computer input and output devices. . keyboard , mouse , printer ,scanner, web cam , types of mouse , types of printer and scanner, difference between printer and scanner, microphone,digital camera , speaker ,projector ,moniter,projector types
Microcomputers (personal computers)
Microcomputers became the most common type of computer in the late 20th century. The term “microcomputer” was introduced with the advent of systems based on single-chip microprocessors. The best-known early system was the Altair 8800, introduced in 1975. The term "microcomputer" has practically become an anachronism.
Computer literacy is defined as the knowledge and ability to use computers and related technology efficiently, with skill levels ranging from elementary use to computer programming and advanced problem solving.
Alternative Methods
Of Input
This lesson includes the following sections:
Devices for the Hand
Optical Input Devices
Audio-Visual (Multimedia) Input Devices
Pens
Touch Screens
Game Controllers
computer input and output devices. . keyboard , mouse , printer ,scanner, web cam , types of mouse , types of printer and scanner, difference between printer and scanner, microphone,digital camera , speaker ,projector ,moniter,projector types
Microcomputers (personal computers)
Microcomputers became the most common type of computer in the late 20th century. The term “microcomputer” was introduced with the advent of systems based on single-chip microprocessors. The best-known early system was the Altair 8800, introduced in 1975. The term "microcomputer" has practically become an anachronism.
Computer literacy is defined as the knowledge and ability to use computers and related technology efficiently, with skill levels ranging from elementary use to computer programming and advanced problem solving.
Alternative Methods
Of Input
This lesson includes the following sections:
Devices for the Hand
Optical Input Devices
Audio-Visual (Multimedia) Input Devices
Pens
Touch Screens
Game Controllers
The Output Devices of computer system are electromagnetic devices or gadgets that accepts or acknowledge data or informations from computer system and translate and converts the data in human readable or intelligent form. Generally output can be obtained and acquire mainly in two distinct and different ways Softcopy and Hardcopy.At the point when handled data or information is stored in computer memory is given to an output unit then this processed or prepared data or information is displayed to user in such a way that they can easily read
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
2. Introduction to Computers
Introduction
• Devices which are a means of
communication between the computer and
the outside world are called PERIPHERAL
DEVICES.
• The processors which are required to
convert the input data into machine
readable form and to convert the output
generated by the computer into human
readable form are known as
INPUT/OUTPUT (I/O) interfaces.
3. Introduction to Computers
Input Devices
• Those peripheral devices which supply information i.e.
data and program from the outside world to the computer
are called INPUT DEVICES.
– Punched Cards
– Keyboard
– Mouse
– Light Pen
– Joystick
– Track Ball
– Touch Screen
– Digitizer
– Scanners
– Voice Recognition Systems
4. Introduction to Computers
Punched Cards
• Data is recorded on punched cards or tapes.
• It uses standard codes, like HALLERITH code.
• Cheap and reliable.
• Cannot be reused.
• Special care has to be taken.
• If a single card is misplaced then it is very difficult to
rearrange and detect the problem.
• Require large storage space & cannot be folded.
5. Introduction to Computers
Keyboard
• Similar to typewriter keyboard.
• Keys on keyboard consist up of letters, numbers,
symbols and function keys.
• Special keys like Tab, Del, Ctrl, PgUp, PgDn,etc.
• Easy to use and offers number of facilities.
• Can edit the input data very easily.
• Relatively inexpensive.
6. Introduction to Computers
Mouse
• A pointing device.
• Control and manipulate cursor movement on monitor.
• Has three or four buttons on it and roller ball which
signals the movements on a flat surface.
• Move fast from one part of the screen to the other.
7. Introduction to Computers
Light Pen
• A picking device.
• Contains a photocell placed in a small tube.
• Photocell detect the presence of light on the CRT
(monitor).
• Tip of pen is moved on the surface of the screen to
write or sketch data.
• Specially useful in Computer Aided Design (CAD)
application
8. Introduction to Computers
Joystick
• Widely used in computer or video games.
• The direction and speed with which the joystick is moved
is converted into digital signal and sent to the computer
system.
• This in turn controls the movement of the cursor on the
screen.
9. Introduction to Computers
Track Ball
• Also known as roller ball.
• Uses a hard sphere to control cursor movement.
• Ball can be rotated in any direction by hand.
• This digital signal in translated to control the cursor
movement on the screen.
10. Introduction to Computers
Touch Screen
• A touch panel is transparent plate.
• Input is registered when a finger or any other object
comes in contact with the plate.
