Influenza
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This document defines influenza and outlines its pathophysiology, transmission, types, symptoms, risk factors, complications, treatment, nursing diagnoses, and interventions. It states that influenza is a viral infection of the respiratory tract that can usually resolve on its own but sometimes causes deadly complications like pneumonia. It spreads through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Type A influenza virus is the most dangerous type. At-risk groups include the elderly, those with weakened immune systems or chronic illnesses, pregnant women, and hospital patients and staff. Treatment focuses on rest, fluids, and sometimes antiviral medications or vaccination. Nursing care involves monitoring for breathing difficulties, maintaining nutrition and hydration, managing fever and pain, and providing respiratory
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Pneumonia
This document provides an overview of pneumonia, including:
- Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites that leads to lung inflammation. It can range from mild to life-threatening.
- There are several types of pneumonia classified by cause, including bacterial, viral, fungal, chemical and aspiration pneumonia.
- Pneumonia is also classified by location (lobar vs. lobular), duration (acute vs. chronic), location of infection (community acquired vs. hospital acquired) and pathology (typical vs. atypical).
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Pneumonia is an inflammatory lung condition affecting the air sacs (alveoli) associated with fever, chest symptoms, and lack of air space on an X-ray. It is typically caused by an infection by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites through inhalation or aspiration. Symptoms include cough, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. While transmission methods are unknown, organisms can be spread through respiratory secretions. Control methods include vaccination to prevent common causes, avoiding sick individuals, smoking cessation, and frequent handwashing.
Air borne diseases
Airborne diseases can be transmitted via droplets or aerosols inhaled from an infected person. They include viral infections like influenza, measles, and tuberculosis, as well as some bacterial infections. Transmission occurs through direct contact with respiratory droplets or indirect contact with droplet nuclei that remain suspended in the air. Emerging airborne infections of concern include avian influenza, swine flu, SARS, and MERS-CoV. Vaccines exist for many common airborne diseases and public health measures can help control outbreaks.
Upper respiratory infections
The upper respiratory tract includes structures like the sinuses, nasal passages, and larynx. Upper respiratory tract infections (URIs) range from mild illnesses like the common cold to more severe infections. Viruses cause most URIs, though some bacterial infections may require treatment. Common manifestations of URIs include rhinitis, sinusitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, and others resulting from inflammation in different areas of the upper respiratory tract. URIs spread through person-to-person contact and begin when viruses or bacteria are able to bypass the body's defenses in the nose and throat and multiply in the upper respiratory mucosa.
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INTRODUCTION.
DEFINITION.
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF LUNG,
Epidemiology,
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
COMPLICATION
MANAGEMENT
PREVENTION
HEALTH EDUCATION.
respiratory infections - microbiology
this is a series of lectures on microbiology useful for undergraduate and postgraduate, medical and paramedical students
Airborne diseases
This document discusses several airborne diseases including the common cold, influenza, tuberculosis, measles, chickenpox, and their causes, modes of transmission, signs and symptoms, and treatments. It explains that airborne diseases can spread when an infected person coughs, sneezes or talks, releasing pathogens into the air. Many viruses and bacteria are transmissible through airborne droplets or particles that can remain suspended and travel through the air or land on surfaces. Proper vaccination is important for preventing the spread of some airborne illnesses.
respiratory tract infections
This lesson plan provides an overview of acute respiratory infections (ARI). It begins with an introduction to ARIs and their impact. Definitions and classifications of different ARIs are presented, including rhinitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, laryngitis, bronchitis, and pneumonia. Causes, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, nursing management, prevention, and complications are discussed for each type of ARI. The lesson plan aims to guide nursing students in understanding ARIs.
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Pneumonia
This document provides an overview of pneumonia, including:
- Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites that leads to lung inflammation. It can range from mild to life-threatening.
- There are several types of pneumonia classified by cause, including bacterial, viral, fungal, chemical and aspiration pneumonia.
- Pneumonia is also classified by location (lobar vs. lobular), duration (acute vs. chronic), location of infection (community acquired vs. hospital acquired) and pathology (typical vs. atypical).
Fphc
Pneumonia is an inflammatory lung condition affecting the air sacs (alveoli) associated with fever, chest symptoms, and lack of air space on an X-ray. It is typically caused by an infection by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites through inhalation or aspiration. Symptoms include cough, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. While transmission methods are unknown, organisms can be spread through respiratory secretions. Control methods include vaccination to prevent common causes, avoiding sick individuals, smoking cessation, and frequent handwashing.
