It consists of your skin, hair, nails and glands. These organs and structures are your first line of defense against bacteria and help protect you from injury and sunlight. Your integumentary system works with other systems in your body to keep it in balance
The document summarizes key points from Chapter 6 of Hole's Human Anatomy and Physiology textbook regarding the integumentary system. It describes the three main layers of the skin - the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous layer - and explains the structures and functions of each layer. It also discusses accessory structures of the skin including hair, nails and glands, and how the skin helps regulate body temperature and heals wounds.
The document discusses the integumentary system and its functions. The integumentary system includes the skin and its structures. It is composed of multiple tissue types and performs several key functions, such as maintaining homeostasis, providing protection, regulating body temperature and producing vitamin D. The skin consists of three main layers - the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous layer. It also contains several accessory structures, including hair, nails and glands, that originate from the epidermis. Temperature regulation is an important function, achieved through vasodilation, sweating and shivering.
The document summarizes key information about the integumentary system from a nursing textbook chapter. It describes the integumentary system as composed of several tissue types that maintain homeostasis, provide protection, retard water loss, regulate temperature, and more. The three main layers of the skin are the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous layer. Accessory structures include hair, nails, and glands. The skin helps regulate body temperature through mechanisms like vasodilation, sweating and vasoconstriction. Wound healing and burn types are also discussed.
The document provides an overview of the integumentary system and skin. It describes the three main layers of skin - the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer. The epidermis is made of stratified squamous epithelium and provides protection. Below is the dermis, made of dense connective tissue containing hair follicles, sweat glands, and nerves. The deepest layer is the subcutaneous layer, consisting of loose connective tissue and fat. Accessory structures of the skin like hair, nails, and glands are also discussed.
The document discusses the structure and functions of the skin and its role in temperature regulation. It describes the three main layers of the skin - epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. The epidermis contains keratinocytes, melanocytes and other cell types arranged in multiple layers. The dermis lies below and contains collagen, nerves and blood vessels. The hypodermis is a fatty layer that stores fat and anchors the skin. Skin appendages like hair follicles, sebaceous glands and sweat glands are also discussed. Temperature is regulated through mechanisms like sweating, vasodilation and shivering that are controlled by the hypothalamus to maintain the body's set point. Fever occurs when
The document discusses the skin and integumentary system. It describes the skin as a large organ composed of three main layers - the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous layer. The epidermis provides protection while the dermis contains blood vessels, glands and sensory receptors. Accessory organs include nails, hair follicles, sebaceous glands and sweat glands. The skin plays an important role in temperature regulation through processes like sweating and vasodilation. Wound healing occurs through inflammation, clotting, cell reproduction and scar formation.
The document summarizes key aspects of the integumentary system including the skin and its layers, accessory structures, and functions. It discusses the epidermis and its strata, dermis, hypodermis, hair follicles, nails, and sweat and sebaceous glands. Mechanisms of wound healing and factors influencing skin color are also addressed.
The document summarizes key aspects of the integumentary system including the skin and its layers, accessory structures, and functions. It discusses the epidermis and its strata, dermis, hypodermis, hair follicles, nails, and sweat and sebaceous glands. Wound healing and factors influencing skin color are also covered. Burns are classified by degree of damage and the rule of nines is used to estimate burn surface area.
The document summarizes key points from Chapter 6 of Hole's Human Anatomy and Physiology textbook regarding the integumentary system. It describes the three main layers of the skin - the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous layer - and explains the structures and functions of each layer. It also discusses accessory structures of the skin including hair, nails and glands, and how the skin helps regulate body temperature and heals wounds.
The document discusses the integumentary system and its functions. The integumentary system includes the skin and its structures. It is composed of multiple tissue types and performs several key functions, such as maintaining homeostasis, providing protection, regulating body temperature and producing vitamin D. The skin consists of three main layers - the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous layer. It also contains several accessory structures, including hair, nails and glands, that originate from the epidermis. Temperature regulation is an important function, achieved through vasodilation, sweating and shivering.
The document summarizes key information about the integumentary system from a nursing textbook chapter. It describes the integumentary system as composed of several tissue types that maintain homeostasis, provide protection, retard water loss, regulate temperature, and more. The three main layers of the skin are the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous layer. Accessory structures include hair, nails, and glands. The skin helps regulate body temperature through mechanisms like vasodilation, sweating and vasoconstriction. Wound healing and burn types are also discussed.
