Newer biomarkers,techniques & their inclusion in 2016 WHO classification for leukaemia/lymphomas increases the responsibility of the pathologists, requiring to develop an integrated multidisciplinary approach for reporting.
Diagnosing PM/DM is challenging due to rarity of the disease, their similar clinical presentation and the possibility of overlap syndromes. A comprehensive strategy for serological testing comprises of parallel determination of both MSA and MAA thereby reducing the time to diagnosis. Current immunoassays techniques (Immunoblot) targeting MAA & MSAs have –
The ability to include many parameters simultaneously which ensures higher detection rate; Become readily accessible & hence an opportunity for laboratories to contribute significantly in the disease diagnosis. MSA are highly specific for PM/DM, and many of them are also associated with a unique clinical subset of PM/DM, making them useful clinical diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers & continue to evolve.
Dr. Ignacio Melero - Simposio Internacional 'Terapias oncológicas avanzadas''Fundación Ramón Areces
Los días 15 y 16 de octubre de 2014, la Fundación Ramón Areces y la Real Academia Nacional de Farmacia, en colaboración con la Fundación de la Innovación Bankinter, reunieron en Madrid a algunos de los mayores expertos mundiales en nuevas terapias contra el cáncer. El Simposio Internacional, coordinado por la profesora y académica María José Alonso, analizó el momento actual de la lucha contra esta enfermedad. También fue un punto de encuentro para científicos de los más innovadores institutos de investigación en oncología, quienes debatieron sobre tres grandes temas: la Medicina Personalizada contra el cáncer, los nanomedicamentos en la terapia del cáncer y las terapias basadas en la inmunomodulación.
Evan J. Lipson, MD, Andrew Stolbach, MD, MPH, and Trish Brothers, BSN, RN, OCN®, prepared useful practice aids pertaining to oncologic emergencies for this CME/MOC/CNE/CPE activity titled "Urgent Care of Patients Receiving Cancer Immunotherapy: Recognition and Management of Immune-Mediated Adverse Reactions in the ED." For the full presentation, monograph, complete CME/MOC/CNE/CPE information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at http://bit.ly/2TGpnYl. CME/MOC/CNE/CPE credit will be available until February 21, 2020.
Diagnosing PM/DM is challenging due to rarity of the disease, their similar clinical presentation and the possibility of overlap syndromes. A comprehensive strategy for serological testing comprises of parallel determination of both MSA and MAA thereby reducing the time to diagnosis. Current immunoassays techniques (Immunoblot) targeting MAA & MSAs have –
The ability to include many parameters simultaneously which ensures higher detection rate; Become readily accessible & hence an opportunity for laboratories to contribute significantly in the disease diagnosis. MSA are highly specific for PM/DM, and many of them are also associated with a unique clinical subset of PM/DM, making them useful clinical diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers & continue to evolve.
Dr. Ignacio Melero - Simposio Internacional 'Terapias oncológicas avanzadas''Fundación Ramón Areces
Los días 15 y 16 de octubre de 2014, la Fundación Ramón Areces y la Real Academia Nacional de Farmacia, en colaboración con la Fundación de la Innovación Bankinter, reunieron en Madrid a algunos de los mayores expertos mundiales en nuevas terapias contra el cáncer. El Simposio Internacional, coordinado por la profesora y académica María José Alonso, analizó el momento actual de la lucha contra esta enfermedad. También fue un punto de encuentro para científicos de los más innovadores institutos de investigación en oncología, quienes debatieron sobre tres grandes temas: la Medicina Personalizada contra el cáncer, los nanomedicamentos en la terapia del cáncer y las terapias basadas en la inmunomodulación.
Evan J. Lipson, MD, Andrew Stolbach, MD, MPH, and Trish Brothers, BSN, RN, OCN®, prepared useful practice aids pertaining to oncologic emergencies for this CME/MOC/CNE/CPE activity titled "Urgent Care of Patients Receiving Cancer Immunotherapy: Recognition and Management of Immune-Mediated Adverse Reactions in the ED." For the full presentation, monograph, complete CME/MOC/CNE/CPE information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at http://bit.ly/2TGpnYl. CME/MOC/CNE/CPE credit will be available until February 21, 2020.
Dr. Patrick Hwu presents the latest information on immunotherapies for melanoma at the MRF's Patient Symposium at MD Anderson Cancer Center on January 31, 2015.
