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The immune checkpoint landscape in 2015: combination therapy
The document discusses the role of immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer treatment, emphasizing the importance of combination therapies in enhancing efficacy and managing toxicity in immuno-oncology. It highlights the complexities of patient responses due to genetic variability and discusses various immunotherapeutic agents, particularly focusing on melanoma case studies. Future directions include exploring new immuno-modulatory targets and optimizing treatment combinations to improve patient outcomes.
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The immune checkpoint landscape in 2015: combination therapy
- 1. 03-24-2015 Paul D. Rennert www.sugarconebiotech.com ImmuneCheckpoint Inhibitors and the Evolution of Combinatorial Immuno-Oncology
- 2. sugarconebiotech.com • The biologyand utility of immune checkpoint modulation drivers and critical issues in the evolution of cancer care dissociating efficacy from toxicity • Case study: immune checkpoint inhibitors in melanoma • Combination immunotherapy efficacy and toxicity profiles – can we improve both? combinations with other therapeutic modalities tumor cells, lymphocytes, the tumor microenvironment • Future directions and new targets What we'll cover 2
- 3. sugarconebiotech.com Combinatorial – combinationtherapy is critical, and not just immune checkpoint combinations Pro: agnostic and opportunistic as to type of therapy used in combination Con: there is currently little data to inform combo treatment choices Immuno-oncology – the therapeutic approach targets the immune system Pro: novel immuno-modulatory targets will broaden the therapy toolkit Con: we don't know how to sort patients yet, and the choices made may have unique toxicities diverse indications with a wide variety of SOC complex indication subtypes with unique genetics, few other biomarkers in all cases, unique patients 3 Immune checkpoint therapeutics are a component of combinatorial immuno-oncology What does that mean?
- 4. sugarconebiotech.com primers • cytotoxic • cytokines •vaccines checkpoints • CTLA4 • PD-1/PD-L1 • TIM3, many others • other suppressors expanders • TNFRs • cytokines • CAR-T • BiTEs - Tumor cells - Stromal cells/ECM - Lymphocytes - Therapeutics Big Picture: Immune Checkpoint Modulation 4
- 5. sugarconebiotech.com primers • cytotoxics • cytokines •vaccines checkpoints • CTLA4 • PD-1 expanders • TNFRs • CAR T • BiTEs Idealized picture of combination immunotherapy 5 patient combo
- 6. sugarconebiotech.com Idealized picture ofcombination immunotherapy 6 combo synergy • this is what preclinical models show – we cannot overinterpret those models and acknowledge that these data only generate clinical hypotheses • patient by patient analyses show dramatic variability in genetics, mutation burden, immune profile • nonetheless, some combinations have already produced impressive results
- 7. sugarconebiotech.com Complex indications, complexpatients 7 driver mutations in metastatic melanoma and in lung cancers
- 8. sugarconebiotech.com Complex indications, complexpatients 8 expression of lymphocyte markers and PD-L1 in NSCLC but this picture is highly variable degree of infiltration (starting at none) geography of infiltration (marginal, interstitial, stromal, excluded) functionality of infiltrates (PD-1, TIM-3, LAG3) T cells NK cells CD3+/CD8+ T cells
- 9. sugarconebiotech.com Complex indications, complexpatients 9Galon et al 2013. Immunity 39: 11-26 CD3+ CD8+
- 10. sugarconebiotech.com Such compexity offerssignificant challenge, but also opportunity, for new drugs to have a positive impact back to our combinatorial landscape.... 10
- 11. sugarconebiotech.com primers • cytokines • vaccines •cytotoxics expanders • TNFRs • CAR T • BiTEs Checkpoints Dominate.... 11 checkpoints • CTLA4 • PD-1 • Inhibition appears to be dominant over activation Preclinical models support this view Early clinical data support this view, e.g. monotherapeutic activity of TNFR agonists is low Even CAR T cells can be shut down by immune checkpoint expression • We don't yet understand the impact of removing constraints on NK cell activity and on immuno- suppression imposed by stromal cells
- 12. sugarconebiotech.com primers • cytokines • vaccines •cytotoxics checkpoints • CTLA4 • PD-1 • TIM3 etc expanders • TNFRs • CAR-T • BiTEs Chemotherapy Radiation Therapy Targeted Therapy other (e.g SCT) immune modulation does not exist in a vaccuum 12