The document provides an overview of the integumentary system and skin. It describes the three main layers of skin - the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer. The epidermis is made of stratified squamous epithelium and provides protection. Below is the dermis, made of dense connective tissue containing hair follicles, sweat glands, and nerves. The deepest layer is the subcutaneous layer, consisting of loose connective tissue and fat. Accessory structures of the skin like hair, nails, and glands are also discussed.
The document discusses the structure and functions of the skin and its role in temperature regulation. It describes the three main layers of the skin - epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. The epidermis contains keratinocytes, melanocytes and other cell types arranged in multiple layers. The dermis lies below and contains collagen, nerves and blood vessels. The hypodermis is a fatty layer that stores fat and anchors the skin. Skin appendages like hair follicles, sebaceous glands and sweat glands are also discussed. Temperature is regulated through mechanisms like sweating, vasodilation and shivering that are controlled by the hypothalamus to maintain the body's set point. Fever occurs when
The document discusses the skin and integumentary system. It describes the skin as a large organ composed of three main layers - the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous layer. The epidermis provides protection while the dermis contains blood vessels, glands and sensory receptors. Accessory organs include nails, hair follicles, sebaceous glands and sweat glands. The skin plays an important role in temperature regulation through processes like sweating and vasodilation. Wound healing occurs through inflammation, clotting, cell reproduction and scar formation.
The document summarizes key aspects of the integumentary system including the skin and its layers, accessory structures, and functions. It discusses the epidermis and its strata, dermis, hypodermis, hair follicles, nails, and sweat and sebaceous glands. Mechanisms of wound healing and factors influencing skin color are also addressed.
The document summarizes key aspects of the integumentary system including the skin and its layers, accessory structures, and functions. It discusses the epidermis and its strata, dermis, hypodermis, hair follicles, nails, and sweat and sebaceous glands. Wound healing and factors influencing skin color are also covered. Burns are classified by degree of damage and the rule of nines is used to estimate burn surface area.
The document provides information about the structure and functions of the skin and its role in temperature regulation. It discusses the three main layers of the skin - epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. The epidermis contains keratinocytes, melanocytes and other cell types arranged in multiple layers. The dermis lies below and contains collagen, nerves and blood vessels. Skin appendages like hair follicles, sebaceous and sweat glands are also described. Temperature regulation involves balancing heat production and loss through mechanisms like sweating, vasodilation and shivering controlled by the hypothalamus. Fever is discussed as a regulated increase in set-point temperature in response to infection.
The document summarizes the key components and functions of the integumentary system. It describes the three layers of skin - epidermis, dermis and hypodermis - and their cellular composition. It also discusses skin appendages like hair, nails and glands. The major functions of skin are protection, temperature regulation, sensation and metabolic processes like vitamin D synthesis. Common skin conditions like burns, cancer and aging effects are also outlined.
The document summarizes the key components and functions of the integumentary system. It describes the three layers of skin - epidermis, dermis and hypodermis - and their cellular composition. It also discusses skin appendages like hair, nails and glands. The major functions of skin are protection, temperature regulation, sensation and metabolic processes like vitamin D synthesis. Common skin conditions like burns, cancer and aging effects are also outlined.
The integumentary system consists of the skin and its accessory structures. The skin is composed of three layers - the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer. The epidermis is made of stratified squamous epithelium and contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells. The dermis lies underneath the epidermis and contains dense connective tissue, hair follicles, and glands. The deepest layer, the subcutaneous layer, attaches the skin to underlying tissues. The skin contains various sensory receptors and has accessory structures like hair, nails, and glands that have important protective and sensory functions.
The document discusses the structure and functions of the skin and its layers. The skin consists of three main layers - the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous layer. The epidermis is the outermost layer and provides protection against water loss and microorganisms. Below the epidermis lies the dermis, which contains hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands, nerves and blood vessels. The innermost layer, the subcutaneous layer, consists of adipose tissue and insulates the body.