Lung cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in the world and accounts for the most cancer-related deaths. Because of this, it is continuously studied for advancements in how to treat and manage it. This involves improved detection, which facilitates better treatment outcomes, and developments in the direct treatment of lung cancer.
Presentation focusing on what is cancer immunotherapy is, what are the potential challenges in the safety assessment of antibodies targeting immune system checkpoints, things to consider when designing and running your nonclinical safety programmes for immune checkpoint targets and measuring immunotoxicity / immunopharmacology. It also looks at what if your chosen therapeutic has no pharmacologically relevant non-clinical safety species.
This slidedeck presents an up-to-date disease overview of BCC, reviews current treatment options in BCC, explains the hedgehog signaling pathway and its role in BCC, review recent data of the first-in-class hedgehog inhibitor, vismodegib, and other novel agents in clinical trials. Faculty will also review recently approved novel agents in melanoma, to include treatment planning and managing adverse events. Case studies will demonstrate the practical application of current and emerging clinical evidence for the treatment of BCC and melanoma. During the panel discussion, faculty will discuss the importance of cross-communication in the treatment planning process and strategies to optimize the continuum of care for patients with BCC.
a short presentation about the types of treatments used in cancer therapy, including traditional chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy and hormonal therapy. also a short talk about side effects and administration of the CTX drugs.
This presentation is part of MIU CE Pharmacy Program and is designed primarily for pharmacists with the following learning objectives:
1- Explain the mechanisms of action behind immune response to cancer and the application of immunotherapy in cancer treatment
2- Distinguish new and emerging immunotherapy classes and individual agents efficacy, safety to therapy in cancer treatment
3-Strategies to counsel and assist patients to overcome barriers to therapy, including Treatment side effects to improve adherence to therapy
RATIONAL COMBINATION IMMUNOTHERAPY: The best of ASCO16 clinical dataPaul D. Rennert
Presented at the Immuno-Oncology Summit August 31, 2016. Studies from ASCO16 on immune checkpoint combinations, immune checkpoints with other therapies, immune checkpoints and CAR T, and other studies that enrich our understanding of immuno-oncology as a broad-based discipline for cancer therapy.
Dr. Patrick Hwu presents the latest information on immunotherapies for melanoma at the MRF's Patient Symposium at MD Anderson Cancer Center on January 31, 2015.
Lung cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in the world and accounts for the most cancer-related deaths. Because of this, it is continuously studied for advancements in how to treat and manage it. This involves improved detection, which facilitates better treatment outcomes, and developments in the direct treatment of lung cancer.
Presentation focusing on what is cancer immunotherapy is, what are the potential challenges in the safety assessment of antibodies targeting immune system checkpoints, things to consider when designing and running your nonclinical safety programmes for immune checkpoint targets and measuring immunotoxicity / immunopharmacology. It also looks at what if your chosen therapeutic has no pharmacologically relevant non-clinical safety species.
This slidedeck presents an up-to-date disease overview of BCC, reviews current treatment options in BCC, explains the hedgehog signaling pathway and its role in BCC, review recent data of the first-in-class hedgehog inhibitor, vismodegib, and other novel agents in clinical trials. Faculty will also review recently approved novel agents in melanoma, to include treatment planning and managing adverse events. Case studies will demonstrate the practical application of current and emerging clinical evidence for the treatment of BCC and melanoma. During the panel discussion, faculty will discuss the importance of cross-communication in the treatment planning process and strategies to optimize the continuum of care for patients with BCC.
a short presentation about the types of treatments used in cancer therapy, including traditional chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy and hormonal therapy. also a short talk about side effects and administration of the CTX drugs.
This presentation is part of MIU CE Pharmacy Program and is designed primarily for pharmacists with the following learning objectives:
1- Explain the mechanisms of action behind immune response to cancer and the application of immunotherapy in cancer treatment
2- Distinguish new and emerging immunotherapy classes and individual agents efficacy, safety to therapy in cancer treatment
3-Strategies to counsel and assist patients to overcome barriers to therapy, including Treatment side effects to improve adherence to therapy
RATIONAL COMBINATION IMMUNOTHERAPY: The best of ASCO16 clinical dataPaul D. Rennert
Presented at the Immuno-Oncology Summit August 31, 2016. Studies from ASCO16 on immune checkpoint combinations, immune checkpoints with other therapies, immune checkpoints and CAR T, and other studies that enrich our understanding of immuno-oncology as a broad-based discipline for cancer therapy.