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- 14. sugarconebiotech.com 14 high low low high Efficacy/Tolerability Newlydiagnosed: potential for greatest benefit Ideal Profile for New Therapeutics indication unmet need
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- 20. sugarconebiotech.com 20 high Unmet Need low low high Tolerability Thisis a typical early stage clinical trial population
- 21. sugarconebiotech.com 21 Efficacy vTolerability: an old issue with rapidly evolving expectations Chemo/irradiation • poor tolerability, potential for a high intial overall response rate (ORR) • rarely induces complete responses (CR); poor durability (DOR) • measurable impact on progression-free survival (PFS) • limited impact on median overall survival (med OS) • drives resistance Targeted therapies (NCEs, mAbs) • variable tolerability • can induce a high ORR • some CRs; good PR rate • limited DOR • better PFS than chemo alone • can improve OS • drives resistance • some notable successes
- 22. sugarconebiotech.com 22 Efficacy vTolerability: an old issue with rapidly evolving expectations Immunotherapy – • low ORR, but... • CRs, PRs and SD with good DOR • Clear PFS and OS benefit, but let's look more closely... with immune checkpoint monotherapy this number can be low the long tail drags OS with it
- 23. sugarconebiotech.com 23 Efficacy/Tolerability: wherewe are headed depends on the indication Hematologists have been excited about the "post-chemo" era. Why? Ibrutinib, rituxumab, idelalisib, revlimid etc ... Solid tumor oncologists already know from targeted therapies that some of their patients can be cured (e.g. targeted therapies & antibodies in breast cancer) – anticipating better cure rates with IO Oncologists in general are seeing success where for decades there has been only abject failure (NSCLC, H&N, bladder, etc) All oncologists recognize the importance of being able to treat their elderly (or just beaten down) patients In this landscape, the efficacy/tolerability profile can be differentiating
- 24. sugarconebiotech.com Next Gen Immuno-Oncology:Central Themes • what we want in specific indications: better response rates more durable responses better tolerability • because we are addressing new benchmarks clinical practice is evolving quickly • for preclinical and early clinical programs a critical exercise is to look ahead in an effort to anticipate unmet need in a rapidly changing environment 24
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- 26. www.sugarconebiotech.com Immunotherapeutics: CTLA-4 andPD-1 Lymph Node "inflammatory site (tumor)
- 27. www.sugarconebiotech.com Immunotherapeutics: CTLA4 Lymph Node •ipilimumab, IgG1 (BMS) approved for refractory or advanced metastatic melanoma (Vervoytm) Blocks CTLA4 from shutting down T cell activation Likely blocks or depletes Tregs in the lymph node and the tumor • tremelimumab (Pfizer), in many trials, including with anti-PD-L1 (Medi4736; AZN) Phase 3 monotherapy trial in advanced melanoma stopped in 2008 on futility 27
- 28. www.sugarconebiotech.com Immunotherapeutics: PD-1 "inflammatory site(tumor) • anti-PD-1 mAbs nivolumab, IgG4 (Opdivotm, BMS) pembrolizumab, IgG4 (Keytrudatm,Merck) • anti-PD-L1 MDPL3280A, IgG1 (Roche) MEDI-4736, IgG1 (AZN) • These agents block the interaction of PD-L1 (expressed on tumor cells and Tregs) with PD-1 expressed on T effector cells 28
- 29. anti-PD-1 approvals Pembrolizumab (Keytruda) 1)Unresectable or metastatic melanoma who no longer respond to other treatments (September 2014) Pembrolizumab was granted accelerated approval Nivolumab (Opdivo) 1) Unresectable or metastatic melanoma who no longer respond to other treatments (December 2014). - breakthrough designation, priority review and orphan product designation - where treatments include Vervoy (ipilimumab) or, if BRAF V600 mutation positive, a BRAF inhibitor. 2) Advanced/metastatic squamous non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with progression on or after platinum-based chemotherapy (March 2015) 29sugarconebiotech.com
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- 31. sugarconebiotech.com Immunotherapy case study:melanoma 31 Historical treatment of stage III/IV non-resectable and/or metastatic disease (not segmented by mutation status) ORR med OS 1 yr survival dacarbazine, other chemo 10-15% 7-9 mo 26-36% high-dose IL-2 16%* 12 mo n/r • *A small number patients experience long-term survival. High-dose IL-2 regimen is not more widely used due to toxicity profile. These IL-2 data supported the hypothesis that melanoma is an immune responsive cancer.