The integumentary system consists of the skin and its appendages. The skin is made up of two layers - the epidermis and dermis. The epidermis is avascular and composed of stratified squamous epithelium in five layers. The dermis lies below and contains blood vessels, hair follicles, and glands. Functions of the skin include protection, regulation of temperature and moisture, synthesis of vitamin D, and sensation. Sweat glands and sebaceous glands are important appendages that aid temperature regulation and protect the skin surface.
The document provides an overview of the structure and functions of the integumentary system. It describes the layers of the skin, including the epidermis and dermis. It outlines the principal cells of the epidermis and layers of the epidermis. It also discusses the structure and regions of the dermis, skin pigmentation, accessory structures like hair and glands, and the functions of the skin like protection and thermoregulation. Finally, it covers wound healing, scar formation, and age-related changes to the skin.
The document provides information about human skin anatomy, organization, histology, function and diagnosis. It discusses the key components and layers of the skin including the epidermis, dermis and skin appendages. The epidermis is composed of the basal, spinous, granular and stratum corneum layers. The dermis contains collagen, elastic and ground substance fibers. The skin has important protective, sensory and temperature regulating functions. Common skin lesions and their characteristics are also defined.
The document provides information about the integumentary system, specifically the structure and function of the skin and its layers (epidermis, dermis, hypodermis) as well as accessory structures like hair, nails, and glands. It begins with learning objectives for a lab on the integumentary system and locating structures on slides and models. It then provides an overview of the skin as an organ that protects the body through physical, chemical, and biological barriers. The remainder details the structure and functions of the three main skin layers, accessory organs, and includes diagrams to identify structures. Review questions and a problem-solving activity are also included at the end.
The document discusses the structure and functions of the integumentary system, including the three layers of the skin - epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis - and describes the role of the skin in protecting the body from pathogens, regulating temperature, and producing vitamin D. It also examines various skin disorders like burns and skin cancers as well as structures like hair, nails, and sweat and sebaceous glands that are part of the integumentary system.
This document provides an overview of the integumentary system, including the structure and functions of the skin and its accessory structures. It discusses the three main layers of the skin - epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. Within the epidermis it describes the different cell types and layers. In the dermis it outlines the two layers and their components. It also covers hair, nails, sweat and sebaceous glands. Finally, it briefly discusses some common skin conditions like skin cancer, burns and pathology.
The document summarizes key aspects of the integumentary system including the three layers of the skin, structures and functions of the epidermis and dermis, appendages of the skin like hair and nails, and common skin conditions such as burns and skin cancers. It also covers developmental changes from fetal stages to old age and factors influencing skin color.
The integumentary system consists of the skin, hair, nails, and glands. It protects the body from pathogens, injury, and UV radiation. The skin regulates temperature, excretes waste, reduces water loss, and houses sensory receptors. The skin is composed of three layers - the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The epidermis contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells. Skin appendages include hair, nails, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands. Disorders of the integumentary system include acne, eczema, psoriasis, skin cancer, and warts.
The document summarizes the integumentary system, which includes the skin, hair, nails, and glands. It describes the structure and function of the epidermis and dermis layers of the skin. The epidermis contains keratinocytes and other cell types and goes through multiple layers. The dermis below contains connective tissue, fibers, blood vessels and nerves. Other parts like hair follicles, sebaceous glands and sweat glands are described. Functions of the skin like protection, temperature regulation and sensation are covered. Some disorders like burns and skin cancers are also summarized.
The document summarizes the key aspects of the integumentary system. It describes the skin and its layers - epidermis and dermis - as well as its appendages including hair, nails, sweat and oil glands. The skin acts as a protective barrier and regulates temperature and moisture. Disorders discussed include burns, infections, and skin cancers like basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma.
Skin = integument
Skin+ accessory organs = integumentary system.
The integumentary system comprises the skin and its appendages acting to protect the body from various kinds of damage, such as loss of water or damages from outside.
It includes hair, glands and nails.