Air borne diseases
Airborne diseases can be transmitted via droplets or aerosols inhaled from an infected person. They include viral infections like influenza, measles, and tuberculosis, as well as some bacterial infections. Transmission occurs through direct contact with respiratory droplets or indirect contact with droplet nuclei that remain suspended in the air. Emerging airborne infections of concern include avian influenza, swine flu, SARS, and MERS-CoV. Vaccines exist for many common airborne diseases and public health measures can help control outbreaks.
Upper respiratory infections
The upper respiratory tract includes structures like the sinuses, nasal passages, and larynx. Upper respiratory tract infections (URIs) range from mild illnesses like the common cold to more severe infections. Viruses cause most URIs, though some bacterial infections may require treatment. Common manifestations of URIs include rhinitis, sinusitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, and others resulting from inflammation in different areas of the upper respiratory tract. URIs spread through person-to-person contact and begin when viruses or bacteria are able to bypass the body's defenses in the nose and throat and multiply in the upper respiratory mucosa.
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INTRODUCTION.
DEFINITION.
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF LUNG,
Epidemiology,
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
COMPLICATION
MANAGEMENT
PREVENTION
HEALTH EDUCATION.
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This document discusses several airborne diseases including the common cold, influenza, tuberculosis, measles, chickenpox, and their causes, modes of transmission, signs and symptoms, and treatments. It explains that airborne diseases can spread when an infected person coughs, sneezes or talks, releasing pathogens into the air. Many viruses and bacteria are transmissible through airborne droplets or particles that can remain suspended and travel through the air or land on surfaces. Proper vaccination is important for preventing the spread of some airborne illnesses.
respiratory tract infections
This lesson plan provides an overview of acute respiratory infections (ARI). It begins with an introduction to ARIs and their impact. Definitions and classifications of different ARIs are presented, including rhinitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, laryngitis, bronchitis, and pneumonia. Causes, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, nursing management, prevention, and complications are discussed for each type of ARI. The lesson plan aims to guide nursing students in understanding ARIs.
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The respiratory system allows for oxygen intake and carbon dioxide removal through a series of organs including the nose, mouth, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. It performs external respiration through gas exchange between the body and environment, and internal respiration through oxygen delivery to cells and carbon dioxide removal. Common respiratory illnesses include the common cold, influenza, asthma, sinusitis, whooping cough, rhinitis, bronchitis, pharyngitis, and pneumonia, which can be caused by bacteria or viruses and cause symptoms like coughing, wheezing, and difficulty breathing. Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection of the lungs that spreads through cough-generated droplets and was an ancient disease with origins in 1550 BC.
Pneumonia in children
Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites that leads to inflammation of the alveoli or fluid in the alveoli. Common symptoms include cough, fever, fast breathing and chest pain. Treatment depends on the cause but often includes antibiotics, rest and fluids. Pneumonia can be prevented through vaccines for pneumococcal disease and healthy habits like hand washing, not smoking, and avoiding contact with others who have pneumonia.
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This document discusses the common cold (acute viral upper respiratory tract infection). It defines the common cold and lists the most common causative viruses. It describes the incubation period and period of infectivity. It discusses the pathophysiology of how viral replication leads to symptoms through immune response and increased vascular permeability. Symptoms in infants and children are outlined. Diagnosis is clinical based on symptoms and exposure. Differential diagnoses and potential complications are provided. Treatment focuses on supportive care and symptomatic relief. Antibiotics are not recommended.
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The document summarizes various respiratory tract infections including upper respiratory infections like the common cold, acute infectious laryngitis, acute bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia. It describes the anatomy and physiology of the upper and lower respiratory tract, clinical manifestations, etiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of these conditions. Key details like virus types, age groups affected, symptoms, physical exam findings and imaging results are provided for different respiratory infections.
Pneumonia
Pneumonia is a serious lung infection that occurs when germs enter the lungs and inflame the air sacs, reducing oxygen levels in the blood. Common symptoms include cough, fever, chest pain, and shortness of breath. Pneumonia can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi and is most dangerous for young children, older adults, and those with weak immune systems or underlying health conditions. Immediate medical care is needed if symptoms are severe or the patient is at high risk. Doctors diagnose pneumonia through examination, chest x-rays, and testing samples from the lungs. Treatment focuses on antibiotics if bacterial, rest, nutrition, and vaccination in high risk groups.