- 32. sugarconebiotech.com 32 Ipilimumab inresistant/advanced melanoma patients Phase 3, n= 676* ORR % med OS (months) 1 yr % survival % progressed ipilimumab 38** 10 45.6 59 ipi+gp100 20 10.1 43.6 51 gp100 15 6.4 25.3 65 * Hodi et al. 2010. NEJM 363: 711-723; **atypically high
- 33. sugarconebiotech.com Ipilimumab in treatment-naivemelanoma 33 ORR % med OS (months) 1 yr % survival comparator data (prior slide) 20 10 45 ipilimumab 38 13.5 54 * Dummer et al. 2014. J. Transl. Med. 12(Suppl 1):P8. post-hoc analysis of 4 trials* • moving to first line modestly improves outcome • stresses need for combination therapy • toxicity is a complicating issue, approved dose is 3mpg
- 34. sugarconebiotech.com Ipilimumab plus SOC 34 •ipilimumab plus dacarbazine in adv melanoma* not better than ipilimumab alone at 1 year higher dropout rate than monotherapy due to adverse events med OS 1 yr OS Gr 3/4 AEs combo 11.2 mo 47.3% 56.3% dacarbazine 9.1 mo 36.3% 27.5% * Robert et al. 2011 NEJM 364: 2517-2526
- 35. sugarconebiotech.com Ipilimumab and dacarbazine 35 prior treatment treatment 3yr % survival 4 yr % survival 5 yr % survival* Phase 3 (trial '024) none ipi 10mpg plus dacarbazine 21.2 19 18.2 " none dacarbazine 12.1 9.6 8.8 Phase 2 ('007, '008, '022) none ipi 0.3, 3, 10 mpk - 38 - 49 38 - 49 " yes " - 14 - 28 12 - 28 longer term followup *JCO published online on February 23, 2015 (Wolchok) ESMO abstracts 2012
- 36. sugarconebiotech.com Toxicity is acomplicating issue – why? 36 • biggest issue assocated with these toxicities is treatment discontinuation (drop-out), leaving patients with an unclear path forward. This has the effect of lowering therapy penetrance into the patient population. • anti-PD-1 pathway therapeutics already show better tolerability
- 37. sugarconebiotech.com Check-in: central themes •better response rates response rate improved we don't know which patients will respond, and this remains an issue for the front line setting • more durable responses some durable responses are obtained some responders can do remarkably well • better tolerability better than chemo but toxicity may lead to discontinuation tolerability is an evolving issue – still trumped by efficacy 37
- 38. sugarconebiotech.com Melanoma and PD-1pathway inhibitors: nivolumab 38 ORR % med OS 1 yr survival % pts progressing % nivolumab in pre- treated patients, ipi-naive* 41 20.3 63 >55% nivolumab in untreated, BRAF wt patients** 40 not reached (follow-up up to 16.7 mo) 73 47 dacabazine control** 14 10.8 42 85 * Hodi, ASCO 2014; ** Robert et al NEJM Nov 2014
- 39. sugarconebiotech.com PD-1 pathway inhibitors:pembrolizumab 39Mahoney and Atkins, 2014 Oncology 28 Suppl 3:39-48 adv/met melanoma adv/met melanoma adv/met melanoma
- 40. sugarconebiotech.com PD-1 pathway inhibition resistant,ipi-refractory metastatic melanoma 40Mahoney and Atkins, 2014 Oncology 28 Suppl 3:39-48 ORR (2 diff doses) PFS 1 yr survival pembro 26-34% 34-38 58-72% chemo 4 16 26-35%
- 41. sugarconebiotech.com Nivolumab + ipilimumabcombination 41Mahoney and Atkins, 2014 Oncology 28 Suppl 3:39-48 • 80% 1 year survival
- 42. sugarconebiotech.com Melanoma summary 42 ORR %med OS 1 yr survival % where we started 12 8 months 30 ipi/nivo combo 42 40 months 85 best comparator* 64 not reached** 72 * dabrafenib (BRAFi) + trametinib (MEKi) in BRAF V600E/K mutated melanoma; Robert et al. NEJM Nov 2014. ** median followup ~10 months
- 43. Comparative tox profiles- monotherapy 43Kim and Eder 2014 Oncology
- 44. sugarconebiotech.com 44 Tox profiles– combotherapy ipi/nivo • 21% of patients terminated treatment due to toxicity • toxicity is associated with positive clinical response • oncologists: the GI tox is very difficult and limits use Kim and Eder 2014 Oncology
- 45. 45 Tox profiles – BRAF/MEKcombo • grade 3/4 AEs in 48% of pts • 3 pts died: 2 w/ cerebral hemorrhage and 1 w/ brainstem hemorrhage • new tumors (non- melanoma) developed in 3 pts • cardiac abnormalities in 8% • we'll have to wait for resistance data