It has a variety of additional functions; it may serve to waterproof, and protect the deeper tissues, excrete wastes, and regulate body temperature, and is the attachment site for sensory receptors to detect pain, sensation, pressure, and temperature,vitamin D synthesis.
skin and its layuer
Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis ( subcutaneous layer)
Epidermis
Most superficial layer of the skin
Approx 10 to 30 cells thick ( epithelial)
Cell types
Keratinocytes -90%
Melanocytes
Merkel cells 10%
Langerhens
stratum basale
Stratum germinativum
Deepest epidermal layer
Attaches to basal lamina
Cells bond to dermis via collagen fibres
Finger like projection called dermal papillae in dermis
Helps in stronger connection
Cells- cuboidal shaped keratinocytes
Grows constantly ,mitosis
Pushed up old cells
Applied aspects
Cells – merkel cell – function as receptor- stimulating sensory nerve fibres
Found in hairless skin.
Abundant on surface of hand and feet.
Melanocytes- produces pigment melanin
- gives hair and skin its color
-protect from u rays
Note: skin color influenced by ,melanin and carotene – carrot, oxygenated haemoglobin
Fingerprints-epidermal ridges
Stratum spinosum
Spiny in appearance
Desmosomsis protruding cell
Interlock between cells
Composed of 8to 10 layers of keratinocytes
Applied aspects
Langerhans cell –as a macrophage by engulfing bacteria and foreign body and damaged cell.
Keratinocytes synthesise keratin and prevent water loss
Stratum granulosam
Has a grainy appearance
Cells become flattened,and cell membrane thicken, and generate large amount of protein keratin and keratohyalin
After cell dies , keratin ,keratohyalin and cell membrane forms stratum lucidum
And accessory structures of hair and nail
Stratum lucidum
Smooth translucent layer
It is found only in thick skin of palms ,soles,digits
Cells are densely packed with eleidin , a clear protein rich in lipids,
Transparent appearance
Stratum corneam
Most superficial layer of epidermis
The increased keratinization of cell
It has 15 to 30 layers of cells
Water is lost from skin in 2 ways
Insensible perspiration
water diffuses from stratum corneum and evaporates from skin
-500 ml per day
Sensible perspiration
Water excreted by sweat glands.
clinical application
Some medications are toxic if swallowed, but safe if used topically (applied to surface of skin)
• Certain topical antibiotics are fairly toxic if taken by mouth, butcan be applied to skin with minimal risk of systemic absorption;they are polar molecules that cannot pass through epidermis toreach blood vessels in dermis; allows for local effect only
• Nonpolar substances cross epidermis much more easily;provides a c
5. The Integument and Related StructuresSUNY Ulster
The document summarizes the key structures and functions of the integumentary system including the epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, hair follicles, glands, and related structures like hooves and horns. It describes the cell types in the epidermis and its layers, the components and layers of the dermis, and structures in the hypodermis. It also discusses hair growth cycles, pigmentation, specialized structures like paw pads, and the types and functions of glands and other skin derivatives.
The document summarizes key aspects of the integumentary system, including the skin and its layers, accessory structures such as hair and glands, and functions like temperature regulation and protection. It also discusses aging effects on the skin and conditions like burns.
The document summarizes the key aspects of the integumentary system. It describes the three layers of skin - epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis - and their cellular composition. It outlines the functions of skin, including protection, regulation of body temperature, sensation, and vitamin D synthesis. It discusses skin appendages like hair, nails, and glands. It also covers skin disorders such as burns, skin cancer, and developmental changes to the integumentary system throughout the life cycle.
The document provides information about the structure and functions of the skin and its role in temperature regulation. It discusses the three main layers of the skin - epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. The epidermis contains keratinocytes, melanocytes and other cell types arranged in multiple layers. The dermis lies below and contains collagen, nerves and blood vessels. Skin appendages like hair follicles, sebaceous and sweat glands are also described. Temperature regulation involves balancing heat production and loss through mechanisms like sweating, vasodilation and shivering controlled by the hypothalamus. Fever is discussed as a regulated increase in set-point temperature in response to infection.
The document summarizes the key components and functions of the integumentary system. It describes the three layers of skin - epidermis, dermis and hypodermis - and their cellular composition. It also discusses skin appendages like hair, nails and glands. The major functions of skin are protection, temperature regulation, sensation and metabolic processes like vitamin D synthesis. Common skin conditions like burns, cancer and aging effects are also outlined.