Interpretative lab reports having test specific comments & notes is becoming a need & tool for clinical interface. Various quality guidelines have also included interpretative & advisory services as part of checklist & scope for laboratory accreditation. However, every laboratory needs to strategize methodology along with its LIMS, ways for implementation.
Transfusion Medicine has evolved in last decade & many societies have given recommendations for safe transfusion practices. Compiling these recommendations is very useful academic & practical activity
Cardiac biomarkers have evolved over last 20 years. From enzymes like CPK,SGOT,LDH, the focus shifted to CPKMB mass & currently to high sensitive Troponins. Similarly the definition of AMI also evolved and included these markers in guidelines. Natriuretic peptides (BNP & Nt-proBNP) are good markers for heart failure. however, ACS in renal failure continues to have diagnostic challenges.
Immunoassay basic concepts for clinical pathologistDr. Rajesh Bendre
Immunoassays as technique have evolved considerably since the invention of Radioimmunoassay, monoclonal antibody, Recombinant technology & successfully achieved automation. However, many of the hormonal assays still lack standardization and/or Harmonization resulting in significant variability in test results. Using alternate methods, adopting procedures for sample pre-treatment, serial dilution of sample are some of the ways to troubleshoot these discrepant result
Body Fluid reporting & interpretation has many inherent challenges right from sample collection, selection of tests, test method validation, appropriate reference intervals & clinical decision limits. Recent published articles & guidelines clarify most of the above mentioned concerns for all laboratory to adopt & implement.
Preanalytical quality control practices in clinical laboratoryDr. Rajesh Bendre
Preanalytical variables contribute maximally to lab errors. However, these variables are most difficult to control as they include human dependency for phlebotomy skills & pretest patient conditioning. Quantifying & monitoring these variables is also more challenging. Use of checklists, continuous training, competency assessments, internal audits & clinician education for appropriate test utilization form some of the tools for improving the preanalytical processes.
Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) -Novel Biomarker & its ApplicationsDr. Rajesh Bendre
Serum anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) is a unique biomarker that has a critical role in folliculogenesis as well as steroidogenesis within ovaries. Secretion from preantral and early antral follicles renders AMH as the earliest marker to show ovarian reserve decline.
challenges in interpreting abnormal hemoglobin study- the key is to correlate with patient age, ethnicity,RBC indices & morphology findings. Two tier approach for correct characterization of abnormal hemoglobins of HPLC &/or capillary electrophoresis.
Challenges in interpreting serum protein electrophoresis. Requires an approach to recognize pattern within the various protein fractions & differentiate systemic inflammatory response from abnormal antibody production due to neoplastic disorders.Presence of M-band does not always correlate with plasma cell disorders but can be seen some lymphomas, chronic leukaemias, systemic amyloidosis hence need further ancillary tests for diagnosis of aetiology for the M-band.
Maternal screening for fetal Aneuploidy- Update on Laboratory TestsDr. Rajesh Bendre
Maternal screening for aneuploidy disorders using maternal serum hormonal immunossay levels & statistical risk algorithm is recommended to be used as a universal process as per ACOG & SOGC. Maternal blood has circulating fetal DNA which can be targeted in screening molecular tests like Non-Invasive prenatal testing(NIPT) for identifying aneuploidy. However, confirmatory tests still are cytogenetics (karyotyping) based tests using sample from amniocentesis or CVS.
Common Diagnostic pitfalls with coagulation disorders lies in addressing challenges in preanalytical processes & implementation of algorithms as per newer guidelines.
Laboratory offering TDM for Immunosuppressive Drugs needs to understands their pharmacodynamics & clinical applications so that the results value add in the patient care
Autoimmune liver disease is a heterogenous group of disorders. Laboratory diagnosis plays an important role in early diagnosis. Availability of transfected cells(F-Actin HEK cells) & cell based assays have increased the test specificity significantly.
Diagnosis of Inflammatory bowel disease have challenges including differentiating from Irritable bowel disease using noninvasive biomarkers. Fecal calprotectin is a novel fecal marker which meets the diagnostic & monitoring requirements for IBD.
Aligning & implementation of ISO15189:2012 requirements in clinical laboratory includes enlisting & mapping the exact activities to be performed with each clause, having done the same it acts as a road map for monitoring & continuous improvement
In the continuous quality journey, Controlling laboratory Errors is an integral part & focusing on analytical, post-analytical process is the first step. Developing a reporting culture followed by thorough analysis and implementation of appropriate corrective, preventive actions is required.