11. Introduction to Computers
Digitizer
• It converts a graphical or pictorial data into digital
form which can be directly entered and stored in a
computer.
• It is also called a graphical tablet.
12. Introduction to Computers
Flat Bed Digitizer
• The drawing to be digitized is fixed
over a flat bed table and a stylus or a
pen is moved over the surface of the
drawing.
• This scans the drawing and produces
the output related to X and Y
coordinate.
13. Introduction to Computers
Image scan digitizer
• The entire image is scanned and
reproduced automatically.
• It is more powerful as compared to flat bed
digitizers.
• It is mainly used in simple drawings,
graphs etc. whereas image scan digitizers
are used for photographs and pictures.
14. Introduction to Computers
Scanner
• It is able to directly enter text and images into the
computer memory.
• Eliminated the duplication work of entering data .
• This result into increase in speed of data entry
and accuracy.
15. Introduction to Computers
Optical Mark Reader
• Capable of reading pre-specified marks made by
pencils or pen with the help of light.
• Used where data is preprinted for application.
• Used for the answer papers of the objective tests where
the answers are marked with pencils or preprinted
forms.
16. Introduction to Computers
Optical Character Reader
• It can read alphabets, characters and numbers printed
on paper.
• Character can either handwritten or typed.
• It reads each character as a collection of pixels
• Mainly used in processing where the data volumes are
large.
17. Introduction to Computers
Bar Code Reader
• It reads bar coded data.
• Laser beam scanner is used to read the bar code.
• Most commonly used bar code is the Universal
Product Code (UPC).
18. Introduction to Computers
MAGNETIC INK CHARACTER
RECOGNITION (MICR).
• Mainly finds application in banking areas.
• It is used to encode the character to be read.
• It speed up data entry, and even roughly handled
cheques can be processed relatively easily.
• Only a limited number of digits and character are
available for encoding.
19. Introduction to Computers
Voice Recognition System
• Uses microphone or telephone, a sound card an
special software.
• Voice recognition system are highly operator
dependent.
• Reduces the cost of data entry.
• Can move freely while talking into the computer.
20. Introduction to Computers
Output Devices
• The output devices allow computer to
communicate with the outside world by accepting
data from the computer & transforming I into user
readable form.
– Printers
– Plotters
– Monitor
– Video Display Terminal
– Computer Output Microfilm
21. Introduction to Computers
Printer
• It produces the output from the
computer on the paper.
• Produces a hard copy i.e. permanent
copy of the result which can be stored
and read later.
–Impact Printers
–Non-Impact Printers
22. Introduction to Computers
Impact Printer
• Similar to typewriter.
• Use hammer to strike a character against
an ink ribbon.
• Noisy in operation.
• Its functioning is relatively easily.
• It can produced multiple copy at the same
time.
• Subject to wear and tear of mechanical
parts
23. Introduction to Computers
Dot Matrix Printer
• Print each character as a pattern of dots.
• Relatively low in cost.
• Print at speed 50-500 character per second.
24. Introduction to Computers
Daisy Wheel Printer
• Also called as letter quality printers
• Letter quality of these printer is much superior as
compared to the dot matrix printer
• They are slow and typically print in the range of 10-50
characters per second
25. Introduction to Computers
Line Printer
• Very fast printer and print at speed of 200-2500 lines
per second.
• It normally have 132 print positions per lines.
• It is normally used in application where large
volumes of data are to be printed
26. Introduction to Computers
Ink Jet Printer
• Prints character by spraying ink from tiny nozzles onto the
paper.
• Output is of a superior quality.
• Possible to obtain coloured output.
• Number of character styles and sizes are available.
27. Introduction to Computers
Laser Printers
• Produced a very superior quality output.
• Have a buffer memory to store entire pages and hence their speed is
very fast.
• No mechanical movement is involved.
• Noiseless in operation.
• Comparatively expensive
28. Introduction to Computers
Plotter
• A plotter is a an output device used in
applications where printouts of graphs and
drawings are required
• Plotters are of two types
– Flat Bed Plotter
– Drum Plotters
31. Introduction to Computers
Monitors
• Monitor is a device like television screen
which is used to display information
• The resolution of monitors is the number
of picture elements
• Monitors are of two types
– Cathode Ray Tube Monitor (CRT)
– Flat Panel Display
34. Introduction to Computers
Computer Microfilm Output (COM)
• This technology is used to record computer output
as a microscopic film images.
• Information is recorded on a roll of film.
• COM devices are used applications where there are
large volumes of data.
• They are much more faster than normal printers
• Sophisticated & Expensive