The document summarizes the key components and functions of the integumentary system. It describes the three layers of skin - epidermis, dermis and hypodermis - and their cellular composition. It also discusses skin appendages like hair, nails and glands. The major functions of skin are protection, temperature regulation, sensation and metabolic processes like vitamin D synthesis. Common skin conditions like burns, cancer and aging effects are also outlined.
The integumentary system consists of the skin and its accessory structures. The skin is composed of three layers - the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer. The epidermis is made of stratified squamous epithelium and contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells. The dermis lies underneath the epidermis and contains dense connective tissue, hair follicles, and glands. The deepest layer, the subcutaneous layer, attaches the skin to underlying tissues. The skin contains various sensory receptors and has accessory structures like hair, nails, and glands that have important protective and sensory functions.
The document discusses the structure and functions of the skin and its layers. The skin consists of three main layers - the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous layer. The epidermis is the outermost layer and provides protection against water loss and microorganisms. Below the epidermis lies the dermis, which contains hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands, nerves and blood vessels. The innermost layer, the subcutaneous layer, consists of adipose tissue and insulates the body.
The integumentary system consists of the skin and its appendages. The skin is made up of two layers - the epidermis and dermis. The epidermis is avascular and composed of stratified squamous epithelium in five layers. The dermis lies below and contains blood vessels, hair follicles, and glands. Functions of the skin include protection, regulation of temperature and moisture, synthesis of vitamin D, and sensation. Sweat glands and sebaceous glands are important appendages that aid temperature regulation and protect the skin surface.
The document provides an overview of the structure and functions of the integumentary system. It describes the layers of the skin, including the epidermis and dermis. It outlines the principal cells of the epidermis and layers of the epidermis. It also discusses the structure and regions of the dermis, skin pigmentation, accessory structures like hair and glands, and the functions of the skin like protection and thermoregulation. Finally, it covers wound healing, scar formation, and age-related changes to the skin.
The document provides information about human skin anatomy, organization, histology, function and diagnosis. It discusses the key components and layers of the skin including the epidermis, dermis and skin appendages. The epidermis is composed of the basal, spinous, granular and stratum corneum layers. The dermis contains collagen, elastic and ground substance fibers. The skin has important protective, sensory and temperature regulating functions. Common skin lesions and their characteristics are also defined.
The document provides information about the integumentary system, specifically the structure and function of the skin and its layers (epidermis, dermis, hypodermis) as well as accessory structures like hair, nails, and glands. It begins with learning objectives for a lab on the integumentary system and locating structures on slides and models. It then provides an overview of the skin as an organ that protects the body through physical, chemical, and biological barriers. The remainder details the structure and functions of the three main skin layers, accessory organs, and includes diagrams to identify structures. Review questions and a problem-solving activity are also included at the end.
The document discusses the structure and functions of the integumentary system, including the three layers of the skin - epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis - and describes the role of the skin in protecting the body from pathogens, regulating temperature, and producing vitamin D. It also examines various skin disorders like burns and skin cancers as well as structures like hair, nails, and sweat and sebaceous glands that are part of the integumentary system.
This document provides an overview of the integumentary system, including the structure and functions of the skin and its accessory structures. It discusses the three main layers of the skin - epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. Within the epidermis it describes the different cell types and layers. In the dermis it outlines the two layers and their components. It also covers hair, nails, sweat and sebaceous glands. Finally, it briefly discusses some common skin conditions like skin cancer, burns and pathology.
The document summarizes key aspects of the integumentary system including the three layers of the skin, structures and functions of the epidermis and dermis, appendages of the skin like hair and nails, and common skin conditions such as burns and skin cancers. It also covers developmental changes from fetal stages to old age and factors influencing skin color.
The integumentary system consists of the skin, hair, nails, and glands. It protects the body from pathogens, injury, and UV radiation. The skin regulates temperature, excretes waste, reduces water loss, and houses sensory receptors. The skin is composed of three layers - the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The epidermis contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells. Skin appendages include hair, nails, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands. Disorders of the integumentary system include acne, eczema, psoriasis, skin cancer, and warts.
The document summarizes the integumentary system, which includes the skin, hair, nails, and glands. It describes the structure and function of the epidermis and dermis layers of the skin. The epidermis contains keratinocytes and other cell types and goes through multiple layers. The dermis below contains connective tissue, fibers, blood vessels and nerves. Other parts like hair follicles, sebaceous glands and sweat glands are described. Functions of the skin like protection, temperature regulation and sensation are covered. Some disorders like burns and skin cancers are also summarized.
