Slides on Intelligence

1. Intelligence
• The term intelligence is is closely related to intellect.
• Intellect is a comprehensive term for observing ,
understanding, thinking and all ways of getting
information.
• It is helpful in solving problem and reaching a goal.
• In other word, intelligence means intellect put to use.
• Today, the concept of intelligence is more
pragmatic,(paratical) much broader and concerned with
learning and adaptive human behaviour.
• It is not a material fact but an abstract construct .

2. Difinitions
• Many psychologist have defined it a/c to their
research findings.
• For educator intelligence is reading and writing
abilities.
• For biologist it means an ability to adapt in
environment.
• For a foremen and managers it may be may an
ability to work efficiently with power and speed
with in time frame work.
• Thus, intelligence is expressed in many ways.

3. Difinitions
• A/c to Torgerson and georgia (1954), definition
of intelligence can be catagorised into four
groups.
• Capacity to learn
• Capacity to perform intellectual task.
• Capacity to think abstractly. And
• Capacity to make adequate adjustment to
new experience.

4. Definitions
• Freeman( 1962)defined it as conglomeration/ combination of many
powers.
• A/c to Husband ‘An intelligent person uses past experiences effectively,
is able to concentrate and keep his attention focused for longer period
of time, adjust himself to a new and accustomed situation rapidly with
less confusion with fewer falls, moves shows variability and versatility
of responses, is able to see distinct relationship, can carry on abstract
thinking, has a greater capacity of inhibition and is capable of
exercising self criticism’
• Thus, It can be said that there are variations in definitions .
 Some have emphasized on symbols, concept and past experiences .
 Some have viewed in a narrow , one sided fashion.
 It should not be limited to certain abilities and should be viewed on
broad fashion.
 Thus, intelligence should be considered as less as an entity (unit) and
more as process or set of process , less of a ‘thing’ and more of an
abstraction( concept)

5. Types of intelligence
• The great psychologist Charles Spearman (1904) develop a
statistical technique known as factor analysis.
• The factor analysis allowed the spearman to abstract a
measurement of common factor that seems to be shared by all
persons on all tasks .
• Spearman divided analytical factor into two groups- The ‘g’ and
‘s’ for general ability and specific ability respectvely.
 General factors;
 A/c to Spearman it is better to use general intelligence or g for
general factor.
 He propose that g is a mental material for solving all intellectual
tasks.
 The person who have high g power is able to solve any problem
in effective way.
 And The person who have low g capacity are unable to solve a
wide range of tasks.

6. Types of intelligence
He also noted that Person who performed well
on math test didn’t necessary scored equally on
other type of test.
In order to fulfill the general intelligence theory,
the test performance for all should be
determined entirely by g
And there should be correlation between any
two subjects.

7. Types of intelligence
 Specific factor
 Spearman used the term specific intelligence or s factor or s
intelligence.
 Ability to solve the a particular events or problem is called
specific intelligence.
 It only fulfill the requirement of particular problem and unable
other.
 Specific problem only fulfill or solved by the correlation with g
intelligence.
 Without correlation with g intelligence , s intelligence is unable
to solve the problem.
 So, for the measurement of g and s intelligence are equally
important.
 For example; A student show better performance in Nepali is
partially due to his general intelligence and partly some kind of
specific ability in language.

8. Types of intelligence
• Some students have specific ability in poetry,
prose drama etc and can be represented as g+ s1
• Some show better performance in mathematics which is
represented as g+ S2
• Similarly in science his performance is represented as g+
s3 and so on.
• Thus factor g will enter in all specific activities .

12. Intelligence quotient
• IQ is measurement of intelligence
• It is measured through various intelligence test
• The German Psychologist William Sterm introduced the term
IQ
• William Stern Calculated or measured IQ in the form of ratio
by using following formula
• Mental age/ Chroological age X100
• It is the formula to measure the rate of mental development
of an individual.
• In above formula, Mental age denote the intellectual
achievement
• And chronological age is actual age of an individual

13. Concept of mental age
• The concept of mental age was first introduced by french
psychologist Alfred Binet
• It was based upon the principle of normal distribution of
intelligence
• For instance, majority of children of particular age are of normal
intelligence
• Some individual perform higher performance in their achievement
• And some perform low according to their chronological age
• Such individuals are advanced or retarded in IQ respectively.
• For example: A ten year old child had mental age of 10, then
• IQ= MA/CAX100
• 10/10X 100 =100
• Similarly If ten year old child achieve 8 then IQ = 80
• In 1st case, Individual show intelligence and in 2nd case is retarded
in intelligence.
• Psychologist concluded that if IQ is below 100, it is called retarded
in intelligence and if above 100, it is called intelligent

14. Classification of IQ
• In accordance with individual mental level which is expressed
in terms of IQ, the investigators classify IQ in different
categories
• IQ Category
• Below 70 mentally defective
• 70-75 Feeble minded
• 75-90 dull
• 90-95 Below AVERAGE
• 95-105 Average
• 105-125 superior
• 125-140 very superior
• Above 140 GeniusS

15. Factor affecting Intelligence
• Prenatal and post natal condition
• Sex and intelligence
• Intelligence and race
• Urban-rural areas and intelligence
• Socio-economic status
• Age and intelligence
• Education and intelligence