- 46. sugarconebiotech.com Immunotherapy for melanoma:food for thought 46 • Resistance to ipilimumab therapy following radiotherapy includes upregulation of PD-L1 (Victor et al 2015. Nature, doi:10.1038/nature14292; also AACR15 abstract #2858) • Preclinically, anti-CTLA4 and anti-PD-1 therapeutics have been shown to augment neoantigen responses within TIL populations; this has important implications for adjacent fields (e.g vaccines) • BRAF inhibitors transiently release neoantigens that can expand T cell responses in the presence of immune checkpoint inhibition; conversely MEK inhibition may blunt T cell activation by direct effects on T cells (AACR15 Abstract #SY26-03) • The sequence in which combination therapies are applied has yet to be optimized – update here?
- 47. sugarconebiotech.com Immunotherapy in otherindications 47
- 48. BMS declared IOpipeline (March 2015) 48sugarconebiotech.com
- 49. sugarconebiotech.com Ipililumab Phase 3examples 49 indication combination comparator trial newly diagnosed adv melanoma nivolumab placebo CheckMate 067 NCT01844505 adv melanoma nivolumab; dabrafenib* (BRAFV600); trametinib (MEK) none, cross-over design by sequence NCT02224781 adv prostate - placebo NCT01057810 sq NSCLC + chemo chemo NCT02279732 adv/met RCC nivolumab sunitinib CheckMate 213 NCT02231749 ED-SCLC + chemo chemo NCT01450761 * Rx of melanoma w/1 mo run-in w/vemurafenib (BRAF V600E i) followed by ipilimumab caused grade 3 elevations in aminotransferase levels and concomitant grade 2/3 change in the total bilirubin level: liver toxicity sufficiently severe to cause study termination (Ribas et al. 2013. NEJM 368: 1365-1366)
- 50. sugarconebiotech.com Ipililumab: interesting combos 50 Radiation lung,liver anti-VEGF melanoma Radiosurgery melanoma lenalidomide adv cancers Chemo melanoma
- 51. sugarconebiotech.com Ipililumab combos continued 51 imatinib(TKI) adv cancers IL-21 melanoma an RTKi* renal radiation melanoma * Sunitinib blocks VEGF signaling and it's use is linked to elevated immune responses to solid tumors, notably RCC. But we have to be careful....a clinical trial of ipilimumab and sunitinib was halted abrupty due to acute renal failure
- 52. sugarconebiotech.com Nivolumab in theclinic: recent and ongoing trials 52 indication comparator trial Phase recurrent melanoma ipilimumab CheckMate 238 NCT02388906 3 Sq NSCLC - (multiple line failures) CheckMate 063 NCT01721759 2 stopped on efficacy Sq NSCLC docetaxel CheckMate 017 NCT01642004 3 stopped on efficacy adv/res NSCLC chemo (investigator's choice) CheckMate 026 NCT02041533 3 recurrent GBM bevacizumab (anti- VEGF) CheckMate 143 NCT02017717 3 adv/res Sq H&N cetuximab (anti- EGFR) +/- chemo CheckMate 141 NCT02105636 3 adv/res gastric cancer placebo NCT02267343 3
- 53. Nivolumab in theclinic: interesting combos 53 RTK* or ipilimumab met RCC Abraxane/Chemo adv solid tumors CELG anti-KIR heme malignancies kitchen sink NSCLC anti-VEGF mRCC
- 54. sugarconebiotech.com Nivolumab combos... 54 dasatinib (Bcr-AblTKI) CML ibrutinib (BTKi) heme malignancies JNJ IDO adv cancers INCY, BMS ipilimumab adv solid tumors
- 55. sugarconebiotech.com Nivolumab combos...last page 55 anti-CD27 selectadv cancers Celldex, BMS ipilimumab CNS melanoma dabrafenib +/- trametinib melanoma
- 56. sugarconebiotech.com Pembrolizumab in theclinic: Phase 3 and other select examples 56 indication combination or other comparator trial note met Sq H&N (1st line) chemo cetuximab (anti-EGFR) + chemo Keynote-048 NCT0235803 P3 PD-L1+ adv NSCLC - chemo Keynote-042 NCT02220894 P3 adv melanoma - ipilimumab Keynote-006 NCT01866319 P3 adv urothelial cancer - chemo Keynote-045 NCT02256436 P3 adv/res gastric adenoCa - paclitaxel Keynote-061 NCT02370498 P3 adv cancers response relative to tumor PD-L1+ - Keynote-001 NCT01295827 P1, NSCLC data at AACR15 #CT104 mesothelioma - - Keynote-028 NCT02054806 P1, data at AACR15 #CT103
- 57. sugarconebiotech.com Pembrolizumab: example combos 57 VEGFR1/2-Fc advsolid cancers post-chemoradiation NSCLC Abraxane NSCLC Merck, CELG chemoradiation pancreatic cancer RTKi (EGFR/Her2) NSCLC
- 58. sugarconebiotech.com Pembrolizumab – otherindications 58 chemo CRC Merkel Cell HL and DLBCL bevacizumab (anti-VEGF) GBM
- 59. sugarconebiotech.com Pembrolizumab... a fewothers 59 pazopanib RCC BTKi (?) bladder Ca thymic Ca anti-4-1BB adv solid tumors