The document summarizes the key aspects of the integumentary system. It describes the skin and its layers - epidermis and dermis - as well as its appendages including hair, nails, sweat and oil glands. The skin acts as a protective barrier and regulates temperature and moisture. Disorders discussed include burns, infections, and skin cancers like basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma.
Skin = integument
Skin+ accessory organs = integumentary system.
The integumentary system comprises the skin and its appendages acting to protect the body from various kinds of damage, such as loss of water or damages from outside.
It includes hair, glands and nails.
It has a variety of additional functions; it may serve to waterproof, and protect the deeper tissues, excrete wastes, and regulate body temperature, and is the attachment site for sensory receptors to detect pain, sensation, pressure, and temperature,vitamin D synthesis.
skin and its layuer
Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis ( subcutaneous layer)
Epidermis
Most superficial layer of the skin
Approx 10 to 30 cells thick ( epithelial)
Cell types
Keratinocytes -90%
Melanocytes
Merkel cells 10%
Langerhens
stratum basale
Stratum germinativum
Deepest epidermal layer
Attaches to basal lamina
Cells bond to dermis via collagen fibres
Finger like projection called dermal papillae in dermis
Helps in stronger connection
Cells- cuboidal shaped keratinocytes
Grows constantly ,mitosis
Pushed up old cells
Applied aspects
Cells – merkel cell – function as receptor- stimulating sensory nerve fibres
Found in hairless skin.
Abundant on surface of hand and feet.
Melanocytes- produces pigment melanin
- gives hair and skin its color
-protect from u rays
Note: skin color influenced by ,melanin and carotene – carrot, oxygenated haemoglobin
Fingerprints-epidermal ridges
Stratum spinosum
Spiny in appearance
Desmosomsis protruding cell
Interlock between cells
Composed of 8to 10 layers of keratinocytes
Applied aspects
Langerhans cell –as a macrophage by engulfing bacteria and foreign body and damaged cell.
Keratinocytes synthesise keratin and prevent water loss
Stratum granulosam
Has a grainy appearance
Cells become flattened,and cell membrane thicken, and generate large amount of protein keratin and keratohyalin
After cell dies , keratin ,keratohyalin and cell membrane forms stratum lucidum
And accessory structures of hair and nail
Stratum lucidum
Smooth translucent layer
It is found only in thick skin of palms ,soles,digits
Cells are densely packed with eleidin , a clear protein rich in lipids,
Transparent appearance
Stratum corneam
Most superficial layer of epidermis
The increased keratinization of cell
It has 15 to 30 layers of cells
Water is lost from skin in 2 ways
Insensible perspiration
water diffuses from stratum corneum and evaporates from skin
-500 ml per day
Sensible perspiration
Water excreted by sweat glands.
clinical application
Some medications are toxic if swallowed, but safe if used topically (applied to surface of skin)
• Certain topical antibiotics are fairly toxic if taken by mouth, butcan be applied to skin with minimal risk of systemic absorption;they are polar molecules that cannot pass through epidermis toreach blood vessels in dermis; allows for local effect only
• Nonpolar substances cross epidermis much more easily;provides a c
5. The Integument and Related StructuresSUNY Ulster
The document summarizes the key structures and functions of the integumentary system including the epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, hair follicles, glands, and related structures like hooves and horns. It describes the cell types in the epidermis and its layers, the components and layers of the dermis, and structures in the hypodermis. It also discusses hair growth cycles, pigmentation, specialized structures like paw pads, and the types and functions of glands and other skin derivatives.
The document summarizes key aspects of the integumentary system, including the skin and its layers, accessory structures such as hair and glands, and functions like temperature regulation and protection. It also discusses aging effects on the skin and conditions like burns.
The document summarizes the key aspects of the integumentary system. It describes the three layers of skin - epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis - and their cellular composition. It outlines the functions of skin, including protection, regulation of body temperature, sensation, and vitamin D synthesis. It discusses skin appendages like hair, nails, and glands. It also covers skin disorders such as burns, skin cancer, and developmental changes to the integumentary system throughout the life cycle.