Tumour Markers are substances present in the tumour, produced by the tumour or by the host as a response to the presence of the tumour, providing information about biological characteristics of the tumour. these tumour markers may specific for the tissue but often get elevated in neoplastic as well non-neoplastic lesions, further Various analytical platforms available for serum tumour markers lack standardisation. These factors add to interpretative challenges in serum tumour markers
Purpose of a LIMS is to improve lab efficiency and accuracy by reducing manual operations. A LIMS system will perform a range of core functions. These include - Workflow management,
Record keeping, Inventory management, Reporting.
There will be differences between various LIMS systems, such as mobile-access, customization options and the level of technical support provided.
Current markers for ovarian reserve are AMH & Antral follicle counts. AMH levels have been used to stratify patients with respect to fertility & further used in appropriate treatment options for successful pregnancy in an infertile couple.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
Welcome to Secret Tantric, London’s finest VIP Massage agency. Since we first opened our doors, we have provided the ultimate erotic massage experience to innumerable clients, each one searching for the very best sensual massage in London. We come by this reputation honestly with a dynamic team of the city’s most beautiful masseuses.
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair: A New Horizon in Nephrology" explores groundbreaking advancements in the use of R3 stem cells for kidney disease treatment. This insightful piece delves into the potential of these cells to regenerate damaged kidney tissue, offering new hope for patients and reshaping the future of nephrology.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
1. INTEGRATED HAEMATOPATHOLOGY-
NEW APPROACH FOR DIAGNOSIS OF
LEUKAEMIA / LYMPHOMA
Dr Rajesh V Bendre
MD(Path), DNB(Path), DPB
Chief Pathologist & Head Laboratory Services
Jaslok Hospital & Research center
2. INTRODUCTION
Revised 2016 Classification for Myeloid (Dr Arber et al) & Lymphoid Neoplasms (Dr Swerdlow et al) -
Reflect a Consensus of opinion of hematopathologists, hematologists, oncologists, and geneticists. It
represents a revision of the prior classification and attempts to incorporate new clinical, prognostic,
morphologic, immunophenotypic and genetic data that have emerged since the last edition (WHO
classification 2008).
3. Immense progress in the treatment of blood cancers, but they also represent a future
of cancer research that is genetically driven and increasingly personalized- Modern
Oncology.
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) that targets a specific genetic mutation
Rituximab, a therapy already used to treat a range of cancers of the immune
system, to treat B-cell precursor acute lymphocytic leukemia (BCP-ALL)
These potent therapies are more effective and potentially safer than standard
chemotherapy because they target specific proteins and mutated gene products while
leaving other cells unharmed.
The diagnosis & monitoring of leukaemia / lymphoma requires effective integration of
a wide range of diagnostic techniques and expertise. Hence, the need to develop
services that cross traditional boundaries of laboratory specialities is recommended as
guidance.
INTRODUCTION
4. LEUKAEMIA PANEL REPORTING WORKFLOW
Smear
Examination
• Pathologists review direct smear for morphological assessment and
verify presence/identification of malignant/atypical cells prior flow
cytometry procedures
Cell
Viability
• Cell viability check- 80% as acceptable criteria
• However for Leukemia / Lymphoma studies, though viability is less than
80%, based on the population of interest gated, the Pathologists to take a
call on further processing of sample.
Specimen
Dilution:
• WBC concentration for processing of single markers should be < 25000cells/cumm
Processing
• Lyse –wash staining of cells
Acquisition
• 8 color flow cytometer with BD FACS DIVA &/or Beckman software
Analysis
• Gating & Dot plots, validation of Antibody fluorescence intensity
REPORTING
• Interpretation- Marker Positivity based on Percentage &/or Log shift
6. Type Name Cytogenetics
Percentage of adult
AML patients
M0 minimally differentiated 5%
M1 without maturation 15%
M2 with granulocytic maturation t(8;21)(q22;q22), t(6;9) 25%
M3
Promyelocytic, or acute promyelocytic leukemia
(APL)
t(15;17) 10%
M4 Acute myelomonocytic leukemia inv(16)(p13q22), del(16q) 20%
M4eo
Myelomonocytic together with bone marrow
eosinophilia
inv(16), t(16;16) 5%
M5
Acute monoblastic leukemia (M5a) or
Acute monocytic leukemia (M5b)
del (11q), t(9;11), t(11;19) 10%
M6 Acute erythroid leukemias 5%
M7 Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia t(1;22) 5%
AML- STANDARD FAB & KNOWN CYTOGENETIC ABNORMALITY
7.