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The document provides an overview of several diseases that affect the respiratory system, including both the upper and lower tract. It discusses bacterial infections like strep throat, scarlet fever, diphtheria, pertussis, tuberculosis, and pneumococcal pneumonia. It also covers atypical pneumonia, Legionnaire's disease, and some fungal diseases. For each condition, it describes the causative pathogen, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and other relevant details.
Air borne diseases
1) Airborne diseases are spread through the air by viruses, bacteria, or fungi transmitted through respiratory droplets when people cough, sneeze, or talk.
2) Common symptoms of airborne diseases include cough, fever, and breathing difficulties.
3) Prevention methods include proper hand hygiene, wearing masks, cleaning surfaces, and covering coughs and sneezes to limit the transmission of pathogens through the air.
Airborne diseases
This document discusses various airborne diseases caused by bacteria and viruses, including their symptoms and methods of transmission. It outlines diseases such as diphtheria, whooping cough, tuberculosis, common cold, influenza, mumps, chickenpox, and measles. The document concludes by stating that prevention is better than cure and recommends maintaining hygiene, isolation, handwashing, and vaccination to avoid contracting airborne illnesses.
PNEUMONIA
Pneumonia is a form of acute respiratory infection that affects the lungs. It is diagnosed when a doctor hears abnormal sounds in the chest and confirmed by chest X-ray. The lungs are made up of alveoli that fill with air during breathing but in pneumonia become filled with pus and fluid, making breathing painful and reducing oxygen intake. Pneumonia has many causes including bacteria like Streptococcus pneumoniae and viruses. It can be classified by location in the lungs or how it was acquired such as healthcare-associated or hospital-acquired pneumonia. Preventing pneumonia is better than treating it by washing hands, quitting smoking, and wearing masks during cleaning.
Pneumonia
Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung parenchyma caused by a microbial agent. It can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. There are different classifications including community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), hospital-acquired pneumonia, and pneumonia in immunocompromised hosts. CAP is usually caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae or Haemophilus influenzae. Hospital-acquired pneumonia has a higher risk of drug-resistant organisms. Clinical manifestations include fever, cough, shortness of breath and chest pain.
Pathology of Pneumonia
Pathology of Pneumonia:
Broncho- pneumonia,
Lobar Pneumonia,
Lung Abscess,
Lung Fungal Absces,
Normal Lung
Please leave a comment after downloading.
THANK YOU ^^
Pneumonia
This document discusses pneumonia in children. Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that makes it difficult for oxygen to reach the bloodstream. Symptoms can include fever, cough, trouble breathing, and chest pain. Pneumonia in children is usually caused by viruses, but sometimes bacteria. Diagnosis involves listening to the chest, x-rays, and blood tests. Treatment focuses on antibiotics for bacterial pneumonia, fever reduction, rest, and fluids. Children may need hospital care if they have breathing problems, fever, or another illness affecting their immune system.
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This document discusses various types and causes of pneumonia in children. It describes the differences between lobar pneumonia, bronchopneumonia, and interstitial pneumonitis. Common infectious causes include respiratory viruses in young children and Streptococcus pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in older children. Clinical features, investigations, treatment, and prognosis are outlined. Pneumonia is a major cause of illness and death in developing countries. Immunizations have reduced cases of pneumonia from certain pathogens.
Airborne diseases
Airborne disease can spread when people with certain infections cough, sneeze, or talk, spewing nasal and throat secretions into the air. Some viruses or bacteria take flight and hang in the air or land on other people or surfaces.
When you breathe in airborne pathogenic organisms, they take up residence inside you. You can also pick up germs when you touch a surface that harbors them, and then touch your own eyes, nose, or mouth.
Because these diseases travel in the air, they’re hard to control. Keep reading to learn more about the common types of airborne diseases and what you can do to protect yourself from catching them.
Lower repiratory tract infection-ICD-10-CM
Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs), which include pneumonia, lung abscess, and acute bronchitis, are caused by bacteria like streptococcus pneumoniae, viruses like influenza, and parasites. Common symptoms are shortness of breath, cough, fever, and fatigue. Treatment depends on the cause, with antibiotics used for bacterial infections but not viruses or parasites. Prevention involves vaccination against common pathogens. The document provides guidelines for ICD-10 codes related to classifying different respiratory diseases.