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆Sérgio Sacani
Context. The early-type galaxy SDSS J133519.91+072807.4 (hereafter SDSS1335+0728), which had exhibited no prior optical variations during the preceding two decades, began showing significant nuclear variability in the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) alert stream from December 2019 (as ZTF19acnskyy). This variability behaviour, coupled with the host-galaxy properties, suggests that SDSS1335+0728 hosts a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole (BH) that is currently in the process of ‘turning on’. Aims. We present a multi-wavelength photometric analysis and spectroscopic follow-up performed with the aim of better understanding the origin of the nuclear variations detected in SDSS1335+0728. Methods. We used archival photometry (from WISE, 2MASS, SDSS, GALEX, eROSITA) and spectroscopic data (from SDSS and LAMOST) to study the state of SDSS1335+0728 prior to December 2019, and new observations from Swift, SOAR/Goodman, VLT/X-shooter, and Keck/LRIS taken after its turn-on to characterise its current state. We analysed the variability of SDSS1335+0728 in the X-ray/UV/optical/mid-infrared range, modelled its spectral energy distribution prior to and after December 2019, and studied the evolution of its UV/optical spectra. Results. From our multi-wavelength photometric analysis, we find that: (a) since 2021, the UV flux (from Swift/UVOT observations) is four times brighter than the flux reported by GALEX in 2004; (b) since June 2022, the mid-infrared flux has risen more than two times, and the W1−W2 WISE colour has become redder; and (c) since February 2024, the source has begun showing X-ray emission. From our spectroscopic follow-up, we see that (i) the narrow emission line ratios are now consistent with a more energetic ionising continuum; (ii) broad emission lines are not detected; and (iii) the [OIII] line increased its flux ∼ 3.6 years after the first ZTF alert, which implies a relatively compact narrow-line-emitting region. Conclusions. We conclude that the variations observed in SDSS1335+0728 could be either explained by a ∼ 106M⊙ AGN that is just turning on or by an exotic tidal disruption event (TDE). If the former is true, SDSS1335+0728 is one of the strongest cases of an AGNobserved in the process of activating. If the latter were found to be the case, it would correspond to the longest and faintest TDE ever observed (or another class of still unknown nuclear transient). Future observations of SDSS1335+0728 are crucial to further understand its behaviour. Key words. galaxies: active– accretion, accretion discs– galaxies: individual: SDSS J133519.91+072807.4
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
TOPIC OF DISCUSSION: CENTRIFUGATION SLIDESHARE.pptxshubhijain836
Centrifugation is a powerful technique used in laboratories to separate components of a heterogeneous mixture based on their density. This process utilizes centrifugal force to rapidly spin samples, causing denser particles to migrate outward more quickly than lighter ones. As a result, distinct layers form within the sample tube, allowing for easy isolation and purification of target substances.
Signatures of wave erosion in Titan’s coastsSérgio Sacani
The shorelines of Titan’s hydrocarbon seas trace flooded erosional landforms such as river valleys; however, it isunclear whether coastal erosion has subsequently altered these shorelines. Spacecraft observations and theo-retical models suggest that wind may cause waves to form on Titan’s seas, potentially driving coastal erosion,but the observational evidence of waves is indirect, and the processes affecting shoreline evolution on Titanremain unknown. No widely accepted framework exists for using shoreline morphology to quantitatively dis-cern coastal erosion mechanisms, even on Earth, where the dominant mechanisms are known. We combinelandscape evolution models with measurements of shoreline shape on Earth to characterize how differentcoastal erosion mechanisms affect shoreline morphology. Applying this framework to Titan, we find that theshorelines of Titan’s seas are most consistent with flooded landscapes that subsequently have been eroded bywaves, rather than a uniform erosional process or no coastal erosion, particularly if wave growth saturates atfetch lengths of tens of kilometers.
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdfSelcen Ozturkcan
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
Mechanisms and Applications of Antiviral Neutralizing Antibodies - Creative B...Creative-Biolabs
Neutralizing antibodies, pivotal in immune defense, specifically bind and inhibit viral pathogens, thereby playing a crucial role in protecting against and mitigating infectious diseases. In this slide, we will introduce what antibodies and neutralizing antibodies are, the production and regulation of neutralizing antibodies, their mechanisms of action, classification and applications, as well as the challenges they face.