- 60. sugarconebiotech.com What does thislandscape tell us? • the volume of clinical data will be enormous, difficult to absorb • immune checkpoint inhibitors to CTLA4, PD-1 and PD-L1 (see backup slides) are likely to become dominant background therapeutics in many indications • the penetrance of these therapeutics into diverse indications will depend on at least three distinct factors: immune response profile of the specific indication and further, of that indication (tumor) in each specific patient (e.g, immunoscore) mutational profile (oncogenic, antigenic) of the tumor(s) in each specific patient efficacy/safety profile of the therapeutic in combination with SOC or novel therapeutics the evolving competitive landscape - as an example, hematologic malignancies may be better served by other therapeutic modalities Novel therapeutics will need to fit into this landscape 60
- 61. sugarconebiotech.com A note onPD-L1 inhibition 61 • Anti-PD-L1 inhibitors have the gentlest tox profile of the class, albeit with less efficacy data behind them, so we'll see... • updates here? MEDI4736 (PD-L1) dabrafenib (BRAFi) trametinib (MEKi)
- 62.
- 63. sugarconebiotech.com Novel Immunotherapies: OrganizingPrincipals 63 Tumor cells Lymphocyte subsets Microenvironment
- 64. www.sugarconebiotech.com 64 which iswhat is wrong with this picture: • Diverse targets • Inhibitory and activating pathways • Known and unknown biologies • Static • Rationale required for targeting as mono- or combo-therapy absent How do you approach this complexity? Mahoney et al, NRDD in press This target list just keeps growing
- 65. sugarconebiotech.com 65 Organizing Principals– Deconstructing the landscape
- 66. sugarconebiotech.com 66Mahoney etal. NRDD, in press Activating pathways of the TNFRSF • Multiple antibodies in clinical development, none very far advanced • All appear relatively tolerable, once dose is established • Although diverse MOA are postulated within this group of receptors, it is unclear how much the biology will overlap or be affected by FcR-engagement
- 67. sugarconebiotech.com 67 4-1BB/CD137 • Co-stimulatorymolecule on T cells and NK cells: ligation induces cell activation and enhances effector function • Abundant preclinical data support of combination studies with many other agents • Clearly capable of driving T cell expansion and memory as demonstrated (artificially) by the UPenn CAR T program • Early clinical PD data show expansion of T cell and NK cell subsets and clinical activity in melanoma, RCC, ovarian Ca (PR and sustained SD) • 4-1BB expression appears to accurately identify tumor reactive TIL in some tumor types, such as ovarian cancer* • On NK cells, FcR-engagement by therapeutic antibodies (rituximab, cetuximab, etc) strongly upregulates 4-1BB expression, opening the door for rational combinations** * Ye et al. 2014. Clin. Can. Res. 20: 44-55 ** Khort et al. 2014. JCI 124: 2668-2682
- 68. www.sugarconebiotech.com 68 Therapeutics targeting4-1BB • Broad campaign by BMS to profile anti-4-1BB agonist activity of urelumab, an IgG4 agonist monotherapy: solid tumors and Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) rituximab combination for NHL combination with elotuzumab (anti-CS-1 mAb) or lirilumab (anti-KIR mAb) for multiple myeloma nivolumab combination in solid tumors and NHL cetuximab (anti-EGFR mAb) in colorectal, Head and Neck carcinomas • Pfizer campaign with PF-05082566, an IgG2 agonist monotherapy cohorts in melanoma and Merkel cell carcinoma and combination trials with rituximab in NHL combination with pembrolizumab in solid tumors The PFE/MRK deal will bring additional combos
- 69. sugarconebiotech.com 69 OX-40/CD134 • OX40L/OX40pathway sustains the immune response during inflammation, i.e. during T cell activation, allowing T cell memory to develop • OX40 engagement can activate memory T cells as well and has diverse (mainly negative) effects on Tregs • Early clinical data showed a PD response that included increased numbers of circulating CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells and NK cells • OX40 plus 4-1BB agonist combination may drive an anti-tumor immune response by generating CD8+ T cell activity characterized by very high levels of IFN-g and granzyme B – the super CD8s We'll come back to look at CD27 in a bit...