8. For more than two decades, patients with
myelodysplasia (MDS) or acute myeloid leukemia (AML)
have been classified and treated according to their
cytogenetic characteristics, which represent the most
important prognostic factor of these diseases.
The first includes patients with the recurrent
unbalanced chromosome aberrations. Loss of whole
chromosome 5 or 7 (-5/-7) or various parts of the long
arms of the two chromosomes (5q-/7q-) or gain of a
whole chromosome 8 (+8) are the most common
unbalanced aberrations.
The second subgroup comprises patients with recurrent
balanced chromosome aberrations, mainly reciprocal
translocations. These are often observed as sole
abnormalities, in younger patients and in cases
presenting as overt AML.
The third subgroup includes patients with a normal karyotype.
They present as either MDS with a favorable prognosis or as
AML with an intermediate prognosis
9. In addition to chromosomal aberrations, gene mutations and
duplications are frequently observed in AML patients.
Approximately 40-50% of AML patients have a normal karyotype,
but have shown a wide range of clinical outcomes . Therefore, it is
particularly important to identify molecular prognostic factors
that can improve risk stratification in this group of patients. It has
been shown that 85% of AML patients with a normal karyotype
have gene mutations, in particular, NPM1, FLT3 and CEBPA. These
mutations have prognostic significance and are being used in
diagnosis
Patients with a normal karyotype were previously poorly
characterized with respect to genetic changes. More recently,
particularly in this subgroup of patients with AML, mutations of
the FLT3 gene encoding a receptor tyrosine kinase,of
the CEBPA gene encoding a hematopoietic transcription factor
and of the NPM1 transcription regulating gene have been
observed.
In leukemogenesis, a cooperation between two general types of
gene mutations have been proposed . Class I mutations result in
constitutive activation of receptor tyrosine kinases or genes
downstream in the RAS–BRAF–MEK–ERK signal-transduction
pathway, thereby stimulating cell cycling and proliferation. Class II
mutations, on the contrary, inactivate hematopoietic transcription
factors and result in loss of differentiation.
13. Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
• Hyperdiploidy (51-65
chromosomes) Trisomies of
chromosomes 4,10 and 17.
• t(12;21)(p13;q22):TEL-AML1
Favorable markers
• t(1;19)(q23;p13.3):E2A-PBX1
Intermediate
markers
• Hypodiploidy (<44
chromosomes)
• t(11q23):MLL rearrangements
• t(9;22)(q34;q11.2)
Poor risk markers
t(9;22)(q34;q11) (BCR/ABL1): Cases of precursor B-
cell ALL with t(9;22) are associated with a poor
prognosis. The t(9;22) is observed in about 2 to 5
percent of children compared with about 30
percent of adults
11q23 (MLL) abnormalities: Translocations
involving the MLL gene, which may involve one of
many partner genes, are associated with a poor
prognosis in precursor B-cell ALL.
t(12;21)(p13;q22) (TEL/AML1): This abnormality
cannot be detected by traditional banded
karyotyping. Cases of precursor B-cell ALL with
t(12;21) are associated with a favorable prognosis.
The t(12;21), which is detectable only by FISH or
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, is
observed in about 25 percent of children with B-
lineage leukemia, compared with about 3 percent
of adults.
16. CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA
Chromosomal Analysis for Philadelphia chromosome
FISH for BCR/ABL fusion detection for a faster
turn around time.