Pneumonia by qasim shah
Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. It occurs when germs reach the lungs and cause inflammation in the small air sacs (alveoli) and airways, making it difficult to breathe. Symptoms include cough, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. Pneumonia is diagnosed through tests like blood work, sputum culture, chest x-rays, and CT scans. Treatment involves antibiotics, respiratory support, and rest depending on the cause of infection. The choice of antibiotic depends on the likely causative organism and its antibiotic sensitivity.
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The document discusses various respiratory infections including upper and lower respiratory tract infections. It covers topics such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, lung abscess, and bronchiectasis. Pneumonia can be lobar or bronchopneumonia and is classified based on clinical setting, organism, and morphology. Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium and presents as a chronic infection characterized by granulomas and tissue necrosis. Complications of respiratory infections include abscesses, bronchiectasis, and spread to other organs.
Pneumonia
This document provides an overview of pneumonia, including its definition, classification, causes, transmission, risk factors, symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatment, nursing care, prevention, prognosis, and complications. Pneumonia is defined as an inflammatory condition of the lungs caused by infectious agents. It can be classified according to its causes such as bacterial, viral, fungal, or chemical, and the area of lung involvement. Common symptoms include fever, cough, chest pain, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, chest x-ray, and sputum/blood tests. Treatment consists of antibiotics, oxygen therapy, and chest physiotherapy. Nursing care focuses on airway maintenance, infection control, respiratory support,
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The respiratory system allows for oxygen intake and carbon dioxide removal through a series of organs including the nose, mouth, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. It performs external respiration through gas exchange between the body and environment, and internal respiration through oxygen delivery to cells and carbon dioxide removal. Common respiratory illnesses include the common cold, influenza, asthma, sinusitis, whooping cough, rhinitis, bronchitis, pharyngitis, and pneumonia, which can be caused by bacteria or viruses and cause symptoms like coughing, wheezing, and difficulty breathing. Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection of the lungs that spreads through cough-generated droplets and was an ancient disease with origins in 1550 BC.
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Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites that leads to inflammation of the alveoli or fluid in the alveoli. Common symptoms include cough, fever, fast breathing and chest pain. Treatment depends on the cause but often includes antibiotics, rest and fluids. Pneumonia can be prevented through vaccines for pneumococcal disease and healthy habits like hand washing, not smoking, and avoiding contact with others who have pneumonia.
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This document discusses the common cold (acute viral upper respiratory tract infection). It defines the common cold and lists the most common causative viruses. It describes the incubation period and period of infectivity. It discusses the pathophysiology of how viral replication leads to symptoms through immune response and increased vascular permeability. Symptoms in infants and children are outlined. Diagnosis is clinical based on symptoms and exposure. Differential diagnoses and potential complications are provided. Treatment focuses on supportive care and symptomatic relief. Antibiotics are not recommended.
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The document summarizes various respiratory tract infections including upper respiratory infections like the common cold, acute infectious laryngitis, acute bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia. It describes the anatomy and physiology of the upper and lower respiratory tract, clinical manifestations, etiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of these conditions. Key details like virus types, age groups affected, symptoms, physical exam findings and imaging results are provided for different respiratory infections.
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Pneumonia is a serious lung infection that occurs when germs enter the lungs and inflame the air sacs, reducing oxygen levels in the blood. Common symptoms include cough, fever, chest pain, and shortness of breath. Pneumonia can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi and is most dangerous for young children, older adults, and those with weak immune systems or underlying health conditions. Immediate medical care is needed if symptoms are severe or the patient is at high risk. Doctors diagnose pneumonia through examination, chest x-rays, and testing samples from the lungs. Treatment focuses on antibiotics if bacterial, rest, nutrition, and vaccination in high risk groups.
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Air borne diseases
1) Airborne diseases are spread through the air by viruses, bacteria, or fungi transmitted through respiratory droplets when people cough, sneeze, or talk.
2) Common symptoms of airborne diseases include cough, fever, and breathing difficulties.
3) Prevention methods include proper hand hygiene, wearing masks, cleaning surfaces, and covering coughs and sneezes to limit the transmission of pathogens through the air.
Airborne diseases
This document discusses various airborne diseases caused by bacteria and viruses, including their symptoms and methods of transmission. It outlines diseases such as diphtheria, whooping cough, tuberculosis, common cold, influenza, mumps, chickenpox, and measles. The document concludes by stating that prevention is better than cure and recommends maintaining hygiene, isolation, handwashing, and vaccination to avoid contracting airborne illnesses.