- 70. sugarconebiotech.com 70Mahoney etal, NRDD, in press TCR, B7/CD28 and PD-L1/PD-1 clusters Novel targets: HHLA2 – TMIGD2 ICOS – agonist LAG3 – antagonist VISTA - ?
- 71. sugarconebiotech.com 71 HHLA2 • HHLA2(aka B7H7/B7-H5/B7y): most closely related to butyrophilins • Putative ligand identified and an inhibitory role postulated • HHLA2 protein is widely expressed in human cancer* breast, lung, thyroid, melanoma, pancreas, ovary, liver, bladder, colon, prostate, kidney, esophagus In 50 patients with stage I-III TNBC, 56% of patients had high HHLA2 expression that was significantly associated with regional lymph node metastasis low level normal expression on epithelial cells (gut, kidney, breast) • TCGA analysis showed that HHLA2 copy number gains were present in 29% of basal breast cancers • No clinical assets developed * Janakiram et al. Clin Can Res Dec 2014
- 72. sugarconebiotech.com 72 LAG3 • ACD4 homologue, LAG3 was shown to confer Treg function on transfected naive CD4+ T cells • LAG3 binds to the MHCII protein and is required (with CD4) for optimal T cell activation • LAG3 overexpression (e.g on anergic T cells and tumor cells) functions as a negative regulator of T cell response to MHCII-restricted antigen • Antagonism of both LAG3 and PD-1 can synergistically reactivated exhausted CD8+ T cells in mouse models • LAG3/PD-1 gene-deficient mice are highly competent to reject even poorly immunogenic tumors. • Several clinical agents in development, no data yet.
- 73. sugarconebiotech.com VISTA • Normally expressedon hematopoietic cells including myeloid cells and T cells • In multiple cancer models VISTA is found at particularly high levels on tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells • Appears to be a negative regulator of T cell responses, may suppress myeloid cell responses in the tumor microenvironment • Anti-VISTA antibody treatment blunts tumor development even in the presence of high PD-1 expression • Antibodies to VISTA are being developed by a private company, ImmuNext, in collaboration with Johnson&Johnson (JNJ) 73
- 74.
