectives of long term needs. They want to achieve financial independence in long period. For example, investing for post retirement period or education of a child etc. investors, usually prefer a diversified approach while selecting different types of investments.
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Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
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A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
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Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
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Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
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Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
Putting the SPARK into Virtual Training.pptxCynthia Clay
This 60-minute webinar, sponsored by Adobe, was delivered for the Training Mag Network. It explored the five elements of SPARK: Storytelling, Purpose, Action, Relationships, and Kudos. Knowing how to tell a well-structured story is key to building long-term memory. Stating a clear purpose that doesn't take away from the discovery learning process is critical. Ensuring that people move from theory to practical application is imperative. Creating strong social learning is the key to commitment and engagement. Validating and affirming participants' comments is the way to create a positive learning environment.
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2. What is Investment
• An instrument that promises some certain or
uncertain return in the future.
• Process of using money (called capital) to buy an
asset that will generate a safe and acceptable return
over time.
• Investment means willing to take some risk and
putting your money in instruments with potential of
higher returns.
3. ONE NEEDS TO INVEST TO.
EARN RETURN ON YOUR IDLE RESOURCES
GENERATE A SPECIFIED SUM OF MONEY FOR A
SPECIFIC GOAL IN LIFE
MAKE A PROVISION FOR AN UNCERTAIN FUTURE
ONE OF THE IMPORTANT REASONS WHY ONE NEEDS TO INVEST
WISELY IS TO MEET THE COST OF INFLATION. INFLATION IS THE
RATE AT WHICH THE COST OF LIVING INCREASES.
Why should one invest?
4. When to start Investing?
The sooner one starts investing the better. By investing early you allow
your investments more time to grow, whereby the concept of
compounding increases your income, by accumulating the principal
and the interest or dividend earned on it, year after year.
The three golden rules for all investors are:
Invest early
Invest regularly
Invest for long term and not short term
5. Before making any investment, one must ensure to:
1. Obtain written documents explaining the investment
2. Read and understand such documents
3. Verify the legitimacy of the investment
4.Find out the costs and benefits associated with the
investment
5. Assess the risk-return profile of the investment
6.Know the liquidity and safety aspects of the
investment
What care should one take while
investing?
6. 7. Ascertain if it is appropriate for your specific goals
8.Compare these details with other investment
opportunities
available
9.Examine if it fits in with other investments you are
considering or
you have already made
10. Deal only through an authorized intermediary
11.Seek all clarifications about the intermediary and the
investment
12.Explore the options available to you if something
were to go
wrong, and then, if satisfied, make the investment.
These are called the twelve important steps to investing.
CONT..
7. Non- marketable.
bond or fixed income .
mutual funds.
real estate.
Equity.
gold/silver/precious metals/stones.
money market.
commodity market.
Various Types of Investments
9. A person, company, etc., That seeks the advice of a
professional man or woman a person depending on
another's patronage
how to know the investor?
Gain the personnel information of client.
Find the need of the investor.
Financial status of investor.
Time period investor is having to achieve that goal.
Understand the risk appetite of the investor.
Client Profile
10. Objective should vary from person to person.
Like
daughter marriage.
Building dream home.
Children education.
Objective of investment should be ethical.
Both for long term and short term.
AS WE KNOW THERE ARE THREE TYPES OF
INVESTOR
conservative, moderate, aggressive
Objective and Risk analysis.
11. Analysis of market and economic condition is very
important .
various economic and market factor
inflation .
different rates.
Historical market trend.
Performance of particular scheme where you are
going to invest.
Etc……….
Economic and Market analysis
12. A systematic approach to investing among different
categories of investments. It determine the best way
to divide investable assets into the various types of
asset classes:
diversification :
investing in a number of different investments, to
reduce the overall risk of investments.
Asset Allocation
13. After doing all now select the investment which fulfill
your objective , goals, need, time and risk and than
implement it.
Investment selection and
Implementation
14. Who are the Participants in
the investment process?
Government
Both local and national government need large amounts of money.
Funds are needed to finance capital expenditures like long-term
infrastructure projects – road building, schools and hospitals through the
issuance of different types of long-term debt securities. Also,
government needs to fund operating costs that keep it running.
Normally these funds are sourced from taxes and fees collections. In
cases where the operating expenditures exceed government revenues or
if government receipts are not yet available to meet government
payments, government resorts to borrowing funds by issuing short-term
debt securities. If government has temporary idle cash, it sometimes
makes short-term investments to earn positive returns. As such,
government becomes suppliers of funds.
15. 1. Government
Both local and national government need large amounts of money.
Funds are needed to finance capital expenditures like long-term
infrastructure projects – road building, schools and hospitals
through the issuance of different types of long-term debt securities.
Also, government needs to fund operating costs that keep it
running. Normally these funds are sourced from taxes and fees
collections. In cases where the operating expenditures exceed
government revenues or if government receipts are not yet
available to meet government payments, government resorts to
borrowing funds by issuing short-term debt securities. If
government has temporary idle cash, it sometimes makes short-
term investments to earn positive returns. As such, government
becomes suppliers of funds.
16. 2. Business
Most businesses require big sums of money to support operations in
both the long term and short-term. On the short-term, funds are used to
meet operating cost like financing inventory and accounts receivables.
Long-term needs of businesses are concentrated on seeking funds to
develop products, build plants and buy equipment. Financing these
needs require businesses to issue a variety of debt and equity securities.
Like government, business firms also supply funds if they have excess
cash. At the same time, they are both net demanders of fund since they
demand more funds than they supply.
17. Individuals
We are more familiar of the fact that people need money, in the form of
loans, to buy property like cars and houses. Yet individuals supply
funds to help meet the needs of both government and businesses
through deposits in savings accounts, purchases of debt or equity
securities, buy insurance or various types of property. As a group,
individuals are net suppliers of funds; they put money into the financial
system than they take out.
19. Individual
Individual investors personally handle their
funds to meet their financial goals. Earning
interest from idle funds, ensuring the family’s
security and building a retirement fund are
some reasons why the individual investor
invests.
20. Institutional
People with large sums of money for investment or who are too busy or
lack expertise for investment decisions often hire an institutional
investor. Institutional investors commonly know as fund managers, are
investment professionals paid to manage the funds of others using their
expertise and sophistication in both investment knowledge and method.
Aside from rich individuals and professional investors include financial
institutions and large non-financial corporations. Individual investors
trade in large amounts of securities to earn high returns that can be used
as additional sources of interest payments (for banks) and benefits to
policyholders or beneficiaries (for insurance companies).