Endocrinopathic Laminitis and Equine Metabolic Syndrome
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This document discusses endocrinopathic laminitis (EL), which is caused by conditions that induce insulin resistance and commonly affects broodmares during pregnancy due to physiological insulin insensitivity. EL results in the formation of a "lamellar wedge" in the hoof due to damage to the lamellar tissue that does not restore the original mechanical function. Signs of laminitis include shifting weight lameness, increased heat in the feet, and bounding digital pulses. Prevention efforts should control conditions like Equine Metabolic Syndrome, Cushing's disease, obesity, and hyperinsulinemia prior to breeding mares.
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component of collagen fibers Predict the possible consequences of defective collagen fibers on
specific organs an tissues. How would the effects of a collagen vascular disease that affected
only the collagen in reticular fibers effects seen with question 2? Why?
Solution
2. ANS:
Collagen:
It is the most abundant animal protein on earth. It is present in the extra cellular spaces bones,
tendons, ligaments, gums, teeth and wall of blood vessels.
It is a homo dimer, made up of 3 identical polypeptide chains. The sequence of collagen is rich in
glycine and prolins and the sequence is Glycine – Proline – Hydroxy proline.
In the body 90% of the collagen is Type I collagen.
Type I: skin, tendon, vascular ligature, organs and bone
Type II: cartilage
Type III: reticulate
Type IV: forms basal lamina, the epithelium-secreted layer of the basement membrane.
Type V: cell surfaces, hair and placenta
Most of the collagen diseases are arisen due to the genetic defects or nutritional deficiencies.
1. Osteogenesis imperfect: It is a type I collagen autosomal disorder. In this bones and
connective tissue are affected.
2. Chondrodysplasias: It is a type II collagen disease, mainly caused by mutations. In this
skeletal bone are affected.
3. Alport syndrome: It is a genetic disorder. In this disorder kidneys and eyes are mostly affected
in during the childhood.
4. Osteoporosis: It is mainly associated with reduced levels of collagen in the skin and bones.
5. Scurvy: It is mainly associated with vitamin C. Multiple collagen tissues are affected and leads
to bleeding gums, loose of tooth, bones are fragile and internal hemorrhage.
3. ANS:
Elastic collagen disorders are mainly caused by different mutations. Among this some types are
lethal, leading to the rupture of arteries. This type of disorder occurs with the elastic collagen
accumulation and elastotic degeneration.
Ehlers Danlos syndrome is ten different types of disorder. Type III collagen mutation caused this
disorder..
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It is the most abundant animal protein on earth. It is present in the extra cellular spaces bones,
tendons, ligaments, gums, teeth and wall of blood vessels.
It is a homo dimer, made up of 3 identical polypeptide chains. The sequence of collagen is rich in
glycine and prolins and the sequence is Glycine – Proline – Hydroxy proline.
In the body 90% of the collagen is Type I collagen.
Type I: skin, tendon, vascular ligature, organs and bone
Type II: cartilage
Type III: reticulate
Type IV: forms basal lamina, the epithelium-secreted layer of the basement membrane.
Type V: cell surfaces, hair and placenta
Most of the collagen diseases are arisen due to the genetic defects or nutritional deficiencies.
1. Osteogenesis imperfect: It is a type I collagen autosomal disorder. In this bones and
connective tissue are affected.
2. Chondrodysplasias: It is a type II collagen disease, mainly caused by mutations. In this
skeletal bone are affected.
3. Alport syndrome: It is a genetic disorder. In this disorder kidneys and eyes are mostly affected
in during the childhood.
4. Osteoporosis: It is mainly associated with reduced levels of collagen in the skin and bones.
5. Scurvy: It is mainly associated with vitamin C. Multiple collagen tissues are affected and leads
to bleeding gums, loose of tooth, bones are fragile and internal hemorrhage.