- 75. sugarconebiotech.com Complicated targets 75 Ceacam-1* Huang etal. 2015. Nature 517: 386-390 Ceacam-1* • Excellent preclinical data support targeting TIM-3, Ceacam1 and select components of the LIGHT/HVEM system • It seems likely that the clinic will teach us more about the activity of the HVEM and TIM-3 systems than we can learn from mouse modeling – the actual kinetics and function of pathway components in situ is likely to be critical to successful targeting
- 76. www.sugarconebiotech.com 76 • letsbreak away, and look more closely at specific cell types within the tumor microenvironment
- 77. www.sugarconebiotech.com 77 B7-H3/B7-H4: Poorlyunderstood biology, B7-H3 is an ADC target Butyrophilins are widely expressed, ligands usually unknown, likely that new targets will be found here Aberrant and highly variable expression of TNFRs – ADC targets, CD30 also a CAR T target Mahoney et al, NRDD, in press Immune-modulatory proteins on tumor cells
- 78. 78Mahoney et al,NRDD, in press Immune-modulatory proteins on Tregs • Primary targets: inhibition overrules activation • Additional TNFRSF proteins: all of these are under preclinical and clinical investigation • VEGF receptors critical for cross-talk with stromal cells
- 79. sugarconebiotech.com 79 CD27, ourthird costimulatory TNFR • CD27 is constitutively expressed on most T effectors and a subset of NK cells • As postulated for 4-1BB and OX-40, CD27 is important for sustained T cell activity and the generation of T cell memory; indeed, CD27 is a marker of memory T cells; CD27 also drives the cytolytic activity of some NK cells • Celldex has developed varililumab, an anti-CD27 agonist antibody and arly clinical data from a Phase 1 dose trial in NHL and solid tumors demonstrated tolerability and some measureable clinical responses • Listed clinical trials include a combination with nivolumab in solid tumors Other critical pathways under active investigation: CD40 GITR TNFRSF25 DR5/TrailR2
- 80. sugarconebiotech.com 80Mahoney etal, NRDD, in press NK cells: the next wave of immune-modulators
- 81. sugarconebiotech.com 81 NK cells:the next wave of immune-modulators Watch list: KIRs (Innate Pharma) LIRs (ILTs) Siglecs The PVR/nectin family (TIGIT; Genentech) C-Type lectins (Innate Pharma)
- 82. sugarconebiotech.com 82 KIR-modulators • Killerinhibitory receptors fall into two subclasses, the killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) C-type lectin transmembrane receptors (eg. NKG families) • KIR function is regulated through interaction with cell surface HLA proteins that transduce an inhibitory signal to NK cells. • lirilumab is an antagonist antibody that binds to the KIR2DL1,2,3 receptors to prevent their inhibitory signaling and increasing NK cell– mediated killing of HLA-C–expressing tumor cells. • In a Phase I monotherapy trial in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) IPH2101/lirilumab had only modest toxicity (grades 1-2) and showed signs of clinical activity • A Phase II study of lirilumab in AML is in progress
- 83. sugarconebiotech.com 83 BMS doubles-downwith Innate's mAb • Innate Pharma and BMS are collaborating to develop lirilumab. • Combination Phase 1 trials of lirilumab in combination with nivolumab and ipilimumab for solid tumors have begun and a combination trial with elotuzumab (depleting anti-CS1 antibody from BMS and AbbVie) is underway for multiple myeloma. • A recent update to clinical trial filings indicates that BMS is adding lirilumab combinations with nivolumab to clinical trials of ipilimumab/nivolumab combos for hematological malignancies (next slide) • These updates are suggestive of broad utility of engaging NK cell activity • Innate is also developing an anti-MICA antibody to block inhibition mediated by MICA/NKG2D interaction, and they have an NKG2A program. Both are quite early.
- 84. sugarconebiotech.com 84 Lirilumab clinical trials:focus on heme malignancies
- 85. sugarconebiotech.com 85 TIGIT • TIGITis a relatively new IgSF protein, with clear cell inhibitory function. • Defined binding to PVR and Nectin-2, potentially leading the way to influencing both T cells and NK cells through inhibition of this pathway • However, proteins in the nectin family may have diverse binding partners, complicating development, e.g. the TIGIT ligands may also bind DNAM and other PVRs • Genentech has developed TIGIT-specific therapeutics and recently showed that co-blockade of TIGIT and PD-L1 resulted in tumor rejection by restoring the function of exhausted tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells; however high concentration of ADCC-competent antibody was used, complicating interpretation* • Regardless, targeting TIGIT may be especially beneficial in tumor settings where both T cells and NK cells have therapeutic potential johnston et al. 2014. Cancer Cell
- 86. sugarconebiotech.com 86Mahoney etal, NRDD, in press Tumor microenvironment the new frontier, a wealth of targets