BCR/ABL MRD status Monitoring the response
to treatment Real Time RQ-PCR
Monitoring
Tyrosine kinase mutation analysis Resistance to
Imatinib treatment : ABL Kinase Domain
mutations. Relapse
17. Treatment Response for CML
Definitions of Responses to Treatments
Hematologic Response
Complete Hematologic response
1) Normal PB counts (WBC < 10 and plt < 450)
2) Normal WBC differential
3) No Dz symptoms
4) Normalization of the size of the liver and spleen
Cytogenetic Responses: Ph+ Metaphases
1) complete: 0%
2) partial: 1% - 35%
3) minor: 36% - 65%
4) minimal: 66% - 95%
5) none: 96% - 100%
Molecular Responses: ratio of Bcr-Abl/Abl
Major Molecular Response
3-log10 reduction from initial diagnosis sample (i.e. 25 →0.025)
19. Every three months RQ-PCR
Every 6 months Cytogenetic
Response by CK/FISH
MMR not achieved Resistance
workup
ABL Kinase domain mutation
analysis
T315I V299L T315A Y253H
E255k/V F359V/C/I
IMATINIB RESISTANCE MUTATIONAL ANALYSIS
Summary of the most appropriate
alternative therapeutic options based on the
BCR-ABL KD mutation status
• T315I - HSCT (hematopoietic stem cell
transplantation )or investigational drugs
• V299L, T315A, and F317L/V/I/C -
Consider nilotinib rather than dasatinib
• Y253H, E255K/V, and F359V/C/I -
Consider dasatinib rather than nilotinib
• Any other mutation - Consider high-dose
imatinib* (No sufficient data on dose
escalation available to indicate if
mutations with lower IC50 values are
sensitive to high-dose imatinib) or
dasatinib or nilotinib
21. Chronic Myeloproliferative disorders
Polycythaemia Vera (PV)
~50% with Essential Thrombocythaemia (ET) or Idiopathic Myelofibrosis (IMF).
JAK2 V617 F Mutation
Negative
Exon 12 and 13
Mutations
Negative
MPL & Calreticulin
Mutations
Positive
No
further
testing
Positive
No further
testing
23. CLL
Markers of Low risk
Mutated IgVH gene
ZAP-70 negative
CD38 negative
13q deletion
Markers of High Risk
Unmutated IgVH
ZAP-70 positive
CD38 positive
11q deletion (ATM)
Markers of Greatest Risk
17p/p53 deletion
P53 gene mutation
ASSESSMENT OF PROGNOSIS IN CLL
24. Cytogenetics of Multiple Myeloma- FISH Panel
Test Probe Gene(s)/Unique Sequence Prognosis
Deletion 13q 13q14.3 D13S319 Short event free
survival
Deletion 17p 17p13.1 p53 High risk marker
Ploidy analysis 11q23/15q22/9q34 MLL/PML/ABL Favorable Prognosis
IGH rearrangement 14q32 IGH
If an IGH rearrangement is detected, additional FISH experiments will be performed
to detect t(11;14), t(4;14) or t(14;16)
Translocation: t(11;14) t(11;14)(q13;q32) IGH/CCND1XT Good Prognosis
Translocation: t(4;14) t(4;14)(p16;q32) FGFR3/IGH Poor Prognosis
Translocation: t(14;16) t(14;16)(q32;q23.1) IGH/MAF Poor Prognosis
26. FISH IN LYMPHOMAS
• A rapid, robust, cheap and relatively easily
applicable technique that can be applied to
formalin fixed and paraffin embedded
tissues and does not need vital, growing
cells or specific culture systems
• A further advantage is a short turnaround
time.
• The major limitation of FISH is that is
targeted to the detection of specific
abnormalities and the genome wide
perspective offered by conventional
cytogenetics is lost.
27. Follicular lymphoma characterized by the presence of the t(14;18) translocation that juxtaposes the BCL2 locus
on chromosome 18q21 to the immunoglobulin H (IGH) locus on chromosome 14q32, resulting in the
overexpression of the antiapoptotic protein BCL2.
BCL2/IgH t(14;18) Fusion (tissue)
It a common cytogenetic abnormality in human lymphoma and is observed in about 85% of follicular
lymphoma (FL) and up to one-third of diffuse lymphomas (DL).
FOLLICULAR LYMPHOMA
28. Rearrangements of the proto oncogene C-myc (or MYC) have been consistently found in tumor
cells of patients suffering from Burkitt’s lymphoma.
MyC (8q24) Break, TC (tissue)
BURKITT LYMPHOMA
29. The most common chromosomal translocation in mantle cell lymphoma is t(11;14), resulting in up-regulation
of cyclin D1.
The CCND1/IGH t(11;14)(q13;q32) specific DNA probe is optimized to detect the reciprocal translocation
t(11;14)
CCND1/IgH t(11;14) Fusion tissue
MANTLE CELL LYMPHOMA
30. Cyclin D1 IHC – Positive
Diagnosis on IHC is better than On Flow-
cytometry as there is a background
fluorescence
Better technique to confirm MCL is by
FISH t(11,14)
Ki 67 index
31. Integrated Haematopathology- New Approach
Integrated Hematopathology- includes
one or more of the following tests:
Microscopy/Morphology
Immunohistochemistry (IHC)
Multi-color Cytometry
Cytogenetics- Cell enrichment for In
Situ Hybridization/FISH and/or
molecular analysis
Molecular Genetics - Qualitative &
Quantitative PCR, Sequencing &
Fragment Analysis
33. Performance parameters of different genetic techniques used in diagnosis of
leukemia.