PNEUMONIA
Pneumonia is a form of acute respiratory infection that affects the lungs. It is diagnosed when a doctor hears abnormal sounds in the chest and confirmed by chest X-ray. The lungs are made up of alveoli that fill with air during breathing but in pneumonia become filled with pus and fluid, making breathing painful and reducing oxygen intake. Pneumonia has many causes including bacteria like Streptococcus pneumoniae and viruses. It can be classified by location in the lungs or how it was acquired such as healthcare-associated or hospital-acquired pneumonia. Preventing pneumonia is better than treating it by washing hands, quitting smoking, and wearing masks during cleaning.
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Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung parenchyma caused by a microbial agent. It can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. There are different classifications including community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), hospital-acquired pneumonia, and pneumonia in immunocompromised hosts. CAP is usually caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae or Haemophilus influenzae. Hospital-acquired pneumonia has a higher risk of drug-resistant organisms. Clinical manifestations include fever, cough, shortness of breath and chest pain.
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Please leave a comment after downloading.
THANK YOU ^^
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This document discusses pneumonia in children. Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that makes it difficult for oxygen to reach the bloodstream. Symptoms can include fever, cough, trouble breathing, and chest pain. Pneumonia in children is usually caused by viruses, but sometimes bacteria. Diagnosis involves listening to the chest, x-rays, and blood tests. Treatment focuses on antibiotics for bacterial pneumonia, fever reduction, rest, and fluids. Children may need hospital care if they have breathing problems, fever, or another illness affecting their immune system.
Pneumonia
This document discusses various types and causes of pneumonia in children. It describes the differences between lobar pneumonia, bronchopneumonia, and interstitial pneumonitis. Common infectious causes include respiratory viruses in young children and Streptococcus pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in older children. Clinical features, investigations, treatment, and prognosis are outlined. Pneumonia is a major cause of illness and death in developing countries. Immunizations have reduced cases of pneumonia from certain pathogens.
Airborne diseases
Airborne disease can spread when people with certain infections cough, sneeze, or talk, spewing nasal and throat secretions into the air. Some viruses or bacteria take flight and hang in the air or land on other people or surfaces.
When you breathe in airborne pathogenic organisms, they take up residence inside you. You can also pick up germs when you touch a surface that harbors them, and then touch your own eyes, nose, or mouth.
Because these diseases travel in the air, they’re hard to control. Keep reading to learn more about the common types of airborne diseases and what you can do to protect yourself from catching them.
Lower repiratory tract infection-ICD-10-CM
Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs), which include pneumonia, lung abscess, and acute bronchitis, are caused by bacteria like streptococcus pneumoniae, viruses like influenza, and parasites. Common symptoms are shortness of breath, cough, fever, and fatigue. Treatment depends on the cause, with antibiotics used for bacterial infections but not viruses or parasites. Prevention involves vaccination against common pathogens. The document provides guidelines for ICD-10 codes related to classifying different respiratory diseases.
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Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. It occurs when germs reach the lungs and cause inflammation in the small air sacs (alveoli) and airways, making it difficult to breathe. Symptoms include cough, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. Pneumonia is diagnosed through tests like blood work, sputum culture, chest x-rays, and CT scans. Treatment involves antibiotics, respiratory support, and rest depending on the cause of infection. The choice of antibiotic depends on the likely causative organism and its antibiotic sensitivity.
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The document discusses various respiratory infections including upper and lower respiratory tract infections. It covers topics such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, lung abscess, and bronchiectasis. Pneumonia can be lobar or bronchopneumonia and is classified based on clinical setting, organism, and morphology. Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium and presents as a chronic infection characterized by granulomas and tissue necrosis. Complications of respiratory infections include abscesses, bronchiectasis, and spread to other organs.