3. ANS:
Elastic collagen disorders are mainly caused by different mutations. Among this some types are
lethal, leading to the rupture of arteries. This type of disorder occurs with the elastic collagen
accumulation and elastotic degeneration.
Ehlers Danlos syndrome is ten different types of disorder. Type III collagen mutation caused this
disorder..
Ehlers Danlos Syndrome
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Genetics
This document discusses genetics and human diseases. It begins with an introduction to genetics, noting that humans have around 30,000 genes. It then describes different types of human diseases, including those determined genetically, environmentally, or with contributions from both. The document discusses different types of genetic mutations and how they can cause inherited diseases or cancers. It also outlines different patterns of Mendelian inheritance including autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and sex-linked traits. Specific genetic disorders are provided as examples, such as Marfan syndrome and familial hypercholesterolemia.
Genetics for undergraduates
This document discusses genetics and human diseases caused by genetic mutations. It begins with an introduction to genetics, noting that humans have around 30,000 genes. It then discusses different types of genetic mutations including point mutations, frameshift mutations, and trinucleotide repeat mutations. The document outlines different patterns of genetic inheritance including autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and sex-linked inheritance. It provides examples of diseases that follow each pattern of inheritance. The document concludes by discussing specific genetic diseases in more depth, including phenylketonuria (PKU), galactosemia, and how mutations in enzymes, receptors, and structural proteins can cause disease.
Cell injury
This document discusses various types of cell injury and cellular adaptations. It defines cell injury as stress encountered by cells due to changes in their internal or external environment. Virchow's cellular theory of disease proposed that diseases occur due to abnormalities at the cellular level. The document then discusses various genetic and acquired causes of cell injury, including physical, chemical, microbial, immunological, nutritional, aging, and iatrogenic factors. It also describes different types of cellular responses to stress like hypoxia, as well as cellular adaptations such as hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy, metaplasia, and dysplasia. Finally, it discusses reversible cell injuries including edema, fatty change, hyaline change, amyloidosis, mu
Some points due to dairy herd management
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Other diseases, called collagen vascular diseases, affect the protein.pdf
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IVMS Endocrine Part III-PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DIABETES MELLITUS
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Endocrinopathic Laminitis and Equine Metabolic Syndrome
- 1. Normal lamellar region Endocrinopathic Laminitis Causes Endocrinopathic Laminitis and Equine Metabolic Syndrome What is Laminitis? Lamellae forming a dysplastic lamellar wedge due to tissue damage. Conditions that cause insulin resistance greatly increase the risk of endocrinopathic laminitis. Lamellar epidermal cells undergo a wound healing response during laminitis that results in the generation of "lamellar wedge". This tissue does not replace the mechanical functions of the original lamellae, might aggravate associated bone, vascular, and neural pathologies. Broodmares might be at particular risk for EL due to the physiological decrease in insulin sensitivity associated with pregnancy. Signs of Laminitis Shifting weight lameness Increased heat in affected feet Bounding digital pulses Cushing's Disease
- 2. Prevention Equine Metabloic Syndrome, Cushing's Disease, obesity, and Hyperinsulinemia should be controlled prior to breeding mares. Sources: Galantino-Homer, H. L. "Endocrinopathic Laminitis and Equine Metabolic Syndrome." Proceedings of the Society for Theriogenology 2012 Annual Conference: 371-380. Web. 25 August 2012. McEntee, Damian. "Equine Information." Photograph. Equine Medical Center of Ocala, 8 March 2015. http://www.emcocala.com/elderly_horse.html. N.A. "Managing Laminitis with Hoof Groove Bevel." The Horse. 8 March 2015. http://cdn.thehorse.com/images/cms/2013/04/managing-laminitis-with-hoof-groove- bevel.jpg?preset=medium. Peggyloo. Photobucket. 8 March 2015. http://s17.photobucket.com/user/Peggyloo/media/Aug%202012/DSC04120_zps2dc2 89ba.jpg.html.