Technique
Sample
type
Speed
(days)
Sensitivity
(%)
Resolution
Whole
genome
Detect
balanced
rearrangem
ents
G-band
metaphase
cytogenetics
BM/PB 8-12 1–5 3–5 Mb Yes Yes
FISH BM/PB 1-2 0.5–1 100 kb No Yes
Array CGH BM/PB 3-5 20–30 50 kb Yes No
SNP arrays BM/PB 3-5 20–30 25 kb Yes No
Molecular
(PCR- NGS
based)
BM/PB 5-7 0.001 1 bp No Yes
MOLECULAR TECHNOLOGIES IN HEMATOLOGY
34. MOLECULAR TECHNOLOGIES IN HEMATOLOGY
Molecular technique Applications Advantages
Fluorescence in situ
hybridization (FISH)
centromeric enumeration
probes (CEP), chromosome
painting probes, dual-color
dual fusion probes (D-FISH)
and dual-color break-apart
probes
• BCR to ABL gene at 9q34, t(9;22) variant in chronic myeloid
leukemia (CML) and acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL)
• demonstration of t(11;18)(q21;q21) in mucosa-associated
lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma [6]; the detection of clonal
abnormalities (deleted 5q, trisomy 8 and monosomy 7) in
myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) with minimal dysplasia; 11q23
abnormalities in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) [7]; the
demonstration of hyper- or hypo-diploidy and occult
translocations in acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL), which is hard to
grow in metaphase and is one of the difficulties of cytogenetic
detections [8]; myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) with
eosinophilia and interstitial deletion on short arm of chromosome
4; chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) with trisomy 12 and cryptic
t(15;17) variant – ins(17;15) in APL
35. MOLECULAR TECHNOLOGIES IN HEMATOLOGY
Molecular technique Applications Advantages
Polymerase Chain Reaction
(PCR) & Various derivatives
RT-PCR, Q-PCR, multiplex
PCR, gap-PCR, ARMS and IS-
PCR
Unlike FISH, PCR and its
variants only detect
breakpoints covered by
designated specific primers
• Application of PCR include JAK2 V617F mutations; FLT3, NPM1,
and CEBPA mutations in acute myeloid leukemia with normal
cytogenetics (CN-AML) [11]; and gene rearrangements such as Ig
heavy chain gene rearrangement for B-cell malignancies and T-cell
receptor gamma chain gene rearrangement for T-cell malignancies
DNA Sequencing DNA sequencing is a post-
PCR analysis and a
confirmation method for
mutations.
• Applications include non-deleted α thalassaemia, F8 mutation in
HA, AML with normal karyotype, AML with NPM1 exon 12 mutation,
AML with mutated CEBPA (not common), FLT3 exon 14 tandem
duplication and other mutated genes – KIT, MLL, WT1, NRAS, KRAS;
and enquiries on normal or specific karyotypes
Massively parallel
or so called next generation
sequencing (NGS)
whole cancer genome
sequencing has revealed
novel candidate genes that
may contribute to leukemic
pathogenesis
• T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), which is predominant
in male, the X-linked PHF6 gene was reported to be a tumor
suppressor gene
• AML with cryptic manifestation, driver mutations such as NPM1 and
CEBPA mutations in AML
• Potential markers include TP53 mutations in MDS and NOTCH1,
SF3B1 and BIRC3 mutations in CLL
36. Do we really need to do everything on every
case?
PB, BM aspirate and biopsy should be
reviewed together
Increased utility of karyotype and molecular
genetic testing in myeloid disorders
Does every case need karyotype and BCR-
ABL1 ?
Is routine flow cytometry necessary for most
MDS and MPNs?
When do you perform both
immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry
immunophenotyping?
CONCLUSION
Pathologists Role as the Gate-Keepers
Suggest more appropriate tests to get to
the correct diagnosis
Appropriate use of ancillary and
molecular biological methods require
experience and knowledge of limits of
each technique & thus Avoid unnecessary
tests
Put all the information together