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This document provides an overview of pneumonia, including its definition, classification, causes, transmission, risk factors, symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatment, nursing care, prevention, prognosis, and complications. Pneumonia is defined as an inflammatory condition of the lungs caused by infectious agents. It can be classified according to its causes such as bacterial, viral, fungal, or chemical, and the area of lung involvement. Common symptoms include fever, cough, chest pain, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, chest x-ray, and sputum/blood tests. Treatment consists of antibiotics, oxygen therapy, and chest physiotherapy. Nursing care focuses on airway maintenance, infection control, respiratory support,
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Acute respiratory infections (ARI) are responsible for 20% of childhood deaths under 5 years of age, with pneumonia accounting for 90% of ARI mortality. Children under 2 years old, malnourished children, children with HIV, and those with poor access to healthcare or poorly educated parents are most at risk. ARIs are a common cause of outpatient visits (20-60%) and admissions (12-45%) in children. Common respiratory infections affecting children include the common cold, acute epiglottitis, croup, ear infections, tonsillitis, sinusitis, and pneumonia. Bacteria and viruses can cause ARIs, with symptoms and severity depending on the specific infectious agent.
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The document discusses viral pneumonia, providing details on:
1) Common viruses that cause viral pneumonia include influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza, and adenovirus.
2) Diagnostic tests for viral pneumonia include viral culture, antigen detection, PCR, chest x-rays, and analyzing white blood cell counts and other biomarkers.
3) Treatment involves antiviral medications like oseltamivir, while prevention includes vaccines for influenza.
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This document discusses viral pneumonia. It begins by describing a case of a 54-year-old woman admitted to the ICU in respiratory distress following a febrile illness. Testing showed mild renal failure and normal blood counts. She was started on antivirals, antibiotics, and oxygen supplementation. She was intubated but improved and was extubated on day 7. The document then discusses viral pneumonia in more detail, covering causes, diagnosis, treatment and outcomes. It emphasizes the importance of viral pneumonia and discusses emerging viruses as a cause.
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Polio or poliomyelitis is first known to have occurred nearly 6,000 years ago, as evidenced by the withered and deformed limbs of certain Egyptian mummies.
Polio was epidemic in the United States and the world in the 20th century, especially in the 1940s and 1950s.
Poliomyelitis is a highly infectious viral disease, which mostly affects young children; the virus is transmitted by person-to-person spread mainly through the fecal-oral route, or, less frequently, by a common vehicle (e.g. contaminated food or water) and multiplies in the intestine, from where it can invade the nervous system and can cause paralysis.
Initial symptoms of polio include fever, fatigue, headache, vomiting, stiffness in the neck, and pain in the limbs.
Etiology
Polioviruses are enteroviruses within the Picornaviridae family.
Direct contact. Poliovirus can be transmitted through direct contact with someone infected with the virus.
Ingestion. Less commonly, it can be transmitted through contaminated food and water.
Clinical Manifestations
Most patients infected with poliovirus develop inapparent infections and are frequently asymptomatic.
Nonspecific symptoms. Fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and oropharyngeal hyperemia are observed in mild cases and usually resolve within a few days.
Nonparalytic poliomyelitis. Nonparalytic poliomyelitis is characterized by the symptoms described above in addition to the following: nuchal rigidity, more severe headache, back, and lower extremity pain, and meningitis with lymphocytic pleocytosis (usually).
Assessment and Diagnostic Findings
To confirm the diagnosis, a sample of throat secretions, stool or a colorless fluid that surrounds your brain and spinal cord (cerebrospinal fluid) is checked for poliovirus.
Viral cultures. Obtain specimens from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), stool, and throat for viral cultures in patients with suspected poliomyelitis infection.
Serum antibody. Obtain acute and convalescent serum for antibody concentrations against the 3 polioviruses.
IG titer. A 4-fold increase in the immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody titers or a positive anti-immunoglobulin M (IgM) titer during the acute stage is diagnostic.
Medical Management
The treatment of poliomyelitis is mainly supportive.
Physical therapy. Physical therapy is indicated in cases of paralytic disease; in paralytic disease, it provide frequent mobilization to avoid the development of chronic decubitus ulcerations; active and passive motion exercises are indicated during the convalescent stage.
Total hip arthroplasty. Total hip arthroplasty is a surgical therapeutic option for patients with paralytic sequelae of poliomyelitis who develop hip dysplasia and degenerative disease.
Diet. Because patients with poliomyelitis are prone to develop constipation, a diet rich in fiber is usually indicated.
Pharmacologic Management
No antiviral agents are effective against poliovirus.
Bronchial Asthma
Bronchial asthma is a clinical syndrome characterized by increased responsiveness of the tracheobronchial tree to various stimuli. The primary physiological manifestation is variable airway obstruction. Pathologically, asthma is defined as a disorder of the airways characterized by chronic inflammation with infiltration of lymphocytes, eosinophils and mast cells. Asthma has many potential triggers including allergens, infections, pollutants, exercise and emotions.