- 87. sugarconebiotech.com 87 IDO1 Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase(IDO1) is the rate-limiting enzyme for the catabolism cellular tryptophan. High levels of IDO1 reduce tryptophan levels and create bioactive tryptophan metabolites, a highly immunosuppressive combination In the tumor microenvironment IDO is produced by tumor cells and by tumor associated MDSC and tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) in response to inflammatory signals (IL-10, IFNy) Incyte's IDO1 inhibitor INCB024360 is in Phase 1 & 2 clinical trials for metastatic melanoma in combination with ipilimumab and as monotherapy for ovarian cancer. In the ipilimumab combination study, many patients demonstrated an objective response and maintained stable disease Other studies include a Phase 1/2 study in advanced/metastatic cancers including melanoma and NSCLC in combination with pembrolizumab, nivolumab, MPDL3280A and MEDI4736 – the benefit of multiple collaborations Newlink and Flexus deals highlight the intense interest in this target
- 88. sugarconebiotech.com 88 TGFb • Diverse methodshave been employed in attempts to safely block TGFb activity, one of the most potent immunosuppressive growth factors • Among many other activities, TGFb stimulates expression and phosphorylation of IDO. This triggers additional signaling to allow paracrine (and chronic) expression of both TGFβ and IDO1 • Current therapeutics target activating integrins, e.g. avb6 or the GPCRs that are responsible for activating the integrins (e.g. LPA, other GPCRs) • LY2157299/galunisertib is a small-molecule kinase inhibitor from Eli Lilly designed to selectively block TGFb receptor signaling • Galunisertib has a well-defined therapeutic window based on reducing receptor signaling and has shown clinical activity in a variety of solid tumor models • Successful (safe) targeting of TGFb will be a stunning advance
- 89. www.sugarconebiotech.com 89 Adenosine A2aR isexpressed on CD8+ TIL, NK cells and MDSC and is an important component of immune regulation, helping to stop immune responses in the context of inflammation Adenosine is produced by the nucleotidases CD39, an ATP/ADPase, and CD73, an AMPase. Both nucleotidases can be upregulated on tumor cells and also on tumor-associated Treg A proof of concept study using a substrate analog inhibitor of CD73 demonstrated additive anti-tumor activity with anti-CTLA4 antibody treatment in a melanoma model An anti-CD73 antibody had additive activity when combined with anti-CTLA4 or anti-PD-1 antibodies in multiple tumor models
- 90. sugarconebiotech.com 90 adenosine ... Thisstudy demonstrated particularly strong additive activity in the setting of anti-PD-1 therapy, possibly because adenosine upregulated PD-1 expression on the target tumor cells. These two studies focused on the effect of adenosine production and signaling through A2aR on CD8+ T cells. Emerging data suggest that A2aR signaling also triggers MDSC to promote immunosuppression, and that NK cells are negatively regulated via this pathway
- 91. sugarconebiotech.com • Checkpoints CTLA4and PD-1/L-1: crowded, little room for differentiation although top tier assets are still being sought – not every antibody is a success (see pidilizumab) TIM-3, LAG-3: multiple programs underway at large pharma (NVS) and many small biotechs Enough deals have been done that some sub-par assets are sitting on the shelf • Novel Pathways What are these? everyone wants one... Drives steep valuations (e.g. NLNK, Flexus) How can drug discovery navigate this landscape 91
- 92. sugarconebiotech.com • Vaccines Highvalue accrues to some programs, but the rules for success are unknown Biggest issue: high risk – vaccines fails in Phase 3! • Immuno-stimulatory Pathways 4-1BB, GITR, OX40 illustrate the tortuous development pathways these assets can take Some legacy anti-TNFRs signal non-physiologically There is room for novel constructs like bispecifics There are many novel pathways that are under- represented How can drug discovery navigate this landscape 92
- 93. sugarconebiotech.com • The optimalefficacy/tolerability paradigm will impact more and more indications as therapeutics are successful • Niche indications with high unmet need allow access to this remarkably competitive landscape • Novel interrogation points to drive diffferentiation: T cells: effectors and Tregs NK cells The tumor microenvironment The tumor itself Moving ahead 93
- 94. sugarconebiotech.com Novel Therapeutics: OrganizingPrincipals 94 Tumor cells Lymphocyte subsets Microenvironment • TNFRSF proteins • KIRs • C-type lectins • TGFb • IDO-1 • Chemokine receptors • LAG3 • HHLA2 • TIM-3
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- 96. sugarconebiotech.com 96 BACKUPs on PD-L1antagonists
- 97. sugarconebiotech.com Medi4736 in theclinic 97
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- 102. www.sugarconebiotech.com Medi4736 in theclinic 102
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- 106. sugarconebiotech.com MPDL3280a in theclinic 106
- 107. sugarconebiotech.com MPDL3280a in theclinic 107