Compositions of iron-meteorite parent bodies constrainthe structure of the pr...Sérgio Sacani
Magmatic iron-meteorite parent bodies are the earliest planetesimals in the Solar System,and they preserve information about conditions and planet-forming processes in thesolar nebula. In this study, we include comprehensive elemental compositions andfractional-crystallization modeling for iron meteorites from the cores of five differenti-ated asteroids from the inner Solar System. Together with previous results of metalliccores from the outer Solar System, we conclude that asteroidal cores from the outerSolar System have smaller sizes, elevated siderophile-element abundances, and simplercrystallization processes than those from the inner Solar System. These differences arerelated to the formation locations of the parent asteroids because the solar protoplane-tary disk varied in redox conditions, elemental distributions, and dynamics at differentheliocentric distances. Using highly siderophile-element data from iron meteorites, wereconstruct the distribution of calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs) across theprotoplanetary disk within the first million years of Solar-System history. CAIs, the firstsolids to condense in the Solar System, formed close to the Sun. They were, however,concentrated within the outer disk and depleted within the inner disk. Future modelsof the structure and evolution of the protoplanetary disk should account for this dis-tribution pattern of CAIs.
4. Definitions
Tissue - groups or layers of cells with a
common purpose
Organ - two or more different tissues
grouped to perform a special function
Organ System - a group of organs
coordinated to carry out a specialized
function
6. Functions of the Integumentary System
• Protection
• Sensation
• Permits movement and growth
• Endocrine - Vitamin D production
• Excretion - Regulation of sweat
• Immunity - First line of defense
• Temperature regulation
8. Skin
• Thin, relatively flat organ
• Classified as a membrane - the
cutaneous membrane
• Two main layers
Epidermis - outer, thinner
Dermis - inner, thicker
• The two layers are separated by
a basement membrane
11. Epidermis
• Composed entirely of stratified
squamous epithelium
• Lacks blood vessels
• Composed of four, or in the palm
and sole, five distinct layers
• The outermost layer of cells
harden and die in a process
called keratinization
12. Epidermal Layers
• Stratum corneum
– outermost layer, composed of layers of dead, non-
nucleated, keratinized cells
• Stratum lucidum
– on soles and palms only, appears clear
• Stratum granulosum
-- 3 to 5 layers of flattened, granular cells
• Stratum spinosum
-- many layers of nucleated cells, becoming flattened,
developing keratin fibers
• Stratum basale
–- deepest layer, single layer of cuboidal or columnar
cells that are growing and dividing
alive
dead
15. Melanocytes
• Specialized cells in the stratum
basale of the epidermis with
long processes that extend
into the stratum spinosum
• Produce the dark pigment
melanin which provides skin
color
• Melanin production is stimulated
by ultraviolet radiation
19. Dermis
• Made up of two layers
Papillary Area has projections up into the
epidermal layer, provides nutrients to the
epidermis via its abundant blood vessels
Reticular Area - denser, deeper, main
area of the dermis, mat of irregularly arranged
fibers resistant to stretching
• Nerve endings, hair follicles, smooth muscles,
glands, and lymphatic vessels all reside in the
dermis.
31. Fig. 6.12b
If body temperature
continues to drop,
control center signals
muscles to contract
involuntarily.
too low
Normal body
temperature
37°C (98.6°F)
Control center
Hypothalamus
detects the deviation
from the set point and
signals effector organs.
Effectors
Dermal blood
vessels constrict
and sweat glands
remain inactive.
Effectors
Muscle
activity
generates
body heat.
Response
Body heat is conserved,
temperature rises toward normal.
Stimulus
Body temperature
drops below normal.
Receptors
Thermoreceptors
send signals to the
control center.
Homeostatic Control of Body Temperature
32. Vitamin D
• Functions as a hormone for the incorporation of
ingested calcium into the bones
• Skin exposed to the ultraviolet rays of the sun
converts pro-Vitamin D to Vitamin D3
• Vitamin D3 is then modified in the liver & kidney
to Vitamin D
• In northern latitudes, many months of the year sun
exposure is inadequate for the necessary
amount of Vitamin D to be manufactured and
supplements containing Vitamin D3 are
necessary