Bronchial Asthma
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PNEUMONIA.pptx
Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung tissue that is commonly caused by a microbial infection. It can be classified based on its causative agent such as bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Common symptoms include cough, fever, shortness of breath, and chest pain. Diagnosis involves physical examination, sputum culture, chest x-ray, and other tests. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms, using antibiotics if caused by bacteria, and preventing complications through rest and fluid intake.
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Influenza, commonly known as the flu, is caused by RNA viruses that infect birds and mammals. Typical symptoms include fever, chills, cough and fatigue. While usually self-limiting, influenza can cause serious complications like pneumonia, especially in young, old or immunocompromised individuals. Influenza spreads through respiratory droplets when infected people cough or sneeze. Vaccination and good hygiene practices can help reduce transmission. Antiviral drugs are effective for treatment but some influenza strains have developed resistance.
1. Acute Resp dzs
1. Pneumonia is a leading cause of death in children worldwide, killing 1.6 million children per year. It is commonly caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi and risk factors include malnutrition, indoor air pollution, and parental smoking.
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3. Asthma is a common chronic respiratory condition in children characterized by airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness leading to wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath. It has both genetic and environmental triggers and treatment involves bronchodilators, steroids, and
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- 2. Presented by Sami Ullah Zeeshan Ahmad Jawad Bacha Prepared by GoHar Ali
- 4. OBJECTIVES Define Influenza Pathophysiology Mode of Transmission Types of Influenza Symptoms of Influenza Risk factors Complications of Influenza Treatment Nursing Diagnose & Interventions
- 5. INFLUENZA Influenza is a viral infection that attacks your respiratory system — your nose, throat and lungs. Infuenza, commonly called the flu. For most people, influenza resolves on its own. But sometimes, influenza and its complications can be deadly.
- 6. Pathophysiology When influenza virus is introduced into the respiratory tract contact with saliva or other respiratory secretions from an infected individual, it attaches to and replicates in epithelial cells.
- 7. Pathophysiology Cont… The virus replicates in cells of both the upper and lower respiratory tract. Viral replication combined with the immune response to infection lead to destruction and loss of cells lining the respiratory tract. Cough and weakness may persist for up to 2 weeks after infection.
- 8. TRANSMISSON:- The route of influenza transmission is person-to-person via inhalation of respiratory droplets, which can occur when an infected person coughs or sneezes. The incubation period for influenza ranges between 1 and 7 days.
- 9. Types of Influenza There are three types of Influenza viruses: 1. Type A flu virus 2. Type B flu virus 3. Type C flu virus Type A flu virus is dangerous while Type c is least severe. Type A viruses are known to infect people, birds, pigs, horses, whales, seals and other animals
- 11. Risk factors Age Living Conditions Weakened Immune system Chronic Illness Pregnancy Hospital Acquired Health care provider
- 12. Complications Pneumonia Bronchitis Asthma flare-ups Heart problems Ear infections Rhinosinusitis Pneumonia is the most serious complication. pneumonia can be deadly.
- 13. Treatment Usually, you'll need nothing more than bed rest and plenty of fluids to treat the flu. But in some cases, your doctor may prescribe an antiviral medication, such as oseltamivir (Tamiflu) or zanamivir (Relenza). To be vaccinated every year is the best prevention from Influenza virus.
- 14. Nursing Diagnose Difficulty in breathing due to sinurhinitis and irritation of the Respiratory tract irritation. Imbalanced nutrition due to difficulty in swallowing Patient is semiconcious due to high temperature
- 15. Nursing Diagnose Cont… Fluid Volume Deficit: Related to fever, increased secretions, decreased appetite, possible vomiting/diarrhea Acute Pain: Related to influenza (body aches, possible chest pain, headache, etc)
- 16. Nursing Interventions Assess vital signs, carefully monitoring respiratory status for baseline rate, rhythm, and character, and notify physician or significant changes. Administer oxygen as ordered. Assess patient for complains of pain and medicate as needed.
- 17. Interventions Cont… Provide and encourage fluid intake of at least 2 L/day unless contraindicated. Instruct the patient to stop smoking if he is a smoker. Teach hand washing and other Hygenic techniques.
- 18. Cont… Administer bronchodilators as ordered Assess patient for pallor or cyanosis, especially to nail beds and around mouth.
- 20. Any Questions