The document discusses the key hardware components of a computer system including the CPU, storage, and other internal parts. It covers the development of circuits, transistors, and integrated circuits. It then explains the role of silicon and semiconductors. Microchips and microprocessors are discussed as enabling miniaturization. Specific computer components like the motherboard, power supply, and cases are outlined. Basic tips for using and maintaining a computer system are provided at the end.

1. CHAPTER – 4
HARDWARE:
THE CPU & STORAGE

2. Microchips, miniaturization, &
Mobility
CIRCUIT
- Is a closed path followed or capable of being followed by an electric
current. Without circuits, electricity would not to be controllable,
and would not electric or electronic appliances.
TRANSISTOR
-is essentially a tiny electrically operated switch or gate, that can
alternate between on and off many millions of times per second.
The transistor was developed by bell labs in 1947
INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
- An entire electronic circuit, including wires, formed in a single Chip,
or piece of special material, usually silicon, as part of a single
manufacturing process. Integrated circuits were developed by jack
kilby at texas instruments,who demonstraded the first one In 1958.

3. SILICON & SEMICONDUCTOS
SILICON
- Is an element that is widely found in clay and
sand. It is used not only because its abundance
makes it cheap but also because it is a semiconductor.
SEMICONDUCTORS
- It is a material whose electrical properties are intermediate
between a good conductor of electricity and a nonconductor
of electricity.

4. A CHIP, OR A MICROCHIP
- It is a tiny piece of silicon that contains millions of micro
miniature integrated electronic circuits.
-Chip manufacturing requires very clean environments,
which is why chip –manufacturing workers dress almost
as thought they are getting ready for a surgical
operation. Such workers must also be highly skilled,
which is why chip makers are not found everywhere in
the world.

5. MINIATURIZATION MIRACLES: Microchips
& microprocessor
-Microchips - ^industrial rice^ as the Japanese call them are
responsible for the miniaturization that has revolutionized
consumer electronics, computer and communication. They
stored and process data in all the electronic gadget We’ve
become accustomed to from microwave ovens videogame
controllers to music synthesizers to cameras automobile fuel-
injection systems to satellite

6. Microprocessor
-(microprocessor or processor on chip) is the monetized circuitry
of a computer processor- the CPU (central processing unit),
the part that processes, or manipulates, data information.
When modified for use in machines other than computer
microprocessor are called microcontrollers, or embedded
computers

7. Choosing an inexpensive personal
Computer:
understanding computer ads
Learn the technology before you buy a computer
-most desktop computer are multimedia computers, with sound and
graphics capability. The world multimedia means ‘combination of
media – the combination of pictures,video,animation, and sound in
addition to text. A multimedia computer features such equipment
of a processor, DVD drive, sound card, graphics card, and speakers,
and you may also wish to have headphones and a microphone.(
common peripherals are printer,scanner,sound recorder, and digital
camera.)
Let us now go through the parts of a computer system so that you can
understand what you’re doing when you buy a new computer. First
we look at how the system process data.

8. THE SYSTEM UNIT: THE BASICS
THE COMPUTER CASE: BAYS, & BOARDS
Tower – is a cabinet that is tall, narrow, and deep
(so that it can be sit on the floor or under a table)
rather than short, wide, and deep, original a tower
(full tower) was considered to be 24 inches high.
Power supply – The power supply unit provides
for the motherboard and other main components
Of the computer.

9. Ups – (uninterruptible power supply) is a
Battery device that provides a computer with electricity if
there is a power failure, the ups will keep a computer
going for 5-30 minutes or more. It goes into operation
soon as the power to your computer fails. Ups also act
as surge protectors.

10. Motherboard & the microprocessor chip
- The motherboard, or system board, is the main circuit
board in the system unit. The motherboard consists
of a flat board that fill one side of the case. It
contains both soldered, non removable components
and sockets or slots for components that can be
removed microprocessor chip, RAM chips and
various expansion cards.

13. PRACTICAL ACTION
• To reduce your electricity bill, disconnect your computer
when you’re not using it for a significant length of time.
• Back up data regularly
• Use a UPS to protect against complete absence of electricity
• Turn on highest-power-consuming hardware first.
• Turn OFF lowest-power-consuming hardware first.
• Unplug your computer system during lightning storms